Cyzenis albicans

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Cyzenis albicans
Cyzenis.albicans.-.lindsey.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Tachinidae
Subfamily: Exoristinae
Tribe: Goniini
Genus: Cyzenis
Species:
C. albicans
Binomial name
Cyzenis albicans
(Fallén, 1810) [1]
Synonyms

Cyzenis albicans is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. [7] A parasitoid, it lays its eggs on leaves of oak, maple, birch and other trees, so that when the leaves are consumed by the larvae of the host winter moth, the eggs hatch inside the larvae. The fly is native to Europe and Asia but has been introduced into North America as a biological control agent of the invasive winter moth.

Contents

Ecology

Cyzenis albicans is a parasitoid, the female laying its eggs on the surface of leaves which are then eaten by the larvae of suitable host moth species. [8] This fly is synovigenic, continuing to produce and mature eggs throughout its adult life and needing to feed in order to do so. [9] The fly larvae feed internally on the moth larvae, pupating within the moth pupae when their hosts have fallen to the ground, and emerging as adults the following spring. [10]

Hosts

In Europe and Asia, where this fly is native, the larvae of several geometrid moths are parasitised. These include the winter moth ( Operophtera brumata ), the northern winter moth ( Operophtera fagata ), the oak nycteoline ( Nycteola revayana ), the elm autumn moth ( Ypsolopha vittella ) and the pimpinel pug ( Eupithecia pimpinellata ). [11] In North American, where it has been introduced, it is only known to use winter moth (Operophtera brumata) as a host. [12]

Use in biological control

The winter moth first appeared in Nova Scotia, Canada, in the 1920s. By 1949 it had spread, causing defoliation of trees on a wide scale, and had been identified as a pest species. In 1954 and 1955, several insect species were introduced from Europe in an attempt to control it. The most successful of these were the parasitic wasp Agrypon flaveolatum and the parasitoid fly C. albicans, both of which became established in Canada. [13] As the numbers of parasites built up, so the populations of the winter moth declined. [13]

Winter moths were first noted in the United States in the late 1990s in the state of Massachusetts. During the next decade they spread from Boston, south to Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod, into Rhode Island, and Connecticut. There also have been outbreaks of winter moth in coastal New Hampshire and Maine. [12] Winter moth defoliates maples, oaks, fruit trees, and other deciduous trees. Attempts at biological control followed with the release of C. albicans since 2005. The wasp was considered unsuitable because it is unknown if it is host specific and there are some rare geometrid moths in the area. The fly has become successfully established in Massachusetts, and the level of parasitism of the moth larvae had reached 20-50% by 2015, [14] after thousands of Cyzenis albicans were released at 17 sites in New England. [15]

In its native range, C. albicans has very little impact on populations of winter moth, and its success in biological control of this invasive pest in Canada and the United States was difficult to predict; soil conditions seem to have been of importance, and there may have been a dearth of natural enemies to prey on the flies, enabling them to become established. [16] A recent study on the mortality factors affecting C. albicans puparia in Massachusetts shows that, in fact, C. albicans experiences heavy mortality from generalist pupal predators and parasitoids. [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter moth</span> Species of moth

The winter moth is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is an abundant species in Europe and the Near East and a famous study organism for evaluating insect population dynamics. It is one of very few lepidopterans of temperate regions in which adults are active in late autumn and early winter. The adults use endothermy for movement in these cold temperatures. The females of this species are virtually wingless and cannot fly, but the males are fully winged and fly strongly. After the initial frosts of late fall, the females emerge from their pupae, walk to and up trees and emit pheromones in the evening to attract males. After fertilization, they ascend to lay, on average, around 100 eggs each. Typically, the larger the female moth is, the more eggs she lays.

<i>Besseria</i> Genus of flies

Besseria is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Blepharomyia</i> Genus of flies

Blepharomyia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

Acemya acuticornis is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It is a parasitoid of solitary locusts and can be found in from West Europe to Mongolia.

<i>Operophtera bruceata</i> Species of moth

Operophtera bruceata, the Bruce spanworm, hunter's moth, or native winter moth is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is found from coast to coast in southern Canada and the northern parts of the United States.

Brachicheta stricata is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Clemelis pullata is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. This family consists of dipteran tachina flies, which are protelean parasitoids of arthropods.

Cinochira atra is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Phasia pusilla</i> Species of fly

Phasia pusilla is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Micronychia ruficauda is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Macquartia tenebricosa</i> Species of fly

Macquartia tenebricosa is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Germaria angustata</i> Species of fly

Germaria angustata is a species of tachinid flies in the genus Germaria of the family Tachinidae.

<i>Blepharomyia piliceps</i> Species of fly

Blepharomyia piliceps is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Campylocheta inepta</i> Species of fly

Campylocheta inepta is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It is found in the Palearctic. This species is a parasite of mainly Geometridae larvae but also several other families of Lepidoptera associated with heathland and moorland. Campylocheta inepta occurs in montane areas with pine forests in most of Europe but the species is also found in lower areas in central Europe and Spain.

<i>Agrypon flaveolatum</i> Species of wasp

Agrypon flaveolatum is a species of parasitoid wasp belonging to the family Ichneumonidae described by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst in 1807. It is a parasite of the larva of the winter moth, and has been used in biological pest control to control this moth, whose larvae feed on foliage and defoliate trees.

<i>Billaea triangulifera</i> Species of fly

Billaea triangulifera is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It is a parasitoid of larval Prionus coriarius beetles, piercing the beetle near its spiracles.

Nephrocerus flavicornis is a species of fly in the family Pipunculidae.

Aplomya confinis is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It is a parasitoid of the Purple hairstreak.

Elodia ambulatoria is a species of tachinid fly in the genus Elodia of the family Tachinidae. It is a parasitoid of Archinemapogon yildizae.

<i>Platymya fimbriata</i> Species of fly

Platymya fimbriata is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae.

References

  1. 1 2 Fallen, C.F. (1810). "Forsok att bestamma de i Sverige funne flugarter, som kunna foras till slagtet Tachina". K. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 31 (2): 253–287.
  2. 1 2 Robineau-Desvoidy, Jean-Baptiste (1863). Histoire naturelle des dipteres des environs de Paris (PDF). Vol. Tome second. Masson et Fils, Paris. pp. 1–920. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  3. ↑ Strobl, G. (1900). "Tief's dipterologischer Nachlass aus Karnten und Oesterr.-Schlesien". Jahrbuch des Naturhistorischen Landesmuseums von Kärnten. 26 (2): 171–246.
  4. ↑ Zetterstedt, J.W. (1859). Diptera Scandinaviae disposita et descipta. Tomus tridecimus seu supplementum quartum, continens addenda, corrigenda & emendata tomis duodecim prioribus, una cum cospectu omnium generum. Lundae [= Lund.]: Officina Lundbergiana. pp. xvi+ 4943-6190.
  5. 1 2 Meigen, J. W. (1824). "Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten". Vierter Theil. Schulz-Wundermann, Hamm.: xii + 428 pp. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  6. ↑ Zetterstedt, J.W. (1844). "Diptera Scandinaviae disposita et descripta". Tomus Tertius. Officina Lundbergiana, Lundae [= Lund.]: 895–1280.
  7. ↑ Chandler, Peter J. (1998). Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 12. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 1–234. ISBN   0-901546-82-8.
  8. ↑ Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4278. ISBN   978-1-4020-6242-1.
  9. ↑ Jervis, M.A. (2012). Insect Natural Enemies: Practical approaches to their study and evaluation. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 75–76. ISBN   978-94-011-0013-7.
  10. ↑ Embree, D.G. (1960). "Observations on the Spread of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) (Tachinidae: Diptera), an Introduced Parasite of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), (Geometridae: Lepidoptera), in Nova Scotia". The Canadian Entomologist. 92 (11): 862–864. doi:10.4039/Ent92862-11. S2CID   85171174.
  11. ↑ "Cyzenis albicans (Fallén, 1810)". NBN Atlas. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  12. 1 2 Elkinton, J; Boettner, G; Liebhold, A; Gwiazdowski, R. "BIOLOGY, SPREAD, AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WINTER MOTH IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES" (PDF). The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  13. 1 2 Huffaker, C. (2013). Biological Control. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 109, 169. ISBN   978-1-4615-6528-4.
  14. ↑ Elkinton, Joseph; Boettner, George; Simisky, Tawny; Swanson, Deborah (March 3, 2017). "Winter Moth in Massachusetts: History and Biological Control". UMass Amherst. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  15. ↑ Felicia Gans, Boston Globe Correspondent (November 30, 2015). "Winter moths make appearance for mating season". The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 3, 2015.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  16. ↑ Advances in Plant Pathology. Academic Press. 1995. p. 133. ISBN   978-0-08-052678-2.
  17. ↑ Broadley, H; Kelly, E; Elkinton, J; Kula, R; Boettner, G (2018). "Identification and impact of hyperparasitoids and predators affecting Cyzenis albicans (Tachinidae), a recently introduced biological control agent of winter moth (Operophtera brumata L.) in the northeastern U.S.A." Biological Control. 121: 99–108. Bibcode:2018BiolC.121...99B. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.01.011 .
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