Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)

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Air Force Cross
Air Force Cross (United Kingdom).png
Obverse of medal
TypeMilitary decoration
Awarded for"... gallantry while flying but not on active operations against the enemy." [1]
DescriptionSilver cross
Presented byUnited Kingdom and Commonwealth
EligibilityBritish, Commonwealth (formerly) and allied forces
StatusCurrently awarded
Established3 June 1918
TotalIncluding further award bars: [2]
George V: 804
George VI: 3,053
Elizabeth II (to 2017): 1,696
Total: 5,553
UK AFC ribbon.svg
Ribbon: diagonal alternate white and red stripes
Order of Wear
Next (higher) Distinguished Flying Cross [3]
Next (lower) Royal Red Cross, Second Class [3]
Related Air Force Medal
Ribbon bar for 2nd award Bar to the Air Force Cross.png
Ribbon bar for 2nd award

The Air Force Cross (AFC) is a military decoration awarded to officers, and since 1993 other ranks, of the British Armed Forces, and formerly also to officers of the other Commonwealth countries. It is granted for "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry while flying, though not in active operations against the enemy". A bar is added to the ribbon for holders who are awarded a further AFC. [4]

Contents

History

The award was established on 3 June 1918, shortly after the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was originally awarded to RAF commissioned officers and Warrant Officers, but was later expanded to include Royal Navy and army aviation officers. [5]

While consistently awarded for service while "flying though not in active operations against the enemy", the AFC was originally awarded for "valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying" [6] with many awards made for meritorious service over a period of time, rather than a specific act of bravery. [7] These awards were discontinued in 1993, [2] when the criteria were narrowed to "exemplary gallantry while flying". [8]

A bar is added to the ribbon of holders of the AFC for each further award, with a silver rosette worn on the ribbon when worn alone to denote the award of each bar. [9]

Recipients of the Air Force Cross are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "AFC".

Between 1919 and 1932 the AFC was also awarded to civilians, on the same basis as for RAF personnel. [10] In March 1941 eligibility was extended to Naval officers of the Fleet Air Arm, and in November 1942 to Army officers, [5] with posthumous awards permitted from 1979. [11]

Since the 1993 review of the honours system as part of the drive to remove distinctions of rank in bravery awards, all ranks of all arms of the Armed Forces have been eligible, and the Air Force Medal, which had until then been awarded to other ranks, was discontinued. [4]

The AFC had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by the 1990s most, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, had established their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours. [12]

Description

Air Force Cross ribbon bars
AFCAFC and Bar
1918–1919
UK AFC 1918 ribbon.svg
UK AFC 1918 w Bar ribbon.svg
Since 1919
UK AFC ribbon.svg
UK AFC w Bar ribbon2.svg

Recipients

Numbers awarded

From 1918 to 2017 approximately 5,360 Air Force Crosses and 193 bars have been awarded. The figures to 1979 are laid out in the table below, [13] the dates reflecting the relevant entries in the London Gazette:

PeriodCrosses1st bar2nd bar
World War I1918–196792
Inter–War1920–39159103
World War II1940–452,001261
Post–War1946–792,2421358
Total1918–795,08117312

In addition, between 1980 and 2017 approximately 279 AFCs [14] and eight second-award bars [15] have been awarded.

The above figures include awards to the Dominions:

In all, 560 AFCs have gone to Canadians, including those serving in the RAF, including 70 for World War I, 462 and one bar for World War II and 28 post–war awards. [16]

A total of 444 AFCs and two bars have been awarded to Australians, the last award made in 1983. [17]

A number of awards were made to New Zealanders until the AFC was replaced by the New Zealand Gallantry Decoration in 1999. [18]

A total of 87 honorary awards have been made to members of allied foreign forces, including 26 for World War I, 58 for World War II and three post-war, the latter all to members of the US Air Force. [13]

Notable awards

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. "Defence Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 John Mussell (ed). Medal Yearbook 2015. pp. 88. Token Publishing, Honiton, Devon. ISBN   978-1-908-828-16-3
  3. 1 2 "JSP 761 Honours and Awards in the Armed Forces" (PDF). p. 12A-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Gov.UK, MOD: AFC" . Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 P E Abbott & J M A Tamplin. British Gallantry Awards. pp. 4–8. Nimrod Dix & Co, London, 1981. ISBN   0-902633-74-0
  6. "No. 30723". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1918. p. 6533.
  7. For example AFC to Wing Commander David, RAF, January 1943. "This officer has been employed on flying training since November 1941 and by his example, personality and ability has set a high standard and produced most creditable results...[and] has been untiring in his efforts to improve the standard of training." Peter Duckers. British Gallantry Awards 1855–2000. p. 32. Shire Publications, Oxford, 2010.
  8. "No. 56693". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 September 2002. p. 11148.
  9. Peter Duckers. British Gallantry Awards 1855 – 2000. pp. 31–32. Shire Publications, Oxford, 2010. ISBN   978-0-7478-0516-8.
  10. For example, Alan Cobham received the AFC in 1926 for "valuable and distinguished service rendered to aviation by his London to Cape Town return flight and numerous previous flights". "No. 33143". The London Gazette . 19 March 1926. p. 2019.
  11. P. E. Abbott & J. M. A. Tamplin. British Gallantry Awards. p. xx. Nimrod Dix & Co, London, 1981. ISBN   0-902633-74-0
  12. John Mussell (ed). Medal Yearbook 2015. pp. 390, 429, 459. Token Publishing, Honiton, Devon. ISBN   978-1-908-828-16-3
  13. 1 2 P E Abbott & J M A Tamplin. British Gallantry Awards. pp. 8–10. Nimrod Dix & Co, London, 1981. ISBN   0-902633-74-0
  14. Based on awards announced in London Gazette.
  15. Bars awarded 1980–2017, London Gazette: 12 June 81 (2 bars); 30 Dec 81; 31 Dec 82; 18 Apl 83; 30 Dec 86; 16 June 1989; 9 Sept 96.
  16. Veterans Affairs Canada – Air Force Cross (Retrieved 14 November 2018)
  17. "Imperial Awards". It's an Honour. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  18. New Zealand Defence Force: British Commonwealth Gallantry Awards – Air Force Cross (Retrieved 14 November 2018)
  19. "No. 32716". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1922. p. 4325.
  20. Dan, van der Vat (13 July 2011). "Air Marshal Sir Geoffrey Dhenin obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  21. "No. 40497". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1955. p. 3292.
  22. "No. 32563". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1921. p. 10719.
  23. "No. 41727". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 June 1959. pp. 3732–3733.
  24. Thorne, Michael (27 April 2014). "Peter Thorne obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2016.