Discharge (band)

Last updated

Discharge
Discharge in 2017.jpg
Discharge in 2017
Background information
Origin Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England
Genres
Years active
  • 1977–1987
  • 1991–1999
  • 2001–present
Labels
Members
  • Jeff "JJ" Janiak
  • Royston "Rainy" Wainwright
  • Anthony "Bones" Roberts
  • Terence "Tezz" Roberts
  • David "Proper" Caution
Past members
 
  • Nigel Bamford
  • Anthony "Akko" Axon
  • Kelvin "Cal" Morris
  • Keith Haynes
  • Dave "Bambi" Ellesmere
  • "Garry" Maloney
  • Peter "Pooch" Purtill (also spelled "Pyrtle")
  • Les "The Mole" Hunt
  • Micky Gibson
  • Stephen "Fish" Brooks
  • Robert "Rocky Shades" Berkley
  • Andrew "Andy" Green
  • Anthony "Jake" Morgan
  • Nick Bushell
  • Anthony "Rat" Martin
  • Davey Quinn

Discharge are an English hardcore punk band formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent, England. [3] The band is known for influencing several sub-genres of extreme music and their songs have been covered by some of the biggest names in heavy metal and other genres. The musical sub-genre of D-beat is named after Discharge and the band's distinctive drumbeat.

Contents

The band is characterized by a minimalistic approach to music and lyrics, using a heavy, distorted and grinding guitar-driven sound and raw, shouted vocals similar to a political speech, with lyrics on anarchist and pacifist themes, over intense drone-like rhythms. The band's sound has been called a "grave-black aural acid assault." [1] Discharge "paved the way for an astounding array of politically motivated, musically intense and deeply confrontational bands". Discharge was "explicitly political" and displayed a "revolutionary/activist" attitude that moved British hardcore punk away from its pub rock origins and towards a "dangerous and provocative" or anti-establishment leftist territory. [4]

Discharge paved the way for various extreme metal styles such as thrash metal, black metal, crust punk and grindcore. The band's "brutal, extremist approach" and "extreme thrash noise" style of playing eventually led to the thrash genre. [5] "Discharge's influence on heavy metal is incalculable and metal superstars such as Metallica, Anthrax, Machine Head, Sepultura, Soulfly, Prong and Arch Enemy have covered Discharge's songs in tribute." [6] Discharge was a major influence on at least two generations of metal. [1]

Career

Formation; early line-up (1977–1979)

Discharge was formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent by Terence "Tezz" Roberts (vocals) and Royston "Rainy" Wainwright (guitar). [7] They soon recruited Roberts's younger brother Anthony "Bones" Roberts on lead guitar, Nigel Bamford on bass and Anthony "Akko" Axon (Allmusic gives the alternate nickname "Hacko" [8] ) on drums. [7] The musical style of the band was initially influenced by 1977-era punk bands such as the Sex Pistols, the Damned and the Clash. Engaging Tanya Rich as their manager, the band recorded their first demo, supported bands such as The Ruts, The Clash and The Damned at the Victoria Hall, Hanley, and began touring.

Early EPs; Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing (1980–1982)

Axon left later that year, followed by Bamford, and the band recruited their roadie Kelvin "Cal" Morris as vocalist, moving Tezz Roberts to drums and Wainwright to bass. [7] With Morris's addition, the group abandoned their previous Sex Pistols-influenced material and developed a new set of songs with a retooled sound. Anthony Roberts played guitar with a heavy, distorted and grinding style and Morris shouted or screamed vocals without melody. The bassist played with an "immense gurgling over-driven" bass tone. [9] The tempo of the band's songs also steadily increased over the next year or so. [7]

The new, harder-edged style also tended to use much darker, more nihilistic and violent lyrics, focusing on anarchist and pacifist themes while emphasizing the grisly effects of nuclear warfare and the social ills caused by capitalism. Like Crass, Discharge supported anarchism and displayed the anarchist symbol. [10] The band also expressed its political and social themes in its albums' artwork, which depicted the horrors of war using an iconic black-and-white photography style. One of the notable images is the "Impaled Dove" artwork from a 1930s John Heartfield anti-war poster, which depicts a dove impaled on a bayonet. [11] The first gig with this new line-up and new sound was at Northwood Parish Hall. Among the audience was local record shop owner Mike Stone, who ran the Clay Records punk record label. [7]

In 1980, Discharge signed with Clay Records and recorded their first single Realities of War in February 1980, which made the UK Indie Chart when it was released in April, after being played on BBC1 DJ John Peel's show, peaking at number 5 and spending 44 weeks in the chart. [7] The band also performed their first shows outside of Stoke-on-Trent in 1980, playing in Leicester, Preston and Glasgow. After two further EP releases in that same year, founding member Tezz Roberts departed, to be replaced by first Keith Haynes and then Dave "Bambi" Ellesmere (formerly of The Insane) before the Why EP was recorded. [7] Ellesmere did not stay long and the band replaced him with Garry Maloney of The Varukers on drums. Why gave the band their first UK indie number one. [7] Why had cover photos showing the corpses of dead civilians. The song "Visions of War" had an "unrepentantly angry and punishing attack" and it became a signature song for the group. The songs "Maimed and Slaughtered", "Does This System Work?" and "Mania for Conquest" set out the song and sound template for crust bands. At the same time, the record showed that it was possible for a hardcore band to incorporate the sonic power of "heavy metal without sacrificing ideology or anger". [4]

The Punknews.org reviewer argues that the early 1981 EP Why "...revolutionized everything...[paving the] way for the atonal shredding of hardcore punk, thrash, death metal, and grind, but also the dead-serious political ideals and brutal backing of crust hardcore". Ian Glasper described the EP as "one of the most potent anti-war records ever made". [12] Tom G. Warrior of Celtic Frost credited Discharge as "a revolution, much like Venom", saying, "When I heard the first two Discharge records, I was blown away. I was just starting to play an instrument and I had no idea you could go so far. And to me, they were unlike other punk bands--they sounded more like metal." [13]

Discharge recorded their first full length album, 1982's Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing (HNSNSN), which was the number one punk album of all time in a poll by Terrorizer magazine. [14] The album reached number two on the indie album chart and number 40 in the UK Album Chart. [7] In David Konow's history of heavy metal, he calls the album the band's "...crowning achievement, a mercilessly brutal masterpiece." [15] Treble zine states that the music on HNSNSN was "much, much heavier" than previous punk and states that it influenced "punk rock, [and]... metal circles" with its "raw and intense" sound. [16] Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian stated in 2015 that "You put on... Hear Nothing, See Nothing, Say Nothing album now, and it's still as heavy and brutal as anything out there." [17]

The group played regularly throughout the UK, often appearing with bands such as GBH and The Exploited, and the success of the debut album also saw them touring Canada, the United States, Italy, Yugoslavia, Holland, Finland and Sweden. [7] The band had trouble getting into Canada at the border crossing at Buffalo, New York, as border guards thought the band looked like "animals".

Heavy metal crossover period; first breakup (1982–1987)

In 1982, Anthony "Bones" Roberts left the group, later to form Broken Bones with his brother Tezz later joining him. He was replaced by Peter "Pooch" Purtill [8] who brought significant heavy metal influences. Purtill used a rock and metal style of guitar playing, including rock-oriented guitar solos. [18] The Warning... EP shows drastic stylistic differences, with Morris changing his angry shouts to a mix of regular singing and football chants. Morris began to use a heavy metal, Ozzy Osbourne-influenced vocal style. [18] As well, the band used significantly slower tempos and their D-beat punk style was replaced with metal-oriented beats.

With the release of Ignorance, Purtill and Maloney left the band to form the punk/metal crossover band HellsBelles, to be replaced by guitarists Les "The Mole" Hunt and drummer Michael "Micky" Gibson. Following the later addition of second guitarist Stephen "Fish" Brooks, they released 1986's Grave New World , a mainstream metal album with a glam sound from Morris's high-pitched singing style. The album reached the indie top 10, but the band struggled with personnel problems as Morris departed and was briefly replaced by ex-Wrathchild frontman Rob "Rocky Shades" Berkeley the following year. The group disbanded shortly thereafter.

Reformation with new line-up (1990–1999)

Morris formed a new version of the band in 1990 with Andrew "Andy" Green on guitar, Anthony Morgan on bass and Mika Karppinen initially playing drums, only to be replaced by the returning Maloney. The Live At The City Garden, New Jersey album on Clay Records followed. [7] In 1991 they released Massacre Divine , which retained the metal sound, though with a noticeably harder edge than on Grave New World. Morris again changed his vocal style, this time to rougher growling, similar to Brian Johnson of AC/DC. They toured widely in support of the record, including their only visit to Japan, but the tour was negatively received.[ citation needed ] In 1993 they released Shootin' Up the World , which continued Cal's new vocal style, but the songs were significantly heavier than on Massacre Divine. The album retains the metal direction, although experiments with strange lyrics and song structures, coming close to thrash metal at times. Morris assembled further versions of the group, but they again disbanded in 1999.

Reunion of classic line-up and the Rat years (2001–2014)

Discharge performing in Rome in 2006. The distinctive lettering of the band's name can be seen in the banner at the back of the stage. Discharge2.jpg
Discharge performing in Rome in 2006. The distinctive lettering of the band's name can be seen in the banner at the back of the stage.

In 2001, the classic line-up of Morris, Roberts and Wainright reunited after meeting at a party held by original bassist Bamford, and in 2002 they released their self-titled album Discharge , a return to their early 1980s style featuring political commentary and aggressive playing. [7] As well, they brought back their intense D-beat drumming style, although combined with the remaining metal influence, it gave the album a speed metal influence with its thrashy riffs.

Morris would not commit to touring to promote the album and left the band, to be replaced by Anthony "Rat" Martin of The Varukers. The single "The Beginning of the End" was released in 2006, which marked a further step towards a return to the punk sound. Dave "Proper" Caution replaced Terence Roberts after his second departure this same year and the group released the Disensitise album in 2008. In 2011 the band released an EP titled "Propaganda Feeds". In 2012 they released a split single with American band Off with Their Heads, released on Drunken Sailor Records. [19] In 2014, Rat played his last show with the band in Ireland, then it was announced by the band that Rat would no longer be their singer. [20]

End of Days (2014-present)

Shortly after Rat's firing, it was announced that Jeff "JJ" Janiak would be taking over on vocal duties whilst Tezz Roberts would also return to the band, except this time on rhythm guitar rather than drums making Discharge a five-piece for the first time. [21] On 3 June 2015, the group premiered a new song called "New World Order". An EP containing the song and a live recording of "Ain't No Feeble Bastard" was released on 16 January 2016, entitled New World Order. On 10 February 2016, the band announced that their seventh studio album, titled End of Days , was to be released sometime in April. It would be Discharge's first album with Janiak and their first album as a five-piece band. On 3 March 2016, the Nuclear Blast YouTube channel uploaded a new song, "Hatebomb", which would later on be available through other streaming services. The same day, the band released the track listing for End of Days.

End of Days, Discharge's seventh studio album, was released on 29 April through Nuclear Blast Records and entered the Official UK rock charts at No. 10 and on the indie charts at No. 23. [22] The success of the album saw the band touring Europe and the US. MetalBlast gave the album a positive review, stating that it "...showcases everything about the band that has earned them their legendary status. The guitar work is fast and brutal, that famous D-beat drumming pattern is in full effect, and the vocals are a gruff, angry bark." The review states that the "songs are short, violent bursts of punk rock fury, brimming with an energy" with "a real sense of menace and sincerity in the tone" and it is "[r]elentless from start to finish". [23] The production was praised as clear and "live"-sounding; the only negative comment was the lack of melody on the record. [23]

On 30 December 2017, the group played a support slot for the original Misfits reunion at the LA Forum in Los Angeles, California. The 17,000 capacity venue sold out in less than one minute. [24]

Influence

Influence on other genres

As well as bringing the D-beat subgenre into existence, Discharge influenced bands operating within other types of extreme music. Decibel magazine states that there are "...few bands who have had more influence over so many different scenes than Discharge", including the first generation of thrash bands, grind and hardcore groups. [25]

"Discharge's influence on heavy metal is incalculable and metal superstars such as Metallica, Anthrax and Sepultura have covered Discharge's songs in tribute." [6] Some photos of Metallica, Anthrax and Exodus band members from the early 1980s show them wearing Discharge T-shirts. [18] Thrash metal groups like Metallica and Slayer were inspired by their speed and brutality. Anthrax was already playing Discharge cover songs by 1983. [17]

Oakland metal band Neurosis named Discharge's "Hear Nothing, See Nothing, Say Nothing" (the title track of the album of the same name) as one of the top five UK anarcho-punk tracks. The band's singer/guitarist Steve Von Till stated that Discharge "...bridged the gap between Motörhead, Venom and punk rock" with their "huge fucking wall-of-sound guitar that was just ridiculously punishing, taking on heavy metal's gain and volume but creating something totally unique and new." [26]

Discharge have been credited for laying the groundwork for grindcore. [27] Early grindcore acts such as Napalm Death and Repulsion were influenced by Discharge, as were early death metal acts such as Celtic Frost and Nihilist. [28] Discharge were also crucial to the development of crust punk, influencing many of the first crust bands, such as Doom, Hellbastard and Antisect.

In an interview with The Guardian in 2016, the band was citied along with a number of other British Anarcho-punk bands of the early 80s as being an influence to the American avant-garde metal group Neurosis. [29]

Vocals

James Hetfield of Metallica nominated Cal Morris for Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest Singers poll. Morris was No. 17 on a list of 20 singers whom James nominated. [30]

Cover songs

Discharge's wide influence can also be seen in the range of cover versions recorded by hardcore punk and metal groups. The Scottish anarcho-punk band Oi Polloi covered the song "State Violence, State Control". During the same period, the Swedish hardcore punk band Mob 47 covered "Never Again" on their Ultimate Attack recording. New York City anarchist crust band Nausea, recorded "Ain't No Feeble Bastard" along with "Hear Nothing, See Nothing, Say Nothing", on The Punk Terrorist Anthology, Vol. 1. Swedish grindcore band Nasum covered "Visions of War" for a tribute compilation. D-beat/hardcore punk band From Ashes Rise recorded the nuclear war-themed "Hell on Earth". In 2003, US hardcore band Ensign covered "Protest and Survive" on their album of covers Love the Music, Hate the Kids . Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy covered the song "Warning" on the 2011 CD Khaos Legions.

Metal groups from several metal subgenres have recorded Discharge songs. Thrash metal bands covering Discharge material include Metallica ("Free Speech For The Dumb" and "The More I See", on their studio covers album Garage Inc. ); Anthrax ("Protest and Survive" on their studio album Attack of the Killer B's ); and Brazilian Sepultura ("A Look At Tomorrow", "Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing" and "Protest and Survive"). The groove metal band Machine Head covered "The Possibility of Life's Destruction" as a bonus track to their album The More Things Change.... Soulfly covered ("Ain't No Feeble Bastard" and "The Possibility of Life's Destruction")

Discharge songs also attracted interest from other metal subgenres, such as doom metal and grindcore. UK doom metal band Solstice covered "Protest & Survive" and Norwegian black metal band Carpathian Forest covered "The Possibilities of Life's Destruction" on their compilation album We're Going to Hell for This – Over a Decade of Perversions, while grindcore/death metal band Napalm Death covered "War's No Fairytale" on their Leaders Not Followers: Part 2 album. As well, Swedish melodic death metal pioneers At the Gates covered "The Nightmare Continues" as a hidden track on their With Fear I Kiss the Burning Darkness album. French doom/sludge band Monarch! also covered "A Look at Tomorrow" on their A Look at Tomorrow/Mass Destruction EP. UK drone / sludge band Moss covered 'Maimed And Slaughtered' on their Tombs of the Blind Drugged EP. British black metal band The Meads of Asphodel adopted a medley style cover of "Hell on Earth" and "Blood Runs Red" on their 2006 EP In the Name of God, Welcome to Planet Genocide .

Members

Current members

Discography

Related Research Articles

Grindcore is an extreme fusion genre of heavy metal and hardcore punk that originated in the mid-1980s, drawing inspiration from abrasive-sounding musical styles, such as thrashcore, crust punk, hardcore punk, extreme metal, and industrial. Grindcore is considered a more noise-filled style of hardcore punk while using hardcore's trademark characteristics such as heavily distorted, down-tuned guitars, grinding overdriven bass, high-speed tempo, blast beats, and vocals which consist of growls, shouts and high-pitched shrieks. Early groups like Napalm Death are credited with laying the groundwork for the style. It is most prevalent today in North America and Europe, with popular contributors such as Brutal Truth and Nasum. Lyrical themes range from a primary focus on social and political concerns, to gory subject matter and black humor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthrax (American band)</span> American thrash metal band

Anthrax is an American thrash metal band from New York City, formed in 1981 by rhythm guitarist Scott Ian and bassist Dan Lilker. The group is considered one of the leaders of the thrash metal scene from the 1980s and is part of the "Big Four" of the genre, along with Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer. They were also one of the first thrash metal bands to emerge from the East Coast. The band's current lineup consists of Scott Ian, drummer Charlie Benante, bassist Frank Bello, vocalist Joey Belladonna and lead guitarist Jonathan Donais. Anthrax's lineup has changed numerous times over their career, leaving Ian as the only constant member of the band. Ian and Benante are the only two members to appear on all of Anthrax's albums, while Bello has been a member of Anthrax since 1984, replacing Lilker.

Thrash metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its overall aggression and fast tempo. The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, overlaid with shredding-style lead guitar work. The lyrical subject matter often includes criticism of The Establishment, opposition to armed conflicts, and at times shares a disdain for the Christian religion with that of black metal. The language is typically direct and denunciatory, an approach borrowed from Punk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Napalm Death</span> English grindcore band

Napalm Death are an English grindcore band formed in Meriden, West Midlands in 1981. None of the band's original members have been in the group since 1986, but since Utopia Banished (1992), the lineup of bassist Shane Embury, guitarist Mitch Harris, drummer Danny Herrera and lead vocalist Mark "Barney" Greenway has remained consistent through most of the band's career. From 1989 to 2004, Napalm Death were a five-piece band after they added Jesse Pintado and Mitch Harris as replacements for guitarist Bill Steer. Following Pintado's departure, the band reverted to a four-piece.

<i>Among the Living</i> 1987 studio album by Anthrax

Among the Living is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Anthrax. It was released on March 16, 1987, by Megaforce Records in the US and by Island Records in the rest of the world. The album is dedicated to Cliff Burton of Metallica, who died in a bus accident six months before its release while Metallica were on tour with Anthrax as the opening act.

A number of heavy metal genres have developed since the emergence of heavy metal during the late 1960s and early 1970s. At times, heavy metal genres may overlap or are difficult to distinguish, but they can be identified by a number of traits. They may differ in terms of instrumentation, tempo, song structure, vocal style, lyrics, guitar playing style, drumming style, and so on.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crust punk</span> Music genre

Crust punk is a subgenre of punk rock influenced by the English punk scene as well as extreme metal. The style, which evolved in the early 1980s in England, often has songs with dark and pessimistic lyrics that linger on political and social ills. The term "crust" was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo.

Extreme metal is a loosely defined umbrella term for a number of related heavy metal music subgenres that have developed since the early 1980s. It has been defined as a "cluster of metal subgenres characterized by sonic, verbal, and visual transgression".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dirty Rotten Imbeciles</span> American crossover thrash band

Dirty Rotten Imbeciles is an American crossover thrash band that formed in Houston in 1982 and would later relocate to San Francisco. The band is currently composed of two of its founding members, lead vocalist Kurt Brecht and guitarist Spike Cassidy, as well as bassist Greg Orr and drummer Rob Rampy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GBH (band)</span> British punk band

GBH are an English punk rock band which was formed in 1978 by vocalist Colin Abrahall, guitarist Colin "Jock" Blyth, bassist Sean McCarthy and drummer Andy "Wilf" Williams.

Extreme Noise Terror are a British extreme metal band formed in Ipswich, England in 1985 and one of the earliest and most influential crust bands. Noted for one of the earliest uses of dual vocalists in hardcore, and for recording a number of sessions for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, the band started as crust punks and helped characterise the early, archetypal grindcore sound with highly political lyrics, fast guitars and tempos, and often very short songs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">D-beat</span> Genre of hardcore punk

D-beat is a style of hardcore punk, developed in the early 1980s by imitators of Discharge, after whom the genre is named, as well as a drum beat characteristic of this subgenre. D-beat is known for its "grinding, distorted and brutally political" sound. Discharge may have themselves inherited the beat from Motörhead and the Buzzcocks. D-beat is closely associated with crust punk, which is a heavier, more complex variation. The style was particularly popular in Sweden, and developed there by groups such as Crude SS, Anti Cimex, Mob 47, and Driller Killer. Other D-beat groups include Doom and the Varukers from the UK; Disclose from Japan; Crucifix and Final Conflict from the U.S.; Ratos de Porão from Brazil; and MG15 from Spain. While the style initially developed in the early 1980s, a number of new groups working within the subgenre emerged in the mid-1990s. These include the Swedish groups Wolfbrigade, Totalitär, Avskum, Skitsystem, and Disfear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Repulsion (band)</span> American grindcore band

Repulsion is an American grindcore band from Flint, Michigan, founded in 1984.

Broken Bones are an English hardcore punk band, formed in 1983 by Anthony "Bones" Roberts. He soon recruited his brother Terence "Tezz" Roberts. Bones and Tezz had previously played in the band Discharge. They took their influences from their time in Discharge as a basis for Broken Bones, but infused a faster and more "metal" influenced sound, helping evolve the genre known as crossover. They have released eight albums, three EPs and a number of singles. The band has had a number of line-up changes over time and have toured internationally.

Sore Throat were a British crust punk band formed in Huddersfield in 1987. They are known for being one of the earliest exponents of the grindcore subgenre known as "noisecore", as well as for launching the careers of several prominent members of the British heavy metal community.

Brazilian thrash metal is a musical movement that originated in the 1980s. Though not as large or well known as the North American or European thrash metal movements, it bridged the gap of the mid-1980s and the death metal scene later in the decade and the first-wave of black metal. Although some bands have become mainstream, the scene is an underground icon.

<i>Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing</i> 1982 studio album by Discharge

Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing is the debut studio album by English hardcore punk band Discharge, released on 21 May 1982 by Clay Records.

Crossover thrash is a fusion genre of thrash metal and hardcore punk. The genre lies on a continuum between heavy metal and hardcore punk. Other genres on the same continuum, such as metalcore and grindcore, may overlap with crossover thrash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Straight Ahead (band)</span> American hardcore punk band

Straight Ahead was an American straight edge hardcore punk band formed in Queens, New York City, in 1984, by drummer and vocalist Tommy Carroll, guitarist Gordon Ancis and bassist Tony Marc Shimkin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hardcore punk in the United Kingdom</span> Genre of music in the UK

Hardcore punk in the United Kingdom began in the late 1970s and early 1980s with the second wave of punk rock in the country. The scene produced many successful and influential hardcore punk bands throughout the 1980s such as Discharge, GBH and the Exploited and led to the pioneering of genres such as grindcore, street punk, crust punk and D-beat.

References

  1. 1 2 3 McPadden, Mike. If You Like Metallica...: Here Are Over 200 Bands, CDs, Movies, and Other Oddities That You Will Love. Backbeat Books, 2012. Section on "Discharge".
  2. ↑ Penny, Jordan (25 April 2017). "Wolfbrigade: Run With the Hunted". PopMatters . Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  3. ↑ "Discharge | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  4. 1 2 Ferguson, Jason (28 March 2016). "35 Years Later: Discharge – 'Why' EP". orlandoweekly.com. Orlando Weekly. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  5. ↑ Knowles, Christopher. The Secret History of Rock 'n' Roll. Cleis Press, 2010. p. 240.
  6. 1 2 Knowles,Christopher.The Secret History of Rock 'n' Roll. Cleis Press, 2010
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Glasper, Ian (2004). Burning Britain: The History of Punk 1980–1984. Cherry Red Books. ISBN   978-1-901447-24-8.
  8. 1 2 "Discharge – Biography & History – AllMusic". AllMusic .
  9. ↑ Glasper, Ian. Burning Britain: The History of UK Punk 1980–1984. PM Press, 2014. p. 189
  10. ↑ Pellegrino, Anthony Michael and Lee, Cristopher Dean. Let the Music Play!: Harnessing the Power of Music for History and Social Studies Classrooms. IAP, 2012. p. 103
  11. ↑ "Discharge Biography". Sing365.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  12. ↑ Glasper 2004, p. 171.
  13. ↑ J. Bennett, "Procreation of the Wicked", Precious Metal: Decibel Presents the Stories Behind 25 Extreme Metal Masterpieces, Albert Mudrian, ed., Da Capo Press, p. 34-35.
  14. ↑ "News – Sanctuary Records Group". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  15. ↑ Konow, David. Bang Your Head: The Rise and Fall of Heavy Metal. Three Rivers Press, 2002. p. 239
  16. ↑ Terich, Jeff (18 April 2013). "10 Essential Hardcore Punk Albums". treblezine.com. Treblezine. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  17. 1 2 Konow, David (9 October 2015). "Exploring the Roots of the Mid-80s Metal/Punk Crossover With Kerry King, Scott Ian, and Gary Holt". noisey.vice.com. Noisey. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 Sompank, Otto. "From Crass to Thrash, to Squeakers: The Suspicious Turn to Metal in UK Punk and Hardcore Post '85" (PDF). dora.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  19. ↑ "Discharge / Off With Their Heads — Split [7-inch]". Punknews.org. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  20. ↑ "DISCHARGE part ways with their vocalist" . Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  21. ↑ "D-Beat Lives On: Our Interview With Discharge". 21 June 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  22. ↑ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts . Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  23. 1 2 Bradley (6 May 2016). "Discharge – End Of Days". metalblast.net. MetalBlast. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  24. ↑ Chris Payne (25 September 2017). "Original Misfits Lineup Adds Second 2017 Reunion Show Featuring Alkaline Trio". billboard.com. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  25. ↑ "Growing old dis-gracefully: Discharge frontman Rat on why punk's most explosive survivors can never die". decibelmagazine.com. Decibel Magazine. 5 September 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  26. ↑ Deller, Alex (3 November 2016). "Neurosis: 'Crass were the mother of all bands': The Oakland metal band know their British anarcho punk – so singer/guitarist Steve Von Till picked five crucial tracks". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  27. ↑ Brown, Andy R.; Spracklen, Karl; Kahn-Harris, Keith; and Scott, Niall. Global Metal Music and Culture: Current Directions in Metal Studies. Routledge, 2016
  28. ↑ Mundrian, Albert. Choosing Death: The Improbably History of Death Metal and Grindcore. Decibel Books.
  29. ↑ Deller, Alex (3 November 2016). "Neurosis: 'Crass were the mother of all bands'". The Guardian . Kings Place, London. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  30. ↑ "The 100 Greatest Singers: Inside the Ballots Pictures – 100 Singers Ballots: James Hetfield". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.