Deconica

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Deconica
Psilocybe.montana.-.lindsey.jpg
Deconica montana
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Deconica
(W.G.Sm.) P.Karst. (1879)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus "trib." Psilocybe Fr. (1821)
  • Delitescor Earle (1909)
  • Galeropsina Velen. (1947)

Deconica is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Strophariaceae. It was formerly considered synonymous with Psilocybe until molecular studies showed that genus to be polyphyletic, made of two major clades: one containing bluing, hallucinogenic species, the other non-bluing and non-hallucinogenic species. Deconica contains species formerly classified in the sections Deconica and Coprophila of Psilocybe. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

Until recently, Deconica was generally considered to be synonymous with Psilocybe , and was originally named as a subgenus of Agaricus by Worthington George Smith in 1870. [1] It was later raised to generic level by Petter Karsten in 1879. [3] However, several molecular studies published in the 2000s demonstrated that Psilocybe, as it was defined then, was polyphyletic. [4] [5] [6] The studies supported the idea of dividing the genus into two clades, one consisting of the bluing, hallucinogenic species, and the other made of the non-bluing, non-hallucinogenic species. However, the generally accepted lectotype (a specimen later selected when the original author of a taxon name did not designate a type) of the genus as a whole was Psilocybe montana , a non-hallucinogenic species; if those forms of the species in the study were to be segregated, it would leave the hallucinogenic clade without a valid name. To resolve this taxonomical dilemma, it was proposed in 2005 to conserve the name Psilocybe, with P. semilanceata as the type, leaving the option to use Deconica as the name for the non-hallucinogenic clade. [7] The proposal was accepted unanimously by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi in 2009. [8] Recently, it has been reported that the non-bluing Psilocybe fuscofulva does not produce hallucinogenic compounds. [9] Thus, non-hallucinogenic species are also covered by the genus Psilocybe , not only Deconica.

Deconica had previously been recognized as a separate genus by several authors, including Rolf Singer in 1951, [10] Dennis and Orton in 1960, [11] and Horak in 1979. [12]

Species

Many species in Deconica were transferred there by mycologist Machiel Noordeloos in a 2009 publication. [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Psilocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Psilocybe is a genus of gilled mushrooms, growing worldwide, in the family Hymenogastraceae. Most or nearly all species contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin.

<i>Psilocybe semilanceata</i> Species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae, native to Europe

Psilocybe semilanceata, commonly known as the liberty cap, is a species of fungus which produces the psychoactive compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin. It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature, and one of the most potent. The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell-shaped cap, up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter, with a small nipple-like protrusion on the top. They are yellow to brown, covered with radial grooves when moist, and fade to a lighter color as they mature. Their stipes tend to be slender and long, and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap. The gill attachment to the stipe is adnexed, and they are initially cream-colored before tinting purple to black as the spores mature. The spores are dark purplish-brown in mass, ellipsoid in shape, and measure 10.5–15 by 6.5–8.5 micrometres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strophariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariaceae have red-brown to dark brown spore prints, while the spores themselves are smooth and have an apical germ pore. These agarics are also characterized by having a cutis-type pileipellis. Ecologically, all species in this group are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The family was circumscribed in 1946 by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith.

<i>Deconica inquilina</i> Species of fungus

Deconica inquilina is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Formerly a member of the genus Psilocybe, this species belonged to the non-blueing (non-hallucinogenic) clade and was consequently moved to Deconica in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymenogastraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hymenogastraceae is a family of fungi in the order Agaricales with both agaric and false-truffle shaped fruitbodies. Formerly, prior to molecular analyses, the family was restricted to the false-truffle genera. The mushroom genus Psilocybe in the Hymenogastraceae is now restricted to the hallucinogenic species while nonhallucinogenic former species are largely in the genus Deconica classified in the Strophariaceae.

<i>Deconica montana</i> Species of fungus

Deconica montana, commonly known as the mountain moss Psilocybe, is a common species of mushroom that usually grows in mossy and montane regions around the world. The appearance is that of a typical "little brown mushroom" with a small, brown cap and a straight, thin stipe.

<i>Weraroa</i> Genus of fungi

Weraroa was a genus of mushrooms from the families Hymenogastraceae and Strophariaceae. The genus was initially described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1958 to accommodate the single species Secotium novae-zelandiae reported by Gordon Herriott Cunningham in 1924. It was thought that the genus represented an intermediary evolutionary stage between a hypogeous (underground) ancestor and the related epigeous genus Stropharia. Advances in phylogenetics and taxonomic changes since 1958 found it contained unrelated species from multiple genera. It is now considered a synonym of the genus Psilocybe.

<i>Psilocybe weraroa</i> Species of fungus

Psilocybe weraroa is a secotioid fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it grows in native forests from rotting wood and woody debris. Despite its pouch-like form this species is closely related to Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe subaeruginosa. As a bluing member of the genus Psilocybe it contains the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin.

Psilocybe acutipilea is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was discovered in October 1881 in Apiahy, Sao Paulo State, Brazil by Carlos Spegazzini, and described by him as a new species of Deconica in 1889. Gastón Guzmán transferred it to Psilocybe in 1978, but Ramirez-Cruz considered it a possible synonym of Psilocybe mexicana, but the type specimen was too moldy for them to be certain.

<i>Deconica coprophila</i> Species of fungus

Deconica coprophila, commonly known as the dung-loving psilocybe, or dung demon, is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. First described as Agaricus coprophilus by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1793, it was transferred to the genus Psilocybe by Paul Kummer in 1871. In the first decade of the 2000s, several molecular studies showed that the Psilocybe was polyphyletic, and the non-bluing (non-hallucinogenic) species were transferred to Deconica.

<i>Hemipholiota</i> Genus of fungi

Hemipholiota is a genus of agaric fungi in the order Agaricales. It was originally proposed by Rolf Singer in 1962 as a subgenus of Pholiota to contain species with absent or sparse pleurocystidia and absent chrysocystidia. Henri Romagnesi raised it to generic status in 1980, but this naming was invalid as it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Marcel Bon published the genus validly in 1986.

Deconica neorhombispora is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It can be found in Brazil and Mexico. It was originally described from specimens found near San Bartolomé Ayautla, Oaxaca, Mexico as Naematoloma rhombisporum, then transferred to Hypholoma rhombispora. After this, it was transferred to Psilocybe neorhombispora because the name "Psilocybe rhombispora" was already occupied, but this species is now a synonym of Deconica phyllogena. Psilocybe neorhombispora was finally transferred to Deconica neorhombispora. Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata was originally named as a new species of Psilocybe from Itapuã State Park in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The authors assigned it to Psilocybe section brunneocystidiatae with Psilocybe brunneocystidiata, Psilocybe neocaledonica and Psilocybe aureicystidiata. Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata was found to be a synonym of Deconica neorhombispora. Psilocybe neocaledonica and Psilocybe aureicystidiata were also found to belong in Deconica.

Deconica alpestris is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Its holotype was found by Rolf Singer in 1979 growing on calcareous soil at an elevation of 1900 meters in the alps in Austria.

Deconica pegleriana is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It can be found in Mexico, Thailand, India, Papua New Guinea, the Southeastern United States and South America.

Deconica semiinconspicua is a mushroom native to the state of Washington in the United States. The mushroom is small, rare, difficult to see and, according to Guzmán and Trappe (2005), stains blue where damaged. However, Ramírez-Cruz et al. (2012) state that it is "without a really observable bluing reaction". It was described as a psychoactive species of Psilocybe in section Semilanceatae, but Ramírez-Cruz et al. (2012) found that its macroscopic and microscopic morphological features and its DNA sequence, which Ramírez-Cruz et al. did not publish, were a better match for Deconica. Ramírez-Cruz et al. (2012) also stated that it is very similar to Deconica montana. It can be mistaken for Psilocybe silvatica and can be distinguished by its more conic cap, narrower spores and narrower cheilocystidia.

Deconica thailandensis is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Thailand.

Deconica pseudobullacea is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae.

Deconica goniospora is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Sri Lanka.

Deconica neocaledonica is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It has been found in New Caledonia and in Mount Halimun Salak National Park in Java, Indonesia. It is very similar to Deconica aureicystidiata.

References

  1. 1 2 "Deconica (W.G. Sm.) P. Karst. 1879". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  2. ↑ Noordeloos M. "Deconica pages". www.entoloma.eu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  3. ↑ "Rysslands, Finlands och den Skandinaviska halföns Hattsvampar. Förra Delen: Skifsvampar". Bidrag till Kännedom of Finlands Natur Folk. 32 (26): 515.
  4. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, et al. (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID   12099793.
  5. ↑ Nugent KG, Saville BJ (2004). "Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic fungi: a DNA-based approach". Forensic Science International. 140 (2–3): 147–57. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.11.022. PMID   15036436.
  6. ↑ Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, et al. (2006). "Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview". Mycologia. 98 (6): 982–995. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. PMID   17486974.
  7. ↑ Redhead SA, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Matheny PB, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Guzmán G (2005). "(1757) Proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe (Basidiomycota) with a conserved type" (PDF). Taxon. 56 (1): 255–257.
  8. ↑ Norvell L. (2009). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 15" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 110: 487–92. doi:10.5248/110.487. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-31.
  9. ↑ Borovička J, Oborník M, Stříbrný J, Noordeloos ME, Parra-Sánchez LA, Gryndler M (2015). "Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes". Persoonia. 34 (6): 1–9. doi:10.3767/003158515X685283. PMC   4510267 . PMID   26240441. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  10. ↑ Lilloa 22: 504. 1951
  11. ↑ Dennis RW, Orton PD, Hora FB (1960). "New check list of British agarics and boleti. Parts I, II, III, and IV". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 43 (2): 159–439, 440–59. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(60)80067-8.
  12. ↑ Flora Criptog. Tierra del Fuego 11(6): 243. 1979
  13. ↑ Noordeloos M. (2009). "The genus Deconica (W. G. SM.) P. KARST. in Europe – new combinations" (PDF). Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde. 18: 207–210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ramírez-Cruz, Virginia; Guzmán, Gastón; Guzmán-Dávalos, Laura (2012). "New combinations in the genus Deconica (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricales)". Sydowia. 64: 217–219.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 da Silva PS. (2013). Os gêneros Deconica (W.G.Sm.) P.Karst.e Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Agaricales) na região Sul do Brasil : contribuíção á sua filogenia com bases morfológicas, moleculares e químicas (PDF) (Thesis). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Instituto de Biociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 Ramírez-Cruz V, Guzmán G, Guzmán-Dávalos L (2013). "Type studies of Psilocybe sensu lato (Strophariaceae, Agaricales)". Sydowia. 65: 277–319.
  17. ↑ Ma T, Feng Y, Lin XF, Karunarathna SC, Ding WF, Hyde KD (2014). "Psilocybe chuxiongensis, a new bluing species from subtropical China". Phytotaxa. 156 (4): 211–20. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.641.4327 . doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.156.4.3.
  18. ↑ Silva PS, Ramírez-Cruz V, Cortés-Pére A, Guzmán G, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Silveira RMB (2013). "Deconica neorhombispora (Agaricales, Strophariaceae): new combination and synonym". Sydowia. 65: 321–328.
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