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West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. In about 80% of infections people have few or no symptoms. About 20% of people develop a fever, headache, vomiting, or a rash. In less than 1% of people, encephalitis or meningitis occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures. Recovery may take weeks to months. The risk of death among those in whom the nervous system is affected is about 10 percent.
Arbovirus is an informal name for any virus that is transmitted by arthropod vectors. The term arbovirus is a portmanteau word. Tibovirus is sometimes used to more specifically describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods. Arboviruses can affect both animals and plants. In humans, symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3–15 days after exposure to the virus and last three or four days. The most common clinical features of infection are fever, headache, and malaise, but encephalitis and viral hemorrhagic fever may also occur.
Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus is a species of mosquito and is the main vector of the disease Japanese encephalitis. This mosquito is a native of northern Asia, and parts of Africa. Females target large animals for blood extraction, including cattle and swine, and are strongly anthropophilic.
Culex restuans is a species of mosquito known to occur in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. It is a disease vector for St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. In 2013 West Nile Virus positive specimens were collected in Southern California.
Culex vishnui is a mosquito belonging to the Culicidae family. It is the most common vector (carrier) of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Sarawak.
Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) crassipes is a species complex of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Coquillettidia.
Mansonia (Mansonioides) annulifera is a species of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Mansonia.
Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis is a species of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Mansonia.
Culex (Oculeomyia) bitaeniorhynchus is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is a cosmopolitan species which can be found in all continents, except America and Antarctica.
Culex (Eumelanomyia) brevipalpis is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Cambodia, Indochina, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu-Retto, New Guinea, Maluku, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Japan, Vietnam and Bismarcks.
Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in China, India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka They are natural predators of disease causing mosquito larva such as Aedes aegypti, Anopheles subpictus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus.
Culex (Culex) fuscocephala is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guam, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor, and Vietnam. It is a vector of Japanese encephalitis virus.
Culex (Culex) gelidus is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea (Island); Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. In 1976, it was identified as a major vector of Japanese encephalitis virus, in India. From an experiment, it was evident that aqueous solution of Calotropis gigantea leaves possess larvicidal activity, mosquito repellent activity and ovicidal activity against Culex gelidus.
Culex (Oculeomyia) infula is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Adults mainly feeds on cattle but infrequently shows a low proportion of human and bird blood meals. Larvae can be found in water courses with high content of algal populations. In 1998, the species was identified as a vector of Japanese encephalitis virus.
Culex (Culex) mimulus is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea (Island); Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam. Larvae can be found from agro wells and adults are malaria vectors.
More infoCulex (Culiciomyia) nigropunctatus is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Bangladesh, Borneo, Malaysia, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Micronesia, Nepal, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Culex (Lophoceraomyia) sinensis is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea (Island); Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka, Sudan and South Sudan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is a possible vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.
Culex (Culiciomyia) spathifurca is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Irian Jaya, Maluku, and Thailand. This mosquito shows unique male terminalia with bifurcate gonostylus, which can used to differentiate it from other species. Larva and pupa can be found in tree holes associated with mangrove ecosystems. It is a potential vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, but human bitings are very rare.
Culex nigripalpus is a species of medium-sized, dark, blood-feeding mosquito of the family Culicidae.
References
- ↑ "An annotated checklist of mosquitoes of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Man and Biosphere Reserve of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ↑ "Species Details : Culex pseudovishnui Colless, 1957". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ↑ "Pseudovishnui Colless". Systematic Catalog of Culicidae. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ↑ Mishra, AC; Jadi, RS; Paramasivan, R; Mourya, DT (2001). "Antigen distribution pattern of West Nile virus in Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui and Culex pseudovishnui mosquitoes". Journal of Communicable Diseases. 33 (3): 174–9. PMID 12206036.
- ↑ Mourya, DT; Mishra, AC; Soman, RS (1991). "Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in Culex pseudovishnui & C. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes". Indian Journal of Medical Research. 93: 250–2. PMID 1660033.
- ↑ Jagbir Singh Kirti, Shipali; Kaururl, Jasneet (October 2014). "Comparison of Male and Female Genitalia of Culex species with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)" (PDF). International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review. 2 (10): 17–24. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ↑ "Outdoor and Indoor biting activities of Culex pseudovishnui in the study areas" . Retrieved 4 February 2017.