The Soviet Union was established on December 30, 1922 and dissolved on December 26, 1991.
Country | Established/ Re-established | Severed |
---|---|---|
Albania | April 7–9, 1924 November 10, 1945 | April 7, 1939 November 25, 1961 |
Austria | February 25–29, 1924 October 20–24, 1945 | March 13, 1938 |
Belgium | July 12, 1935 August 7, 1941 | July 15, 1940 |
Bulgaria | July 11–23, 1934 August 14–16, 1945 | September 5, 1944 |
Czechoslovakia | June 9, 1934 July 18, 1941 | March 16, 1939 |
Denmark | June 18, 1924 May 10–16, 1945 | June 22, 1941 |
Estonia | February 20, 1920 September 6, 1991 | August 6, 1940 |
Finland | July 23, 1923 March 12, 1940 August 6, 1945 | November 29, 1939 June 22, 1941 |
France | October 28, 1924 October 23, 1944 | June 30, 1941 |
GDR | October 16, 1949 | – |
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany | July 23, 1923 | June 22, 1941 |
Greece | March 8, 1924 July 30, 1941 | June 3, 1941 |
Hungary | February 4, 1934 September 25, 1945 | June 23, 1941 |
Iceland | June 22–24, 1926 | – |
Ireland | September 29, 1973 | – |
Italy | February 7–11, 1924 October 25, 1944 | June 22, 1941 |
Latvia | August 11, 1920 September 6, 1991 | August 6, 1940 |
Lithuania | July 12, 1920 September 6, 1991 | August 6, 1940 |
Luxembourg | August 26, 1935 October 13, 1942 | July 15, 1940 |
Malta | September 20–October 31, 1964 | – |
Netherlands | July 10, 1942 | – |
Norway | February 15–March 10, 1924 August 5, 1941 | July 15, 1940 |
Poland | July 23, 1923 July 30, 1941 January 2–5, 1945 | September 17, 1939 April 25, 1943 |
Portugal | June 9, 1974 | – |
Romania | June 9, 1934 August 6, 1945 | June 22, 1941 |
Spain | July 28, 1933 February 9, 1977 | March, 1939 |
Sweden | March 15–18, 1924 | – |
Switzerland | March 18, 1946 | – |
United Kingdom | February 2–8, 1924 October 3, 1929 | May 26, 1927 |
Vatican | 1990 | – |
West Germany | September 13–24, 1955 | – |
Yugoslavia | June 24, 1940 July 20, 1941 | May 8, 1941 |
Country | Established/ Re-established | Severed |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | July 23, 1923 | – |
Bangladesh | January 25, 1972 | – |
Burma | February 18, 1948 | – |
Cambodia | April 23–May 13, 1956 1979 | November, 1973 |
China | May 31, 1924 December 12, 1932 October 1–2, 1949 (with PRC) | July 17, 1929 October 2, 1949 (with ROC) |
Cyprus | August 16–18, 1960 | – |
India | April 2–7, 1947 | – |
Indonesia | January 26–February 3, 1950 | – |
Iran | July 23, 1923 | – |
Iraq | May 16, 1941 July 18–19, 1958 | January 3–8, 1955 |
Israel | May 15–18, 1948 July 6–15, 1953 January, 1991 | February 11, 1953 June 9, 1967 |
Japan | February 25, 1925 October 19, 1956 | August 9, 1945 |
Jordan | August 20, 1963 | – |
North Korea | October 8–12, 1948 | – |
South Korea | September 1990 [1] | – |
Kuwait | March 11, 1963 | – |
Laos | October 7, 1960 | – |
Lebanon | July 31–August 3, 1944 | – |
Malaysia | April 3, 1967 | – |
Maldives | September 21, 1966 | – |
Mongolia | July 23, 1923 | – |
Nepal | June 5–July 9, 1956 | – |
Oman | February 5, 1986 | – |
Pakistan | April 24–May 1, 1948 | – |
Philippines | June 2, 1976 | – |
Qatar | 1988 | – |
Saudi Arabia | February 16–19, 1926 | – |
Singapore | June 1, 1968 | – |
Sri Lanka | December 3–6, 1956 | – |
Syria | July 21–29, 1944 | – |
Thailand | March 12, 1941 | – |
Turkey | July 23, 1923 | – |
United Arab Emirates | December 8–23, 1971 | – |
Vietnam | January 30, 1950 | – |
Yemen AR | October 31, 1955 | - |
PDR Yemen | December 1–3, 1967 | May 22, 1990 |
Country | Established/ Re-established | Severed |
---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | January 5, 1990 | – |
Argentina | June 5, 1946 | – |
Belize | June 25, 1991 | – |
Bolivia | April 18, 1945 | – |
Brazil | April 2, 1945 November 23, 1961 | October 20, 1947 |
Canada | June 12, 1942 | – |
Chile | December 11, 1944 November 24, 1964 1990 | October 27, 1947 September 22, 1973 |
Colombia | June 25, 1935 January 19, 1968 | May 3, 1948 |
Costa Rica | 1971 [2] | - |
Cuba | October 5–14, 1942 May 8, 1960 | April 3, 1952 |
Dominican Republic | March 8, 1945 | – |
Ecuador | 1969 [3] | – |
Grenada | September 7, 1979 | November 4, 1983 |
Guyana | December 17, 1970 | – |
Honduras | September 30, 1990 | – |
Jamaica | March 12, 1975 | – |
Mexico | August 4, 1924 November 10–12, 1942 | January 26, 1930 |
Nicaragua | October 18, 1979 (Treaty: December 10–12, 1944) | – |
Panama | March 29, 1991 | – |
Peru | February 1, 1969 | – |
Suriname | November 25, 1975 | – |
Trinidad and Tobago | June 6, 1974 | – |
United States | November 16, 1933 | – |
Uruguay | August 21–22, 1926 January 27, 1943 | December 27, 1935 |
Venezuela | March 14, 1945 April 16, 1970 | June 13, 1952 |
Country | Established/ Re-established | Severed |
---|---|---|
Algeria | March 19–23, 1962 | – |
Angola | November 12, 1975 | – |
Benin | June 4, 1962 | – |
Botswana | 6 March 1970 [4] | - |
Burkina Faso | February 18, 1967 | – |
Burundi | October 1, 1962 | – |
Cape Verde | September 25, 1975 | – |
Cameroon | February 18–22, 1964 | – |
Central African Republic | February 17, 1972 1988 | January 22–23, 1980 |
Chad | November 24, 1964 | – |
Comoros | January 6, 1976 | – |
Congo | March 16, 1964 | – |
Côte d'Ivoire | January 23, 1967 August 21, 1986 | May 30, 1969 |
Djibouti | April 3, 1978 | – |
Egypt | August 26, 1943 | 1980 (note: Relations were restored at an unknown date under Hosni Mubarak) [5] |
Equatorial Guinea | December 12, 1968 | 1980 |
Ethiopia | April 21, 1943 | – |
Gabon | October 15, 1973 | – |
Gambia | July 17, 1965 | – |
Ghana | September 3–October 2, 1957 | – |
Guinea | October 3–4, 1958 | – |
Guinea-Bissau | September 30–October 6, 1973 | – |
Kenya | December 14, 1963 | – |
Lesotho | February 1, 1980 | – |
Liberia | 1971 [6] | – |
Libya | August 31-September 4, 1955 | – |
Madagascar | September 29, 1972 | – |
Mali | October 8–14, 1960 | – |
Mauritania | July 12, 1964 | – |
Mauritius | March 17, 1968 | – |
Morocco | August 29–September 4, 1958 | – |
Mozambique | June 25, 1975 | – |
Namibia | 1990 | – |
Niger | February 17, 1972 | – |
Nigeria | October 1, 1960 – January 12, 1961 | – |
Rwanda | October 17, 1963 | – |
São Tomé and Príncipe | August 9, 1975 | – |
Senegal | June 14, 1962 | – |
Seychelles | June 30, 1976 | – |
Sierra Leone | April 26, 1961 – January 18, 1962 | – |
Somalia | July 1–September 11, 1960 1986 [7] | 1976 |
South Africa | 1942 | 1956 |
Sudan | January 3–7, 1956 | – |
Tanzania | December 10–11, 1961 | – |
Togo | May 1, 1960 | – |
Tunisia | June 11–July 11, 1956 | – |
Uganda | October 11–12, 1962 November 17, 1975 | November 11, 1975 |
Zaire | June 29–July 7, 1960 July 6, 1961 November 30, 1967 | September 14–18, 1960 November 21–23, 1963 |
Zambia | October 29–30, 1964 | – |
Zimbabwe | February 18, 1981 | – |
Country | Established/ Re-established | Severed |
---|---|---|
Australia | October 10, 1942 March 16, 1959 | April 23, 1954 |
Fiji | January 30, 1974 | – |
Nauru | December 30, 1987 | – |
New Zealand | April 13, 1944 | – |
Papua New Guinea | May 19, 1976 | – |
Tonga | October 14, 1970 | – |
Vanuatu | September 3, 1986 | – |
Western Samoa | July 2, 1976 | – |
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that was the predominant branch of the communist movement throughout the 20th century. Developed in Russia by the Bolsheviks, it was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, Soviet satellite states in the Eastern Bloc, and various countries in the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World during the Cold War, as well as the Communist International after Bolshevisation. Today, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the ruling parties of China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam, as well as many other Communist parties. The state ideology of North Korea is derived from Marxism–Leninism. Marxist–Leninist states are commonly referred to as "communist states" by Western academics. Marxist–Leninists reject anarchism and left communism, as well as reformist socialism and social democracy. They oppose fascism and liberal democracy, and are self-proclaimed anti-imperialists. Marxism–Leninism holds that a two-stage communist revolution is needed to replace capitalism. A vanguard party, organized through democratic centralism, would seize power on behalf of the proletariat and establish a one-party socialist state, called the dictatorship of the proletariat. The state would control the means of production, suppress opposition, counter-revolution, and the bourgeoisie, and promote Soviet collectivism, to pave the way for an eventual communist society that would be classless and stateless.
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas in the country include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Kazan.
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
Human rights in the Soviet Union were severely limited. The Soviet Union was a totalitarian state from 1927 until 1953 and a one-party state until 1990. Freedom of speech was suppressed and dissent was punished. Independent political activities were not tolerated, whether they involved participation in free labor unions, private corporations, independent churches or opposition political parties. The citizens' freedom of movement was limited both inside and outside the country. The state restricted citizens' rights to own private property.
The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to "struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state". The Comintern was preceded by the 1916 dissolution of the Second International.
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1929 until the union's dissolution in 1991, the officeholder was the recognized leader of the Soviet Union. Officially, the General Secretary solely controlled the Communist Party directly. However, since the party had a monopoly on political power, the General Secretary had executive control of the Soviet government. Because of the office's ability to direct both the foreign and domestic policies of the state and preeminence over the Soviet Communist Party, it was the de facto highest office of the Soviet Union.
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR and also known as Soviet Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. In the anthem of the Ukrainian SSR, it was referred to simply as Ukraine. Under the Soviet one-party model, the Ukrainian SSR was governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union through its republican branch, the Communist Party of Ukraine.
The International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) is the largest conference for the topic of mathematics. It meets once every four years, hosted by the International Mathematical Union (IMU).
The Soviet Union was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, its UN seat was transferred to the Russian Federation, the successor state of the USSR.
The Holodomor, also known as the Terror-Famine or the Great Famine, was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.
The Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union.
The Tajik language has been written in three alphabets over the course of its history: an adaptation of the Perso-Arabic script, an adaptation of the Latin script and an adaptation of the Cyrillic script. Any script used specifically for Tajik may be referred to as the Tajik alphabet, which is written as алифбои тоҷикӣ in Cyrillic characters, الفبای تاجیکی with Perso-Arabic script and alifboji toçikī in Latin script.
Soviet Union–United States relations were fully established in 1933 as the succeeding bilateral ties to those between the Russian Empire and the United States, which lasted from 1776 until 1917; they were also the predecessor to the current bilateral ties between the Russian Federation and the United States that began in 1992 after the end of the Cold War. The relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States was largely defined by mistrust and tense hostility. The invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany as well as the attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan marked the Soviet and American entries into World War II on the side of the Allies in June and December 1941, respectively. As the Soviet–American alliance against the Axis came to an end following the Allied victory in 1945, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to immediately appear between the two countries, as the Soviet Union militarily occupied Eastern European countries and turned them into satellite states, forming the Eastern Bloc. These bilateral tensions escalated into the Cold War, a decades-long period of tense hostile relations with short phases of détente that ended after the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the present-day Russian Federation at the end of 1991.
Holodomor denial is the claim that the Holodomor, a 1932–33 man-made famine that killed millions in Soviet Ukraine, did not occur, or the diminishment of its scale and significance, including the claim that it was not a genocide.
Mauritania–Russia relations are the bilateral foreign relations between the Russian Federation and Mauritania.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union was the process of internal disintegration within the Soviet Union (USSR), which resulted in the end of the existence of the country and of its federal government as a sovereign state, which in turn resulted in its 15 constituent republics gaining full independence on 26 December 1991. It brought an end to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's effort to reform the Soviet political and economic system in an attempt to stop a period of political stalemate and economic backslide. The Soviet Union had experienced internal stagnation and ethnic separatism. Although highly centralized until its final years, the country was made up of 15 top-level republics that served as homelands for different ethnicities. By late 1991, amid a catastrophic political crisis, with several republics already departing the Union and the waning of centralized power, the leaders of three of its founding members declared that the Soviet Union no longer existed. Eight more republics joined their declaration shortly thereafter. Gorbachev resigned in December 1991 and what was left of the Soviet parliament voted to end itself.
The Military ranks of Mongolian People's Republic were the military insignia used by the Mongolian People's Army. Being a Satellite state of the Soviet Union, the Mongolian People's Republic shared a similar rank structure to those used by the Soviet Armed Forces.
New political thinking was the doctrine put forth by Mikhail Gorbachev as part of his reforms of the Soviet Union. Its major elements were ideologization of international politics, abandoning the concept of class struggle, priority of universal human interests over the interests of any class, increasing interdependence of the world, and mutual security based on political rather than military instruments, which constituted a significant shift from the previous principles of the Soviet foreign politics.