Dipteryx charapilla

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Dipteryx charapilla
Dipteryx charapilla type specimen J.M.Schunke362 ex. Peru, Loreto, Rio Mazan, Mancayatca - scan by United States National Herbarium.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Dipteryx
Species:
D. charapilla
Binomial name
Dipteryx charapilla
Synonyms

Dipteryx charapilla is a little-known species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, [1] a large to mid-sized tree growing along rivers in the rainforests of Brazil. [2] and Peru. [3]

Contents

Description

Habitus

This plant is a relatively tall tree, 20-30m tall, with a trunk to 65 cm in diameter. The bark is covered in lenticels and coloured cream to grey in adults, but greenish in juvenile specimens, with cork scars distributed in depressed, isolated patches (as if the trunk was hammered). The ends of the twigs are also covered in lenticels. [4]

Leaves

It has alternate compound leaves which are imparipinnate (with a lone terminal leaflet rather than a terminal pair of leaflets) and arranged spirally; [4] the leaves having (2-) [2] 3-4 pairs of leaflets distanced 3–6 cm apart from each other. The leaflets are shaped elliptic-ovalate and are alternate at the base of the leaf (alternipinnate). The leaflets have a rounded base, a cuspidate (pointy) apex, and have a length of 8.9-21.3 cm and a width of 4.9-8.5 cm. [4]

Flowers

The inflorescence is a terminal panicle. [4] The panicle is covered in a minutely puberulous layer. [5] The 22-30mm long flower has a 4-6mm pedicel [4] and a leathery calyx, [2] [5] 2-6mm in length [4] and covered in an extremely fine puberulous layer. The calyx is split: the top half has two oblong "wings" which are 15mm in length and 6-7mm in width, with a rounded apex, formed from the upper two sepals, while the lower three sepals are small and fused together in a tiny lower lip. [5] The petals form a corolla 14-19mm long consisting of the wings, keel and banner common to this sub-family of plants. [4] The corolla colour has been described as "mulberry", [5] "pinkish-purple" [2] or "fuchsia", although the sepals of the calyx are coloured light yellow. [4] Unique among the Dipteryx, in this species the calyx is said to be exceptionally hard, almost woody. [5]

Fruit

The fruit (a bean pod) is an indehiscent drupe, elliptic [4] or ovoid-oblong [2] in shape and has juicy flesh within. [2] [4] The fruit may be green. [6] The fruit pod contains a single, enlarged seed (bean). [4] This species has pods and seeds with the typical scent of tonka. [2] [5]

Similar species

Other species of Dipteryx which are said to grow in the same area as this species are D. alata, D. ferrae, D. micrantha, D. odorata and D. rosea. [7] D. charapilla is most similar to D. odorata and D. rosea. [4] [5] According to Macbride, it can be distinguished from D. odorata primarily due to the calyx being puberulous as opposed to densely tomentose. It can be distinguished from D. rosea in having smaller flowers. Furthermore, in D. rosea the calyx has three distinct teeth-like lobes on the lower part; in D. charapilla these lobes are obscure and indistinct. [5]

Taxonomy

This species was first described as Coumarouna charapilla in 1943 by James Francis Macbride citing as the holotype a sample, JS362, collected in 1935 by the important Peruvian plant collector José M. Lopez Schunke along the river bank of the Río Mazán in Maynas Province, Loreto, Peru. [5] [8] [9] [10] According to the Macbride, the collector Schunke relayed that this tree was known as charapilla by the locals. The word charapilla is a diminutive of the Quechua word charapa , meaning 'turtle', and refers to the shell-like half of an opened bean pod of this tree. [5]

The second example was discovered in Esperança, Amazonas, Brazil, by Walter Adolpho Ducke in 1942, although it was only identified as such in 1985 by de Lima. [11]

Ducke moved the species to the genus Dipteryx in 1949. [12]

In 1975 a herbarium voucher identified as this species was collected along the banks of the Río Nanay in Maynas Province, Peru. [6] It has since been collected in Maynas a number of times. [13] [14]

In the most recent monograph on the genus Dipteryx, A Checklist of the Dipterygeae species by the Brazilian researcher Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima in 1989, he synonymised D. charapilla with D. rosea. [15] His taxonomy was accepted by ILDIS (2005) [15] but not noticed or followed by some databases, i.e. the IUCN (1998) [1] or the Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru (1993), which was built using the Tropicos database by the Missouri Botanical Garden. [16] By 2010 de Lima had changed his mind and had started to recognise D. charapilla as an independent species again and it was readmitted into the Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. [17] [18]

Since 2014 local botanists from Brazil and Peru have collected many more additional specimens. [2] [12] [4] The Herbario Herrerense (HH) at the Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana in Iquitos, Peru, holds the most specimens at present. [4]

Distribution

Peru: In Maynas Province, Loreto, Peru, this species is known from three localised populations in the districts of Iquitos (along the Nanay River), San Juan Bautista (El Huayo Arboretum in Puerto Almendras) and Mazán (along the Río Mazán). Aldana et al. report that trees previously identified as D. odorata in Maynas Province, Peru are misidentified, and in actuality are D. charapilla. [4]

Brazil: This species was collected from Amazonas in the early 1940s. [2] [11] Although not known in 2014, [12] as of 2019 the distribution of this species has been expanded to the states of Acre and Rondônia in Brazil. [2]

Bolivia: A collection from 1975 of a specimen identified as this species at the herbarium of the Museu Botânico Municipal in Bolivia is attributed to that country in error, as that particular collection is a duplicate of the 1975 collection (number 19865). [6] [19] [20]

Habitat

In Brazil this tree has been found in the Amazon rainforest growing on terra firme forest, várzea (inundated forest) and/or shaded tropical rainforest. [2] In Peru it has been found growing in inundated forest along the banks of rivers, and along river banks in general (although this may be an artefact caused due to these being the easiest places to collect plant specimens). [5] [6] [13]

It has been collected growing at altitudes of 90 [13] -125m. [8]

Conservation

In 1998 Oldfield et al. published a list of tropical tree species whose populations they believed to be threatened by extinction, which was adopted into the IUCN Red List. [21] Likely working from the Tropicos database, they mistakenly believed that the taxon was endemic to the Amazon rainforest in the department of Loreto, Peru, [1] [22] and that it was "known only from the type locality". [1] Hence, they decided to set the conservation status for the population of this species as 'vulnerable'. [1] In Brazil, this species has not yet been evaluated by the Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora. [2] Trees are grown at the Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera and Puerto Almendras Arboretum in Peru. It is unclear if the population in Iquitos District is protected within the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve. [4]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Glycydendron</i> Genus of flowering plants

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  1. Glycydendron amazonicumDucke - French Guinea, Suriname, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Brazil, possibly Colombia
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  1. Rhodothyrsus hirsutusEsser - Colombia, NW Venezuela
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<i>Dipteryx</i> Genus of legumes

Dipteryx is a genus containing a number of species of large trees and possibly shrubs. It belongs to the "papilionoid" subfamily – Faboideae – of the family Fabaceae. This genus is native to South and Central America and the Caribbean. Formerly, the related genus Taralea was included in Dipteryx.

<i>Agonandra</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Dalechampia dioscoreifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae

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<i>Dipteryx alata</i> Species of legume

Dipteryx alata is a large, undomesticated, edible nut-bearing tree from dryish tropical lowlands in central South America belonging to the legume family, Fabaceae, from the Dipterygeae tribe in the Faboideae subfamily. It is a wild species, widespread across the Cerrado savanna in South America.

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<i>Pausandra</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pausandra is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described in 1870. It is native to Central America and South America.

  1. Pausandra fordiiSecco - Amapá, French Guiana
  2. Pausandra hirsutaLanj. - Peru, Brazil, Bolivia (Pando), Colombia (Amazonas)
  3. Pausandra macropetalaDucke - Brazil, Peru (Loreto), Venezuela (Amazonas)
  4. Pausandra macrostachyaDucke - Pará
  5. Pausandra martiniBaill. - French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil
  6. Pausandra megalophyllaMüll.Arg. - Rio de Janeiro
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<i>Dipteryx micrantha</i> Species of legume

Dipteryx micrantha is a tropical flowering plant, a giant tree in the Faboideae subfamily of the bean family Fabaceae. It is a dominant emergent tree in parts of the rainforests of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In the international timber market, this species is traded under the name cumaru. It furnishes a dense, hard, beautiful reddish timber which has become a popular import in the 2010s for use in parquet. The ornamental bunches of lilac pink flowers high in the canopy eventually develop into a mass of large fruit pods, which are an important food for many native animals during the dry season. The fruit contains a single oily seed which is edible, although these seeds are not exploited as a commercial product.

<i>Ormosia amazonica</i>

Ormosia amazonica is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae native to the Amazon rainforest. It is naturally distributed in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Peru, in the Amazon Forest in Igarapó Forests. The species was first described by the Brazilian botanist of Austro-Hungarian origin Adolpho Ducke in 1922.

<i>Xylopia nitida</i> Species of flowering plant

Xylopia nitida is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. Michel Félix Dunal, the botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the shiny upper surface of its leaves.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Carvalho, C.S. "Brazilian Flora Checklist - Dipteryx alata Vogel". Dipteryx in Flora do Brasil 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  3. "Dipteryx charapilla (J. F. Macbr.) Ducke". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Aldana Gomero, David Roy; García-Dávila, Carmen Rosa; Hidalgo Pizango, Carlos Gabriel; Flores LLampazo, Gerardo Rafael; del Castillo Torres, Dennis; Reynel Rodriguez, Carlos; Pariente Mondragón, Eli; Honorio Coronado, Eurídice Nora (2016). "Análisis Morfométrico de las Especies de Dipteryx en la Amazonía Peruana". Folio Amazónica (in Spanish). 25 (2): 101–118. doi: 10.24841/fa.v25i2.394 . Retrieved 5 August 2019.
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  9. IPNI Plant Name Details. International Plant Names Index. Vol. 31. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
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  14. Miyakawa, Victor. Siamazonia Provider. IIAPPoa. Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM) & Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), Herbario Amazonense y la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Iquitos, Peru. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/wmoh1b accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-08-02. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/90093665
  15. 1 2 "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Dipteryx". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
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