Marshal of the Royal Air Force

Last updated

Marshal of the Royal Air Force
UK-Air-OF10-Flag.svg
Marshal of the RAF rank flag
United Kingdom-Air force-OF-10-collected.svg
Marshal of the Royal Air Force sleeve & shoulder board
MRAF star plate.svg
A Marshal of the RAF star plate
CountryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Service branchEnsign of the Royal Air Force.svg  Royal Air Force
AbbreviationMshl of RAF / MRAF
Rank Five-star rank
NATO rank code OF-10
Non-NATO rank O-11
Formation1927
AbolishedNo active MRAFs since 1995.
Next lower rank Air chief marshal
Equivalent ranks
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Hugh Trenchard. Marshal of the RAF Sir Hugh Trenchard.jpg
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Hugh Trenchard.

Marshal of the Royal Air Force (MRAF) is the highest rank in the Royal Air Force (RAF). [1] In peacetime it was granted to RAF officers in the appointment of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS), and to retired Chiefs of the Air Staff (CAS), who were promoted to it on their last day of service. While surviving Marshals of the RAF retain the rank for life, [2] the highest rank to which officers on active service are promoted is now air chief marshal. Although general promotions to Marshal of the Royal Air Force have been discontinued since the British defence cuts of the 1990s, further promotions to the rank may still be made in wartime, for members of the Royal Family and certain very senior RAF air officers in peacetime at the discretion of the monarch; all such promotions in peacetime are only honorary, however. [3] In 2012, the then Prince of Wales was promoted to the rank in recognition of his support for his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, in her capacity as head of the armed forces (commander-in-chief), while in 2014 Lord Stirrup, who had served as Chief of the Air Staff and Chief of the Defence Staff for over seven years, was also promoted.

Contents

Marshal of the Royal Air Force is a five-star rank [4] and unlike the air marshal ranks, can properly be considered a marshal rank. MRAF has a NATO ranking code of OF-10, equivalent to an admiral of the fleet in the Royal Navy or a field marshal in the British Army. [5]

The rank was instituted in 1919 and the first officer to be promoted to MRAF was Sir Hugh Trenchard in 1927. Since that time, including Trenchard, there have been 27 men who have held the rank. Of those, 22 have been professional RAF officers and five have been senior members of the British Royal Family. King George V did not formally hold the rank of marshal of the RAF; rather he assumed the title of Chief of the Royal Air Force. [6] In this capacity from time to time he wore RAF uniform with the rank insignia of a marshal of the RAF. He first publicly wore such uniform in 1935, the year before his death. [7]

Excluding monarchs and other members of the Royal Family, the only two RAF officers ever to have held the rank without serving as Chief of the Air Staff were Lord Douglas of Kirtleside and Sir Arthur Harris. Both held high command during the Second World War. Harris was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Bomber Command and Douglas was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Fighter Command, Middle East Command and Coastal Command.

Origins

Prior to the creation of the RAF's officer rank titles in 1919, it was proposed that by analogy with field marshal, the highest rank title should be air marshal. It was later decided to use the rank of air marshal as an equivalent rank to lieutenant general [8] and "marshal of the air" was put forward as the highest RAF rank. This new rank title was opposed by the then Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Sir Henry Wilson, who considered that the title was "ridiculous". However, the Chief of the Air Staff, Sir Hugh Trenchard was unmoved and the title was adopted. Though never held by a Royal Air Force officer, the rank title of marshal of the air lasted until April 1925, when it was changed to marshal of the Royal Air Force. [9] Questioned in the House of Commons, Secretary of State for Air Sir Samuel Hoare stated that the reason for the change in title was that marshal of the air was "somewhat indefinite in character" and the new title was deemed more appropriate. [10] It has also been reported that King George V was not happy with the title of marshal of the air, feeling it might imply attributes which should properly be reserved for God. [11]

Insignia, command flag and star plate

The rank insignia consists of four narrow light blue bands (each on a slightly wider black band) above a light blue band on a broad black band. This insignia is derived from the sleeve lace of an admiral of the fleet and is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flying suit or the service working dress uniform. Marshals of the Royal Air Force wear shoulder boards with their service dress at ceremonial events. These shoulder boards show the air officer's eagle surrounded by a wreath, two crossed marshal's batons and, since the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, the St Edward's Crown representing royal authority. [12] Prior to 1953, the Tudor Crown (sometimes called the King's Crown) was used.

The command flag of a marshal of the Royal Air Force has a broad red horizontal band in the centre with a thinner red band on each side of it.

The vehicle star plate for a marshal of the Royal Air Force depicts five white stars (marshal of the Royal Air Force is equivalent to a five-star rank) on an air force blue background.

The rank insignia and flag exists in some other air forces for equivalent ranks. The rank title differs slightly, often being a variation on marshal of the air force, usually with the name of the relevant air force in place of the words 'Royal Air Force'. A notable example of this practice is the rank of marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force.

Marshals of the Royal Air Force

King George V in the uniform of a Marshal of the RAF George V in the uniform of a Marshal of the RAF.jpg
King George V in the uniform of a Marshal of the RAF
Date of promotionImageOfficerYear of birthYear of deathNotes
1 January 1927 [13] [14] Sir Hugh Trenchard (cropped).jpg Sir Hugh Trenchard
(later The Viscount Trenchard)		18731956 Chief of the Air Staff 1918 and 1919–1930
1 January 1933 [15] Sir John Salmond in 1925.jpg Sir John Salmond 18811968 Chief of the Air Staff 1930–1933
21 January 1936 [16] Edward Prince of Wales during his visit to Canada in 1919.jpg King Edward VIII 18941972Assumed the rank on the date shown following accession to the throne.
11 December 1936 [17] HM King George VI in MRAF uniform.jpg King George VI 18951952Assumed the rank on the date shown following accession to the throne.
1 January 1937 [18] Marshal of the RAF Sir Edward Ellington.jpg Sir Edward Ellington 18771967 Chief of the Air Staff 1933–1937
4 October 1940 [19] Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall (close-up).jpg Sir Cyril Newall
(later The Lord Newall)		18861963 Chief of the Air Staff 1937–1940.
Retired 20 days after promotion.
1 January 1944 [20] MRAF Sir Charles Portal.jpg Sir Charles Portal
(later Viscount Portal of Hungerford)		18931971 Chief of the Air Staff 1940–1946
12 September 1945 [21] Tedder1943 detail.jpg Sir Arthur Tedder
(later The Lord Tedder)		18901967 Chief of the Air Staff 1946–1950
1 January 1946 [22] Air Marshall W Sholto Douglas, CB, MC, DFC (Art. IWM ART LD 997).jpg Sir Sholto Douglas
(later The Lord Douglas of Kirtleside)		18931969
1 January 1946 [22] [23] Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris.jpg Sir Arthur "Bomber" Harris 18921984Promoted several months after retirement.
8 June 1950 [24] Air Marshal Sir John Slessor.jpg Sir John Slessor 18971979 Chief of the Air Staff 1950–1952
15 January 1953 [25] Prince Philip by Allan Warren 1992.jpg The Duke of Edinburgh 19212021Honorary appointment.
1 June 1954 [26] Air Vice-Marshal Dickson near Venafro, Italy (cropped).jpg Sir William Dickson 18981987 Chief of the Air Staff 1953–1955
Chief of the Defence Staff 1959
1 January 1958 [27] Dermot Boyle.jpg Sir Dermot Boyle 19041993 Chief of the Air Staff 1956–1959
12 June 1958 [28] Dukeofgloucester.jpg The Duke of Gloucester 19001974Honorary appointment.
6 April 1962 [29] Air Marshal Sir Thomas Pike.jpg Sir Thomas Pike 19061983 Chief of the Air Staff 1960–1963
1 April 1967 [30] Sir Charles Elworthy.jpg Sir Charles Elworthy
(later The Lord Elworthy)		19111993 Chief of the Air Staff 1963–1967
Chief of the Defence Staff 1967–1971
1 April 1971 [31] Sir John Grandy 19132004 Chief of the Air Staff 1967–1971
Promoted and retired on the same day.
31 March 1974 [32] Sir Denis Spotswood 19162001 Chief of the Air Staff 1971–1974
Promoted and retired on the same day.
6 August 1976 [33] Wg Cdr Humphrey after the 1953 flight from Cape Town (cropped).jpg Sir Andrew Humphrey 19211977 Chief of the Air Staff 1974–1976
Chief of the Defence Staff 1976–1977
31 July 1977 [34] [35] Sir Neil Cameron
(later The Lord Cameron of Balhousie)		19201985 Chief of the Air Staff 1976-1977
Chief of the Defence Staff 1977–1979
14 October 1982 [36] Flt Lt M Beetham.jpg Sir Michael Beetham 19232015 Chief of the Air Staff 1977–1982
Promoted and retired on the same day.
15 October 1985 [37] Sir Keith Williamson 19282018 Chief of the Air Staff 1982-1985
Promoted and retired on the same day.
14 November 1988 [38] Official portrait of Lord Craig of Radley crop 2.jpg Sir David Craig
(later The Lord Craig of Radley)		1929Living Chief of the Air Staff 1985–1988
Chief of the Defence Staff 1988–1991
6 November 1992 [39] Les Aspin with Air Marshal Sir Peter Harding (cropped).jpg Sir Peter Harding 19332021 Chief of the Air Staff 1988-1992
Chief of the Defence Staff 1992–1994
Resigned commission 14 June 1994. [40]
16 June 2012 [41] Procession to Lying-in-State of Elizabeth II at Westminster Hall - 54 - Charles III (cropped).jpg King Charles III 1948LivingHonorary appointment and at that time The Prince of Wales
13 June 2014 [42] Stirrup in Istanbul.jpg The Lord Stirrup 1949Living Chief of the Air Staff 2003–2006
Chief of the Defence Staff 2006–2010
Honorary rank.

Unlike other MRAFs who only relinquished their appointments, Sir Peter Harding resigned from the RAF in 1994. [43] Consequently, his name was removed from the Air Force List, but it was later reinstated. [44]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)</span> Professional head of the British Armed Forces

The Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) is the professional head of the British Armed Forces and the most senior uniformed military adviser to the secretary of state for defence and the prime minister of the United Kingdom. The chief of the defence staff is based at the Ministry of Defence and works alongside the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence, the ministry's senior civil servant. The Chief of Defence is the highest ranking officer to currently serve in the armed forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air vice-marshal</span> Two-star air-officer rank

Air vice-marshal (AVM) is a two-star air officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force. The rank is also used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence and it is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure.

Air marshal is an air-officer rank which originated within the Royal Air Force. The rank is used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence, including many Commonwealth nations. The rank is usually equivalent to a vice admiral or a lieutenant general.

Air Chief Marshal is a high-ranking air officer originating from the Royal Air Force. The rank is used by air forces of many countries that have historical British influence. An air chief marshal is equivalent to an Admiral in a navy or a full general in an army or other nations' air forces.

Marshal of the air force or marshal of the air is a five-star rank and an English-language term for the most senior rank in some air forces. It is usually the direct equivalent of a general of the air force in other air forces, a field marshal or general of the army in many armies, or a naval admiral of the fleet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)</span> Professional head of the Royal Air Force

The Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) is the professional head of the Royal Air Force and a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Air Force Board. The post was created in 1918 with Major General Sir Hugh Trenchard as the first incumbent. The current and 30th Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton, who succeeded Sir Michael Wigston on 2 June 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Ellington</span> British Army general and Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1877-1967)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Edward Leonard Ellington, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He served in the First World War as a staff officer and then as director-general of military aeronautics and subsequently as controller-general of equipment. In the inter-war years he held command positions in the Middle East, in India and then in Iraq. He served as Chief of the Air Staff in the mid-1930s and in that role he implemented a plan, known as 'Scheme F'. This scheme implemented an increase in the size of the Royal Air Force to 187 squadrons within three years to counter the threat from Hitler's Germany. He also broke up the command known as "Air Defence of Great Britain" to create RAF Fighter Command, RAF Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command and RAF Training Command. He then served as Inspector-General of the RAF until his retirement in 1940.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Humphrey</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1921-1977)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Andrew Henry Humphrey, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He fought in the Second World War as a fighter pilot taking part in the Battle of Britain and also took part in the withdrawal from Aden in November 1967. He served as the Chief of the Air Staff advising the new Labour Government on the implementation of their latest Defence Review. He then served as Chief of the Defence Staff but caught pneumonia within three months of taking office and died shortly afterwards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Beetham</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1923-2015)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael James Beetham, was a Second World War bomber pilot and a high-ranking commander in the Royal Air Force from the 1960s to the 1980s. As Chief of the Air Staff during the Falklands War he was involved in the decision to send the Task Force to the South Atlantic. At the time of his death Beetham was one of only six people holding his service's most senior rank and, excluding Prince Philip's honorary rank, and had the longest time in rank, making him the senior Marshal of the Royal Air Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Dickson (RAF officer)</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1898-1987)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir William Forster Dickson,, was a Royal Naval Air Service aviator during the First World War, a senior officer in the Royal Air Force during the inter-war years and a Royal Air Force commander during and after the Second World War. Dickson was Chief of the Air Staff in the mid-1950s, in which role his main preoccupation was the establishment of the V Force and the necessary supporting weapons, airfields and personnel. He also served as the first Chief of the Defence Staff in the late 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dermot Boyle</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1904-1993)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Dermot Alexander Boyle, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He served in the Second World War initially as a staff officer with the Advanced Air Striking Force in Reims in which capacity he organised the evacuation of the Force through Brest in May 1940. His war service included tours as a bomber squadron commander, as a station commander and also as an air group commander. He was Chief of the Air Staff in the late 1950s and, in that role, deployed British air power during the Suez Crisis in October 1956 and defended the RAF against the views of Duncan Sandys, the Minister for Defence, who believed that the V bomber force rendered manned fighter aircraft redundant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Pike</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1906-1983)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Thomas Geoffrey Pike, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He served in the Second World War as a night fighter squadron commander and then as a station commander. He was Chief of the Air Staff in the early 1960s and, in that role, deployed British air power as part of the British response to the Brunei Revolt. Also, in the face of escalating costs, he implemented the cancellation of the British Blue Streak ballistic missile system but then found the RAF was without any such capability when the Americans cancelled their own Skybolt ballistic missile system. He went on to be Deputy Supreme Commander Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in the mid-1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Elworthy, Baron Elworthy</span>

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Samuel Charles Elworthy, Baron Elworthy, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He served as commander of a squadron of Blenheim bombers and then as a station commander during the Second World War. He became Chief of the Air Staff in the mid-1960s and implemented the cancellation of the TSR-2 strike aircraft and the HS681 military transport aircraft programmes. He also became Chief of the Defence Staff in which role he oversaw the evacuation from Aden in November 1967 and had to respond to the growing crisis in Northern Ireland in the late 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neil Cameron, Baron Cameron of Balhousie</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1920-1985)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Neil Cameron, Baron Cameron of Balhousie, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He fought in the Second World War as a fighter pilot taking part in the Battle of Britain, the Battle of Alam el Halfa, the First Battle of El Alamein and the Second Battle of El Alamein and then in operations in Burma. He served as Chief of the Air Staff in the late 1970s advising the British Government on the reinforcement of the British garrison in Belize which was under threat from Guatemala at the time. He also served as the Chief of the Defence Staff at the end of the 1970s in which role he secured pay comparability for services personnel involved in civil support during the firemen's strike, visited the People's Republic of China and lectured extensively on the Soviet air threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denis Spotswood</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1916-2001)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Denis Frank Spotswood, was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force. He fought in the Second World War as a flying boat pilot and then as a coastal reconnaissance squadron commander during Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. He served as a station commander in the late 1940s and early 1950s before becoming a senior air commander in the late 1950s. As the Chief of the Air Staff in the early 1970s he had a major role in implementing the defence savings demanded by the Heath Government in the face of economic difficulties at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Keith Williamson</span> Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1928-2018)

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Keith Alec Williamson, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He served with the Royal Australian Air Force flying Meteors in a ground attack role during the Korean War. He was a squadron commander and then a station commander during the 1960s and a senior air commander in the 1980s. He was Chief of the Air Staff during the early 1980s at the time of the emergency airlift of food and supplies to Ethiopia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)</span> Senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines

Lieutenant general, formerly more commonly lieutenant-general, is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. It is the equivalent of a multinational three-star rank; some British lieutenant generals sometimes wear three-star insignia, in addition to their standard insignia, when on multinational operations.

Controller Aircraft (CA), originally Controller of Aircraft, is a senior British Ministry of Defence appointment who is responsible for delivering an airworthy aircraft to the Services, whereupon the Service issues a Release to Service (RTS), releasing the aircraft into service. The difference between CA Release and RTS is normally one of Build Standard. Although usually held by a Royal Air Force officer, several civil servants have held the post in the 20th century. The incumbent is a member of the Air Force Board.

References

  1. ↑ "Ranks and Badges of the Royal Air Force". Royal Air Force. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  2. ↑ "Telegraph style book: the Services". The Daily Telegraph. London. 12 April 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  3. ↑ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  4. ↑ Barrass, Malcolm (8 September 2007). "Glossary". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Archived from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  5. ↑ "Chapter 2 Part 4". The Queen's Regulations for the Army (PDF). Norwich: HMSO. 28 February 2000 [28 February 2000]. pp. 2–4/7. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  6. ↑ "From All Quarters". Flight . LXIII (2296): 86. 23 January 1953. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  7. ↑ "The King and the Sea". Time . 29 July 1935. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
  8. ↑ Barrass, Malcolm (11 June 2007). "Commissioned Ranks of the Royal Air Force 1919 – present". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
  9. ↑ "New Royal Air Force Title", Flight, 17 (17): 249, 1923
  10. ↑ Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood, Secretary of State for Air (12 May 1925). "MARSHAL OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 1689W.
  11. ↑ Laffin, John (1964). Swifter than Eagles. A biography of Marshal of the RAF Sir John Salmond. William Blackwood & Sons Ltd. p. 149.
  12. ↑ Raf 1
  13. ↑ "No. 33235". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1926. p. 9.
  14. ↑ Barrass, Malcolm (9 October 2007). "Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  15. ↑ "No. 33898". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1932. p. 15.
  16. ↑ "No. 34251". The London Gazette . 31 January 1936. p. 665.
  17. ↑ "No. 34351". The London Gazette . 18 December 1936. p. 8187.
  18. ↑ "No. 34356". The London Gazette . 1 January 1937. p. 17.
  19. ↑ Baron Newall
  20. ↑ "No. 36309". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1943. p. 43.
  21. ↑ "No. 37261". The London Gazette . 11 September 1945. p. 4532.
  22. 1 2 "No. 37414". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1945. p. 187.
  23. ↑ Barrass, Malcolm (29 September 2007). "Marshal of the RAF Sir Arthur Harris". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
  24. ↑ "No. 38941". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 June 1950. p. 3045.
  25. ↑ "No. 39753". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 January 1953. p. 349.
  26. ↑ "No. 40186". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 May 1954. p. 3195.
  27. ↑ "No. 41266". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 December 1957. p. 7593.
  28. ↑ "No. 41409". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1958. p. 3561.
  29. ↑ "No. 42644". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 April 1962. p. 2929.
  30. ↑ Barrass, Malcolm (16 June 2007). "Marshal of the RAF The Lord Elworthy of Timaru". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
  31. ↑ Barrass, Malcolm (16 June 2007). "Marshal of the RAF Sir John Grandy". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  32. ↑ Barrass, Malcolm (7 October 2007). "Marshal of the RAF Sir Denis Spotswood". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
  33. ↑ Probert, Henry (1991). High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 133. ISBN   0-11-772635-4.
  34. ↑ Probert, Henry (1991). High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 135. ISBN   0-11-772635-4.
  35. ↑ "No. 47289". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 August 1977. p. 9978.
  36. ↑ Probert, Henry (1991). High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 137. ISBN   0-11-772635-4.
  37. ↑ Probert, Henry (1991). High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 139. ISBN   0-11-772635-4.
  38. ↑ Probert, Henry (1991). High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 141. ISBN   0-11-772635-4.
  39. ↑ "No. 53103". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 November 1992. p. 18862.
  40. ↑ "No. 53814". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 October 1994. p. 14206.
  41. ↑ "Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces". The Daily Telegraph. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  42. ↑ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  43. ↑ Rallings, Colin; Broughton, David (1996). "Reference Section". British Elections and Parties Yearbook. Farrell, David. Taylor & Francis. p. 179. ISBN   0-7146-4243-6.
  44. ↑ Obituaries, Telegraph (22 August 2021). "Marshal of the RAF Sir Peter Harding, charismatic and imposing Chief of Defence Staff brought down after a tabloid exposé – obituary". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.