Crime in Washington, D.C.

Last updated

Washington, D.C.
Crime rates* (2021)
Violent crimes
Homicide 32.78
Rape 25.52
Robbery 295.85
Aggravated assault 242.91
Total violent crime 597.06
Property crimes
Burglary 169.97
Larceny-theft 1584.91
Motor vehicle theft 509.76
Arson not reported
Total property crime 3523.34
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Crime in Washington, D.C., is directly related to the city's demographics, geography, and unique criminal justice system. The District's population reached a peak of 802,178 in 1950. Shortly after that, the city began losing residents, and by 1980 Washington had lost one-quarter of its population. The population loss to the suburbs also created a new demographic pattern, which divided affluent neighborhoods west of Rock Creek Park from the less well-off neighborhoods to the east.

Contents

Despite being the headquarters of multiple federal law enforcement agencies, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s greatly affected the city and led to large increases in crime. [1] The number of homicides in Washington peaked in 1991 at 482, [2] a rate of 80.6 homicides per 100,000 residents, [3] and the city eventually became known as the "murder capital" of the United States. [4]

The crime rate started to fall in the mid-1990s as the crack cocaine epidemic gave way to economic revitalization projects. Neighborhood improvement efforts and new business investment have also started to transform neighborhoods east of the Anacostia River, leading to the first rise in the District's population in 60 years. [5]

By the mid-2000s, crime rates in Washington dropped to their lowest levels in over 20 years, to less than a fifth of record highs. In 2006, in the city's northwestern neighborhoods, which tend to be more affluent and have more entertainment options, experienced a spate of robberies. Jim Graham, a DC City Council member, stated that year that robbery was "always been a major problem. But it wasn't anywhere near as serious as it is today." [6] As of 2011, violent crime also remains a problem in Ward 8, which has the city's highest concentration of poverty. [7]

Statistics

Crime trends, 1995–2018 [8] [9]
YearViolent crimeChangeProperty crimeChange
19952,661.4-9,512.1-
19962,469.8−7.1%9,426.9−0.9%
19972,024.0−18%7,814.9−17%
19981,718.5−15%7,117.0−8.9%
19991,627.7−5.3%6,439.3−9.5%
20001,507.9−7.4%5,768.6−10.4%
20011,602.46.3%6,139.96.4%
20021,632.91.9%6,389.44.1%
20031,624.9−0.5%5,863.5−8.2%
20041,371.2−15.6%4,859.1−17.1%
20051,380.00.6%4,489.8−7.6%
20061,508.49.3%4,653.83.7%
20071,414.3−6.2%4,913.95.6%
20081,437.71.7%5,104.63.9%
20091,345.9−6.8%4,745.4−7.6%
20101,241.1−7.8%4,510.1−5%
20111,130.3−8.9%4,581.31.6%
20121,177.94.2%4,628.01.0%
20131,219.03.5%4,790.73.5%
20141,244.41.9%5,182.58.2%
20151,269.12.1%4,676.2-9.6%
20161,205.9-5.3%4,802.92.4%
20171,004.9-16.5%4,283.9-9.5%
2018995.9-0.7%4,373.82.3%
19952,661.4-9,512.1-
2018995.9−62.5%4,373.8−54.0%

According to Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the FBI, there were 995.9 violent crimes per 100,000 people reported in the District of Columbia in 2018. The District also reported 4,373.8 property crimes per 100,000 during the same period. [9]

The average violent crime rate in the District of Columbia from 1960 through 1999 was 1,722 violent crimes per 100,000 population, [10] and violent crime, since peaking in the mid-1990s, decreased by 62.5% in the 1995–2018 period (property crime decreased 54.0% during the same period). However, violent crime is still more than twice the national average rate of 368.9 reported offenses per 100,000 people in 2018. [11]

In the early 1990s, Washington, D.C., was known as the nation's "murder capital", [12] experiencing 482 homicides in 1991. [2] The elevated crime levels were associated with the introduction of crack cocaine during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The crack was brought into Washington, D.C. by Colombian cartels and sold in drug markets such as "The Strip" (the largest in the city) located a few blocks north of the United States Capitol. [13] A quarter of juveniles with criminal charges in 1988 tested positive for drugs. [12]

After the 1991 peak there was a downward trend through to the late 1990s. [14] In 2000, 242 homicides occurred, [15] and the downward trend continued in the 2000s. In 2012, Washington, D.C. had only 92 homicides in 91 separate incidents, the lowest annual tally since 1963. [16] The Metropolitan Police Department's official tally is 88 homicides, but that number does not include four deaths that were ruled self-defense or justifiable homicide by citizen. [16] The cause of death listed on the four case records is homicide and MPD includes those cases in tallying homicide case closures at the end of the year. [16]

As Washington neighborhoods undergo gentrification, crime has been displaced further east. Crime in neighboring Prince George's County, Maryland, initially experienced an increase, but has recently witnessed steep declines as poorer residents moved out of the city into the nearby suburbs. [17] Crime has declined both in the District and the suburbs in recent years. There was an average of 11 robberies each day across the District of Columbia in 2006 which is far below the levels experienced in the 1990s. [18]

In 2008, 42 crimes in the District were characterized as hate crimes; over 70% of the reports classified as hate crimes were a result of a bias against the victim's perceived sexual orientation. [19] Those findings continue the trend from previous years, although the total number of hate crimes is down from 57 in 2006, [20] and 48 in 2005. [21] By 2012, the number of hate crimes reported were 81, and dropped to 70 in 2013. [22]

In 2023, D.C. recorded 274 homicides which was a 20-year high. D.C. had the fifth-highest murder rate among the nation's largest cities. [23] Many D.C. residents began to pressure the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia for not prosecuting nearly 70% of arrested offenders in 2022. After months of criticism, the rate of unprosecuted cases dropped to 56% by October 2023. Despite the improvement, it was still higher than nine of the past 10 years and almost twice what it was in 2013. [24] In February 2024, the D.C. Council passed a major crime bill in hopes of slowing down rampant crime in the city. The bill introduces harsher penalties for arrested offenders. [25] Rising crime and gang activities contributed to some D.C. businesses leaving the city. [26] [27]

Murders by Year

Criminal justice

Law enforcement

Law enforcement in Washington, D.C. is complicated by a network of overlapping federal and city agencies. The primary agency responsible for law enforcement in the District of Columbia is the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD). The MPD is a city agency headed by the Chief of Police, currently Pamela Smith, who is appointed by the mayor. The Metropolitan Police has 3,800 sworn officers and operates much like other municipal police departments elsewhere in the country. However, given the unique status of Washington as the United States capital, the MPD is adept at providing crowd control and security at large events. [28] Despite its name, the MPD only serves within the boundaries of the District of Columbia and does not have jurisdiction within the surrounding Washington Metropolitan Area. The name dates to when MPD had jurisdiction over the "City of Georgetown", [29] "Uniontown" [30] (what is now known as the Anacostia neighborhood), and "Washington City" [31] (what is now considered downtown).

Several other local police agencies have jurisdiction within the District of Columbia, including: the District of Columbia Protective Services Police Department, which is responsible for all properties owned or leased by the city government; and the Metro Transit Police Department, which has jurisdiction within Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority stations, trains, and buses. Alongside local law enforcement agencies, nearly every federal law enforcement agency has jurisdiction within Washington, D.C. The most visible federal police agencies are the United States Park Police, which is responsible for all parkland in the city, the United States Secret Service, and the United States Capitol Police.

Several special initiatives undertaken by the Metropolitan Police Department to combat violent crime have gained particular public attention. Most notable is the city's use of "crime emergencies", which when declared by the Chief of Police, allow the city to temporarily suspend officer schedules and assign additional overtime to increase police presence. [32]

Despite the fact that crime emergencies do appear to reduce crime when enacted, [33] critics fault the city for relying on such temporary stop-gap measures. [34] In 2003, the city launched its Gang Intervention Project to combat the then-recent upward trend in Latino gang violence, primarily in the Columbia Heights and Shaw neighborhoods. The initiative was claimed a success when gang-related violence declined almost 90% from the start of the program to November 2006. [35]

The most controversial program designed to deter crime was a system of police checkpoints in violence-prone neighborhoods. The checkpoints, in place from April 2008 through June 2008, [36] were used in the Trinidad neighborhood of Northeast Washington. The program operated by stopping cars entering a police-designated area; officers then turned away those individuals who did not live or have business in the neighborhood. Despite protests by residents, the MPD claimed the checkpoints to be a successful tool in preventing violent crime. [37] However, in July 2010, a federal appeals court found that the checkpoints violated residents' constitutional rights. The police had no plans to continue to use the practice—with declining crime rates—but D.C. Attorney General Peter Nickles said that officers would work to find a "more creative way to deal with very unusual circumstances that is consistent with the Fourth Amendment." [38]

In 2012, the first female Chief of Police of DC, Cathy Lanier, was hired by Mayor Vincent C. Gray.

Court system

The Superior Court of the District of Columbia hears all local civil and criminal cases in Washington, D.C. Although the court is technically a branch of the D.C. government, the Superior Court is funded and operated by the U.S. federal government. In addition, the court's judges are appointed by the President of the United States. [39] The D.C. Superior Court should not, however, be confused with the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, which only hears cases dealing with violations of federal law. [40]

The District of Columbia has a complicated criminal prosecution system. The Attorney General of the District of Columbia only has jurisdiction in civil proceedings and prosecuting minor offenses such as low-level misdemeanors and traffic violations. [41] All federal offenses, local felony charges (i.e. serious crimes such as robbery, murder, aggravated assault, grand theft, and arson), and most local misdemeanors are prosecuted by the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. [42] United States Attorneys are appointed by the President and overseen by the United States Department of Justice. [43] This differs from elsewhere in the country where 93% of local prosecutors are directly elected and the remainder are appointed by local elected officials. [44]

The fact that the U.S. Attorneys in the District of Columbia are neither elected nor appointed by city officials leads to criticism that the prosecutors are not responsive to the needs of residents. [45] For example, new felony prosecutions by the U.S. Attorneys in the District of Columbia have fallen 34%; from 8,016 in 2003 to 5,256 in 2007. The number of resolved felony cases has also fallen by nearly half, from 10,206 in 2003 to 5,534 in 2007. In contrast, the number of misdemeanor and civil cases prosecuted and resolved by the D.C. Attorney General's office has remained constant over the same period. [46] The U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia cites the drop in prosecutions to a 14% cut in its budget. The cuts have caused the office to decrease the number of federal prosecutors from a high of 110 in 2003 to 76 in 2007. [47]

Efforts to create the position of D.C. district attorney regained attention in 2008. The D.C. district attorney would be elected and have jurisdiction over all local criminal cases, thereby streamlining prosecution and making the justice system more accountable to residents. However, progress to institute such an office has stalled in Congress. [48]

Prison system

Until 2000 felons convicted of violating DC law were housed at Lorton Correctional Complex Lorton Reformatory - from the quad4.jpg
Until 2000 felons convicted of violating DC law were housed at Lorton Correctional Complex

Under the National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997, prisoners who committed felony offenses are put under the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP); the Lorton Correctional Complex, a prison operated by the District government in Lorton, Virginia, was closed in 2000. Offenders serving short sentences for misdemeanors serve time either at the Central Detention Facility or the Correctional Treatment Facility, both run by the District of Columbia Department of Corrections. [49]

Approximately 6,500 prisoners convicted in the District of Columbia are sent to Bureau of Prisons facilities around the United States, including over 1,000 sent to West Virginia, and another 1,000 to North Carolina. [49] The Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency was established, under the National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act, to oversee probationers and parolees, and provide pretrial services. The functions were previously handled by the D.C. Superior Court and the D.C. Pretrial Services Agency. [50]

As of 2007, almost 7,000 prisoners sentenced in District of Columbia courts had been imprisoned in 75 prisons in 33 states. [51] As of 2010, 5,700 prisoners sentenced in DC courts had been imprisoned in federal-owned or leased properties in 33 states. [52] As of 2010, felons sentenced under D.C. law altogether made up almost 8,000 prisoners or about 6% of the total BOP population, and they resided in 90 facilities. [53] As of 2013 about 20% of the DC-sentenced prisoners were incarcerated over 500 miles (800 km) from Washington, D.C. [52]

Rivers Correctional Institution, a private prison in North Carolina, was purpose-built to house D.C. inmates. As of 2007, about 66% of the prisoners were DC-sentenced inmates. [51] In 2009 the prison housed about 800-900 prisoners sentenced under DC law. [54] As of 2013, up to about 33% of the prisoners at United States Penitentiary, Big Sandy in Kentucky had been convicted of DC crimes. [55]

Juveniles who are not charged as adults are not in DOC custody. Boys and girls charged as juveniles are detained at the D.C. Youth Services Center (a youth detention center run by the Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services) on Mount Olivet Road in Northeast Washington). [56] The New Beginnings Youth Development Center is DC's secure facility for adjudicated youth, [57] located in Maryland City, Maryland. [58] [59]

Gun laws

Washington, D.C., versus U.S. homicide rate over time. Washington DC vs US total homicide rates.svg
Washington, D.C., versus U.S. homicide rate over time.

Washington, D.C., has enacted some strict gun-restriction laws. The Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 prohibited residents from owning handguns, excluding those registered before February 5, 1977; however, this law was subsequently overturned in March 2007 by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Parker v. District of Columbia . [61]

The ruling was upheld in June 2008 by the Supreme Court of the United States in District of Columbia v. Heller . Both courts held that the city's handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment. [62] The ruling did not strike down existing district laws requiring firearm registration and an assault weapon ban. [63]

Since then, D.C. has further reduced gun control in several steps in 2009, 2012, 2015, 2016, and 2017. See Gun laws in the District of Columbia. The District reduced the cost of the permitting process, reduced ammunition control laws, removed a re-registration application, and changed its concealed-carry licensing regime to "shall issue", as ordered by federal courts.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criminal justice</span> Justice to those who have committed crimes

Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police, prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and the prisons system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act</span> 1994 U.S. federal law

The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, commonly referred to as the 1994 Crime Bill, or the Clinton Crime Bill, is an Act of Congress dealing with crime and law enforcement; it became law in 1994. It is the largest crime bill in the history of the United States and consisted of 356 pages that provided for 100,000 new police officers, $9.7 billion in funding for prisons which were designed with significant input from experienced police officers. Sponsored by U.S. Representative Jack Brooks of Texas, the bill was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Then-Senator Joe Biden of Delaware drafted the Senate version of the legislation in cooperation with the National Association of Police Organizations, also incorporating the Assault Weapons ban and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) with Senator Orrin Hatch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capital punishment by the United States federal government</span> Legal penalty in the United States

Capital punishment is a legal punishment under the criminal justice system of the United States federal government. It is the most serious punishment that could be imposed under federal law. The serious crimes that warrant this punishment include treason, espionage, murder, large-scale drug trafficking, or attempted murder of a witness, juror, or court officer in certain cases.

The year and a day rule is associated with the former common law standard that death could not be legally attributed to acts or omissions that occurred more than a year and a day before the death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</span> Local law enforcement agency of Washington, D.C., United States

The Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC), more commonly known locally as the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD), and, colloquially, DC Police, is the primary law enforcement agency for the District of Columbia, in the United States. With approximately 3,400 officers and 600 civilian staff, it is the sixth-largest municipal police department in the United States. The department serves an area of 68 square miles (180 km2) and a population of over 700,000 people. Established on August 6, 1861, the MPD is one of the oldest police departments in the United States. The MPD headquarters is at the Henry J. Daly Building, located on Indiana Avenue in Judiciary Square across the street from the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. The department's mission is to "safeguard the District of Columbia and protect its residents and visitors with the highest regard for the sanctity of human life". The MPD's regulations are compiled in title 5, chapter 1 of the District of Columbia Code.

In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups; however, academic research indicates that the over-representation of some racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be explained by socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, exposure to poor neighborhoods, poor access to public and early education, and exposure to harmful chemicals and pollution. Racial housing segregation has also been linked to racial disparities in crime rates, as black Americans have historically and to the present been prevented from moving into prosperous low-crime areas through actions of the government and private actors. Various explanations within criminology have been proposed for racial disparities in crime rates, including conflict theory, strain theory, general strain theory, social disorganization theory, macrostructural opportunity theory, social control theory, and subcultural theory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime in Australia</span>

Crime in Australia is managed by various law enforcement bodies, the federal and state-based criminal justice systems and state-based correctional services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reggie Walton</span> American judge (born 1949)

Reggie Barnett Walton is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. He is a former presiding judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royce Lamberth</span> American judge (born 1943)

Royce Charles Lamberth is a senior judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, who formerly served as its chief judge. Since 2015, he has sat as a visiting judge on the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas in San Antonio.

Crime has been recorded in the United States since its founding and has fluctuated significantly over time. Most available data underestimate crime before the 1930s, giving the false impression that crime was low in the early 1900s and had a sharp rise after. Instead, violent crime during the colonial period was likely three times higher than the highest modern rates in the data we have, and crime had been on the decline since colonial times. Within the better data for crime reporting and recording available starting in the 1930s, crime reached its broad, bulging modern peak between the 1970s and early 1990s. After 1992, crime rates have generally trended downwards each year, with the exceptions of a slight increase in property crimes in 2001 and increases in violent crimes in 2005–2006, 2014–2016 and 2020–2021.

Title 34 of the United States Code is a non-positive law title of the United States Code with the heading "Crime Control and Law Enforcement." Released on September 1, 2017, by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives, it contains "crime control and law enforcement programs or activities in which the Attorney General or the Department of Justice have been given primary responsibility." Much of the law transferred to Title 34 were laws editorially classified to sections of Title 42 or set out as notes to Titles 42, 18, and 28.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of the District of Columbia</span>

The District of Columbia has a mayor–council government that operates under Article One of the United States Constitution and the District of Columbia Home Rule Act. The Home Rule Act devolves certain powers of the United States Congress to the local government, which consists of a mayor and a 13-member council. However, Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs.

The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997, also known as the Revitalization Act, was enacted on August 5, 1997, with provisions to reform the criminal justice system in Washington, D.C. The act was spearheaded by North Carolina Republican Senator Lauch Faircloth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Violent Crime Impact Teams</span>

Violent Crime Impact Teams (VCIT) in the United States work proactively to identify, disrupt, arrest and prosecute the most violent criminals through innovative technology, analytical investigative resources and an integrated federal, state and local law enforcement strategy along with the leading federal law enforcement agency for the VCIT, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).

The District of Columbia Department of Corrections (DCDC) is a law enforcement agency responsible for the adult jails and other adult correctional institutions and law enforcement buildings for the District of Columbia, in the United States. DCDC runs the D.C. Jail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime in Minnesota</span>

Crime in Minnesota encompasses a wide range of unlawful activities that occur within the state, regulated by both state and federal laws. While crime rates in Minnesota are generally below the national average, certain areas and types of crime have garnered public attention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Incarceration prevention in the United States</span> Methods to reduce prison populations in America

Incarceration prevention refers to a variety of methods aimed at reducing prison populations and costs while fostering enhanced social structures. Due to the nature of incarceration in the United States today caused by issues leading to increased incarceration rates, there are methods aimed at preventing the incarceration of at-risk populations.

Rivers Correctional Institution is a privately owned prison in unincorporated Hertford County, North Carolina, operated by GEO Group under contract with the Federal Bureau of Prisons since its construction in 2001. The prison, on 257 acres (104 ha) of land, was specially built to house prisoners from the District of Columbia. It is about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the town of Winton and about 200 miles (320 km) from Washington, D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Daly Building</span> Washington D.C. administrative building

The Henry J. Daly Building is located at 300 Indiana Avenue, NW, and 301 C Street, NW, in the Judiciary Square neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States. The administrative building is owned by the government of the District of Columbia and has served as the home of various city offices since it opened in 1941 as a unified location for previously dispersed municipal functions. Currently, the building is primarily occupied by the Metropolitan Police Department; although the District of Columbia Department of Corrections, the District of Columbia Office of the Chief Financial Officer and the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (CSOSA) also maintain offices in the building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Newsham</span> Former Chief of Police of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia

Peter Newsham was the Chief of Police of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPD) from January 2017 to January 2021. He is currently Chief of the Prince William County Police Department in Virginia, having been appointed to that post in November, 2020.

References

  1. ↑ "DEA History Book, 1985 - 1990". Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  2. 1 2 "District of Columbia Crime Rates 1960 - 2016". Disaster Center. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
  3. ↑ "District of Columbia Crime Index Rates Per 100,000 Inhabitants". Disaster Center. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
  4. ↑ Urbina, Ian (2006-07-13). "Washington Officials Try to Ease Crime Fear". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  5. ↑ Liz Farmer (2010-10-21). "D.C.'s population grows for first time in 60 years". Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2011-08-27.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. ↑ Klein, Allison; Dan Keating (2006-10-13). "Liveliest D.C. Neighborhoods Also Jumping With Robberies". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  7. ↑ "DC Crime Statistics: Jan. 1 to March 24, 2011". The Washington Post. 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  8. ↑ "Uniform Crime Reports". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2004-10-24. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  9. 1 2 "Crime in the United States by Region, Geographic Division, and State, 2017-2018". Crime in the United States, 2018. September 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  10. ↑ Joanne Savage, "Interpreting 'Percent Black:' An Analysis of Race and Violent Crime in Washington, DC", Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice Volume:4 Issue:1/2 (2006), 29–63.
  11. ↑ "Violent Crime". Crime in the United States, 2018. 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  12. 1 2 Vulliamy, Ed (1994-10-23). "Drugs: Redemption in Crack City". The Observer .
  13. ↑ Isikoff, Michael (1989-09-03). "Making a D.C. Link to the Colombian Source". The Washington Post.
  14. ↑ "D.C. homicides drop by half in last decade". The Washington Times. January 2012.
  15. ↑ "A Study of Homicides in the District of Columbia" (PDF). Metropolitan Police Department, District of Columbia. October 2001. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  16. 1 2 3 Homicide Watch D.C., "92," , January 1, 2013
  17. ↑ "Crime in Prince George's is at lowest level since 1975, police say". Gazette.net. 2010-01-14. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  18. ↑ "Citywide Crime Statistics Annual Totals, 1993-2005". Metropolitan Police Department. Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  19. ↑ "Table 13 - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - Hate Crime Statistics 2008". Hate Crime Statistics, 2008. October 2009. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  20. ↑ "District of Columbia Hate Crime Incidents per Bias Motivation and Quarter". Hate Crime Statistics, 2006. November 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  21. ↑ "District of Columbia Hate Crime Incidents per Bias Motivation and Quarter". Hate Crime Statistics, 2005. October 2006. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  22. ↑ Noble, Andrea (19 August 2014). "Race-based hate crimes spike in D.C.; whites most common victims, but underreporting feared". The Washington Times. The Washington Times, LLC. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  23. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/interactive/2024/dc-crime-homicide-victims-shooting-violence/ [ bare URL ]
  24. ↑ "More DC arrests prosecuted as US attorney pushes back on criticism". 20 October 2023.
  25. ↑ "Secure DC Crime Bill: Council unanimously passes legislation to reduce crime in the District". 6 February 2024.
  26. ↑ Crime, costs continue to push businesses out of the District. WTTG (Television production). November 10, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2024– via YouTube.
  27. ↑ Mullins, Luke; Hruby, Patrick (December 12, 2023). "The Caps and Wizards Are Leaving DC: Who's to Blame?". Washingtonian . Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  28. ↑ "Brief History of the MPDC". Metropolitan Police Department. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  29. ↑ Kilian, Michael. "250 years of Georgetown history". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  30. ↑ "Anacostia Historic District". DC Historic Sites. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  31. ↑ "The History of Washington, DC | Washington DC". washington.org. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  32. ↑ Klein, Allison (2006-07-12). "Police Chief Declares D.C. Crime Emergency". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  33. ↑ Klein, Allison (2006-10-21). "Crackdown Is Yielding Results, Ramsey Says". The Washington Post. p. B02. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  34. ↑ "D.C.'s Crime Emergency". The Washington Post. 2006-07-13. p. A22. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  35. ↑ Schwartzman, Paul (2006-11-16). "Gang Violence Has Declined, Mayor Says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  36. ↑ Gleaton, Idrissa (2008-06-12). "DC Police End Neighborhood Checkpoints". WUSA Channel 9. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
  37. ↑ Alexander, Keith L.; V. Dion Haynes (2008-06-08). "In Face of Protests, Police Call Area Checkpoints a Success". The Washington Post. p. C06. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  38. ↑ Glod, Maria (2010-07-11). "Federal Courts Says D.C. Police Checkpoints Were Unconstitutional". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
  39. ↑ "About the District of Columbia Courts". District of Columbia Courts. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  40. ↑ "United States District Courts". Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  41. ↑ "Attorney General Duties". Office of the Attorney General. Archived from the original on 2004-08-18. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  42. ↑ "About Us". United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  43. ↑ "United States Attorneys Mission Statement". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  44. ↑ Boyd, Eugene (2008-04-24). "Statement on the District of Columbia Attorney Act, H.R. 1296" (PDF). House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  45. ↑ "Establishment of an Office of the District Attorney Advisory Referendum Approval Resolution of 2002" (PDF). Council of the District of Columbia. 2002-07-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  46. ↑ "2007 Statistical Summary" (PDF). District of Columbia Courts. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  47. ↑ Leonnig, Carol D. (2007-10-21). "D.C. Sees Sharp Drop In Federal Prosecution". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  48. ↑ Sheridan, Mary Beth (2008-04-25). "House Panel Considers Prosecutor Change". The Washington Post. p. B04. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  49. 1 2 "Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia - FY2009 Budget Request" (PDF). Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-13. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  50. ↑ Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (February 2006). "Supervising Criminal Offenders in Washington, D.C." (PDF). Corrections Today: 46–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-16.
  51. 1 2 Pierre, Robert E. "N.C. Prison Doesn't Serve D.C. Inmates Well, Critics Say" (Archive). The Washington Post . October 14, 2007. Retrieved on February 5, 2016.
  52. 1 2 Kruzel, John. "Visitation Slights: How Two Policies Stack the Deck Against D.C. Inmates" (Archive). May 22, 2013. Retrieved on February 5, 2016.
  53. ↑ Fornaci, Philip (Director of the DC Prisoners' Project). "Federal Bureau of Prisons Oversight Hearing" (Archive). Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary. July 21, 2009. p. 1/11. Retrieved on February 5, 2016.
  54. ↑ Fornaci, Philip (Director of the DC Prisoners' Project). "Federal Bureau of Prisons Oversight Hearing" (Archive). Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary. July 21, 2009. p. 2. Retrieved on February 5, 2016.
  55. ↑ Associated Press (September 14, 2013). "Feds May Seek Death Sentence In Ky. Inmate Slaying". CBS Local (Cleveland). Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2013. () "Big Sandy is known for housing high-profile inmates. And because the federal Bureau of Prisons automatically takes custody of people convicted in Washington, at any time, up to a third of the facility's 1,445 inmates were convicted in the city."
  56. ↑ Henri E. Cauvin, Overcrowding at D.C. youth detention center draws criticism, The Washington Post (January 21, 2010).
  57. ↑ "New Beginnings Youth Development Center Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine ." District of Columbia Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services. Retrieved on October 7, 2010.
  58. ↑ "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP (INDEX): Maryland City CDP, MD" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/3). Retrieved 2022-08-14. New Beginnings Youth Development Ctr
  59. ↑ "GR2009052900126.gif." The Washington Post . Retrieved on October 7, 2010.
  60. ↑ "District of Columbia 1960 to 2019".
  61. ↑ "Court strikes down D.C. handgun law". CNN. 2007-03-09. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  62. ↑ Barnes, Robert (2008-06-26). "Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Ban on Handguns". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  63. ↑ Nakamura, David (2008-06-26). "D.C. Attorney General: All Guns Must Be Registered". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-26.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.