Distinguished Flying Medal

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Distinguished Flying Medal
DFM-GVIR.jpg Distinguished Flying Medal, reverse.jpg
Obverse and reverse of the medal
TypeMilitary decoration.
Awarded forExceptional valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy
Presented byUK and Commonwealth
EligibilityBritish and (formerly) Commonwealth forces
StatusDiscontinued in 1993
Established3 June 1918
First awarded1918
Last awarded1993
Ribbon - Distinguished Flying Medal.png
Ribbon bar
Order of Wear
Next (higher) Military Medal [1]
Next (lower) Air Force Medal [1]
Related Distinguished Flying Cross

The Distinguished Flying Medal (DFM) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the Royal Air Force and other British Armed Forces, and formerly to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for "exceptional valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy". The award was discontinued in 1993 when all ranks became eligible for the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) as part of the reform of the British honours system. [2]

Contents

History

The medal was established on 3 June 1918. It was the other ranks' equivalent to the Distinguished Flying Cross, which was awarded to commissioned officers and Warrant Officers, although the latter could also be awarded the DFM. The decoration ranked below the DFC in order of precedence, between the Military Medal and the Air Force Medal. Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Medal are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "DFM". [3]

Although announced in the London Gazette on 3 June 1918, [4] the actual royal warrants were not published in the London Gazette until 5 December 1919. [5]

In 1979 eligibility for a number of British awards, including the DFM, was extended to permit posthumous awards. [6] Until that time, only the Victoria Cross and a mention in dispatches could be awarded posthumously.

In 1993, the DFM was discontinued, as part of the review of the British honours system, which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of awards for bravery. Since then, the Distinguished Flying Cross, previously only open to Commissioned and Warrant Officers, can be awarded to personnel of all ranks. [2]

The DFM had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by the 1990s most, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, had established their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours. [7]

Awards

There were two categories of award, either "Immediate" or "Non-Immediate".

Immediate

An "Immediate" award was one which was recommended by a senior officer, usually in respect of an act or acts of bravery or devotion to duty deemed to command immediate recognition. In such circumstances, the recommendation for the award was passed as quickly as possible through the laid down channels to obtain approval by the AOC-in-C of the appropriate Command to whom, from 1939, the power to grant immediate awards was designated by King George VI. [8]

An example of an "Immediate" award is that to Leslie Marsh, which was published in the London Gazette on 15 February 1944. [9]

Non-immediate

"Non-Immediate" awards were made by the monarch on the recommendation of the Air Ministry and were to reward devotion to duty sustained over a period of time. This category of award could be made at any time during an operational tour but, in a large number of instances, the award was given to recognise the successful completion of a full tour of operational flying. [10]

Numbers of awards

Between 1918 and 1993 a total of 6,967 medals, 64 second award bars and one third award bar were awarded. Over 95% of these awards were for service during the Second World War.

During the First World War, 104 Distinguished Flying Medals and two second award bars were awarded to British and Commonwealth servicemen, [11] with a further four honorary awards to foreign combatants, three Belgians and one French airman. [12] [13]

The first awards of the medal appeared in the London Gazette of 3 June 1918, where two recipients are listed. [14]

The first award of a bar to the Distinguished Flying Medal was announced in the London Gazette on 3 December 1918. It was awarded to Sergeant observer Arthur Newland, DFM who had been awarded the DFM on 21 September 1918. [15]

In the period between the World Wars, 41 awards of the DFM were made between 1920 and 1929 and a further 39 between 1930 and 1939, along with two second award bars. [3]

During the Second World War, a total of 6,637 DFMs were awarded, with 60 second award bars. [16] A unique second bar, representing a third award, was awarded to Flight Sergeant Donald Ernest Kingaby on 7 November 1941. [17]

At least 170 Honorary DFM's and 2 Honorary bars (one of them to Josef Frantisek) were awarded to aircrew from non-Commonwealth countries. 39 were awarded to servicemen of the US, 66 Polish plus one bar, 33 French, 14 Czechoslovakian plus one bar, 7 Dutch, 6 Norwegian, 4 Russian and one Belgian. [18]

142 DFMs were earned between 1946 and 1993 when the award was discontinued. [19]

Description

Ribbon bar for a 2nd award Bar to the Air Force Cross.png
Ribbon bar for a 2nd award

The DFM is an oval silver medal, 35 mm wide and with a height of 41 mm, with the following design: [3]

  • King George V bare headed (1918-29)
  • King George V in crown and robes (1930–1937)
  • King George VI with 'IND: IMP:' (Indian Emperor) in the inscription (1938–1949)
  • King George VI without 'IND: IMP:' in the inscription (1949–1953)
  • Queen Elizabeth II (1953–1993)
The three most common obverse designs were:
Distinguished Flying Medal ribbon bars
DFMDFM and Bar
1918–1919
DFM 1918 ribbon.svg
DFM 1918 w Bar ribbon.svg
1919–1993
Distinguished Flying Medal ribbon.svg
DFM w Bar ribbon.svg

See also

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. 1 2 "No. 56878". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 March 2003. p. 3352.
  2. 1 2 Duckers (2001), pp 47-48
  3. 1 2 3 Abbott & Tamplin (1981), DFM chapter, pp 100-106
  4. "No. 30723". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1918. pp. 6533–6534.
  5. "No. 31674". The London Gazette . 5 December 1919. pp. 15049–15050.
  6. Abbott & Tamplin (1981), page xx.
  7. Mussell (2015), pp 390, 429, 459.
  8. Tavender (1990), p.8
  9. "No. 36386". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 February 1944. pp. 850–851.
  10. Tavender (1990), p.9
  11. Abbott, page 104. Awards announced in London Gazette.
  12. Tavender (1990), p.35
  13. Announced in Air List, 10 December 1919. Honorary awards did not appear in London Gazette.
  14. "No. 30722". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1918. pp. 6520–6521.
  15. Edinburgh Gazette (Supplement), 3 December 1918
  16. Abbott, page 104. Appears to include honorary awards.
  17. "No. 35341". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 November 1941. p. 6491.
  18. Tavender (1990), p.18-19
  19. Abbott page 105 cites 138 awards 1946-79. A further 4 are listed in London Gazette after 1979: 8 Oct 82 29 June 91 12 Oct 93 10 May 96 (award backdated to 29 June 91)
  20. Mussell (2015), page 99.