Dog collar

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A dog collar is a piece of material put around the neck of a dog. A collar may be used for restraint, identification, fashion, protection, or training (although some aversive training collars are illegal in many countries [1] [2] ). Identification tags and medical information are often placed on dog collars. [3] Collars are often used in conjunction with a leash for restraining a dog. Collars can be traumatic to the trachea if the dog pulls against the restraint of the leash, causing severe pressure to the neck. Use of a harness instead of a collar may be beneficial for dogs prone to tracheitis or those with a collapsed trachea. Conversely, dog breeds with slender necks or smaller heads may easily slip out of collars that are too loose. This can be avoided by using a martingale dog collar which tightens to distribute pressure around the neck when training the dog not to pull. [4] Any style of dog collar must be properly fitted to ensure safety and collars should not be worn when the dog is unattended. [5]

Contents

Basic collars

Leather buckle collar with traditional buckle. Leather dog collar made by Les cuirs d'Agathe (DSC06406).jpg
Leather buckle collar with traditional buckle.

Collars are made with a variety of materials, most commonly leather or nylon webbing. Less common materials can include polyester, hemp, metal, or "oilcloth" (vinyl woven with cotton). Collars can be decorated in a variety of ways with a variety of materials. The basic collars for everyday wear are:

Nylon quick-release buckle collar with identification and medical tags. QuickCollarNeck wb.jpg
Nylon quick-release buckle collar with identification and medical tags.

Special-purpose collars and attachments

Kangal dog with wolf collar protecting sheep Kangal dog with spikey collar, Turkey.jpg
Kangal dog with wolf collar protecting sheep

Medical collars

Fashion collars

Dog collars are also used to convey the owner's style and have been used as a status symbol. The oldest known fashionable dog collars come from ancient Egypt, dating back to before the earliest of the Pharaohs. [11] Today's fashionable dog collars come in a wide variety of designs, patterns and materials and may include accessories, such as bow ties and flowers.

Training collars

Several types of collars are used for the purposes of training dogs, though sometimes a collar is not used at all (such as in the case of dog agility training, where a collar could get caught on equipment and strangle the dog). Each training collar has its own set of advantages and disadvantages (briefly outlined below) which trainers might consider before using a select one. Training collars are typically used for training only and not left on the dog's neck all the time, as some collars can be harmful or dangerous if left on a dog unsupervised.

Flat collars

Some dogs are trained on leash using a buckle or quick-release collar.

Martingale collar

Martingale Collar with Chain Loop; martingale collars also come with a fabric loop instead of chain as well as optional buckles on both styles. Color-BrownPinkDots MED.jpg
Martingale Collar with Chain Loop; martingale collars also come with a fabric loop instead of chain as well as optional buckles on both styles.

Martingale collars are recommended for sighthounds because their heads are smaller than their necks and they can often slip out of standard collars. They can, however, be used for any breed of dog. Their no-slip feature has made them a safety standard at many kennels and animal shelters.[ citation needed ] A martingale collar has 2 loops; the smaller loop is the "control loop" that tightens the larger loop when pulled to prevent dogs from slipping out of the collar. A correctly adjusted martingale does not constrict the dog's neck when pulled taut. Others use them fitted snugly to be able to use them in a similar manner to a choke chain but without the unlimited constriction of a choke chain. The structure allows the collar to be loose and comfortable, but tightens if the dog attempts to back out of it.

Head halters

The halter-style collar controls the dog's head but does not restrict its ability to pant, drink, or grasp objects. DogHalter wb.jpg
The halter-style collar controls the dog's head but does not restrict its ability to pant, drink, or grasp objects.

Head halters, also called head collars, are similar in design to a halter for a horse. They are sold under several brand names. Brands include Comfort Trainer, Canny Collar, Halti, Gentle Leader, and Snoot Loop amongst several others. Brand names are also used when referring to these collars most commonly Halti or Gentle Leader. This device fastens around the back of the neck and over the top of the muzzle, giving more control over a dog's direction and the intensity of pulling on a leash than most collars that fit strictly around the neck. Pressure on this type of collar pulls the dog's nose and consequently their head towards the handler. These type of collars can aid in stopping a strong dog from pulling an owner in an unsafe direction. They are also recommended for dogs that pull as the pressure will no longer be directly on their wind pipe. [12]

The theory behind the utility of head halters is that if you have control of the head, you have control of the body. The head collar generally consists of two loops, one behind the ears and the other over the nose. This tool generally makes it more difficult for the dog to pull on its leash. This is a management tool only, it does not train the dog not to pull.

Controversy

Supporters of the head halter say that it enables the handler to control the dog's head, and makes the dog unable to pull using its full strength. They claim it is especially useful with reactive dogs, where control of the dog's head can be a safety issue. [13]

Those who do not recommend use of the head halter say that some dogs find it unnatural and uncomfortable. [14] If the collar is too tight, it may dig too deeply into the skin or the strap around the muzzle may push into the dog's eyes.[ citation needed ] Cervical injury is a possible result from improper use of the head halter; if a dog is jerked suddenly by the leash attached to the head halter, the dog's nose is pulled sharply to the side, which might result in neck injury. If the nose strap is fitted too tightly, the hair on the muzzle can also be rubbed off, or the dog might paw and scratch at its face, causing injuries ranging from mere bare skin to severe abrasions.

Some head halters such as the Canny Collar attach behind the neck and tighten around the nose when the dog pulls to deter the dog from pulling. Manufacturers claim they are safer than halters that attach below the muzzle because they do not pull the dog's head to one side, avoiding stress on the neck area. Some rear-fastening head halters can have the noseband removed during use, therefore providing an element of training the dog to eventually walk on a regular collar and lead.

Aversive collars

Aversive collars use levels of pain to encourage a dog to modify unwanted behaviors. [15] The use of aversive collars is controversial, and the Association of Professional Dog Trainers and the American Veterinary Society for Animal Behavior prohibits their use. [16] [17] [18] Many European countries have made shock collars illegal. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] Some countries have made prong collars illegal, [32] [33] and some have made choke collars illegal. [34]

A meta-review of 17 peer-reviewed studies found that "The results show that using aversive training methods (e.g., positive punishment and negative reinforcement) can jeopardize both the physical and mental health of dogs." [35]

Shock collars

Shock collars (also called e-collars, remote training collars, electric collars, zap collars, or hunting collars) consist of a radio receiver attached to a collar with battery and electrodes [36] and a transmitter that the trainer holds. When triggered, the collar delivers the aversive of electrical stimulation to cause pain to the neck of a dog. [37]

Shock collars are illegal in Spain, [38] [39] [40] France, [41] Germany, [20] [21] Austria, [24] and Denmark [42] Netherlands, [43] Iceland, [28] [29] Norway, [30] Sweden [31] [44] Slovenia and Switzerland, [45] Portugal, Wales, [19] the province of Quebec in Canada, and some states in Australia.

Shock collars will be illegal in England on February 1, 2024. [46] They will be banned in Flanders in Belgium after 2027. [47] [48] [49]

Some shock collar models also include a tone or vibrational setting, as an alternative to or in conjunction with the shock. Early shock collars provided only a single, high-level shock. [50] "Although collar-produced shock can cause acute pain, the painful event does not and cannot produce physical injury". [51] However, meta-studies have shown that they produce stress, cause pain, and damage the relationship between dog and owner. [36] A leash or lead is not attached to a shock collar because it can pull the contacts too close to the dog's skin, causing lessened effectiveness of the collar and additional discomfort.

Prong collars

Prong collar; the looped chain limits how tightly the collar can pull in the same way that a Martingale functions. ProngCollar wb.jpg
Prong collar; the looped chain limits how tightly the collar can pull in the same way that a Martingale functions.

Prong collars, also called a pinch collar, are a series of metal links that fit together by connecting through blunt prongs that point inward toward the dog's neck. They "train by negative experience, that is inflicting pain". [52] The German Animal Welfare Act goes further, stating that they train by causing "significant pain, suffering or harm to the animal. [53]

Prong collars are illegal in Spain, [38] [39] [40] France; [41] Sweden; [54] Austria; [33] [55] Switzerland; [56] and Germany, [57] [53] as well as Victoria, Australia. [58]

Even in countries where they are legal, some dog training organizations do not allow members to use them. [59] [60] "Organizations advocating against the use of prong and choke collars include: CHS, RSPCA UK, RSPCA Australia, RSPCA South Australia, the Canadian Advisory Council on National Shelter Standards, CVMA, ACVB, ABTC, APDT UK, and APDT". [61]

Prong collars can easily injure the thyroid gland, the salivary glands, and the salivary lymph nodes. [59] [62]

The design of the prong collar incorporates a chain loop connecting the ends of the prong series, such that it has a limited circumference (a martingale), unlike choke chains, which do not have a limit on how far they can constrict on a dog's neck. The leash attaches to this chain section. There are two options on the prong collar for leash attachment, the dead ring and the live ring. The live ring is used when a dog needs more correction as it gives more slack when the leash is popped. The dead ring is used most commonly when first training a dog to use a prong. The leash is attached to both rings and as such there is not as much slack as when attached to the live ring. This section commonly has a swivel at the point of attachment to lessen the twisting and possible tangling of the leash.

Like the choke chain, the prong collar is placed high on the dog's neck, just behind the ears, at a point where nerve endings are less padded (to cause more pain with less effort by the handler). This is perhaps one of the most misportrayed factors of "proper" prong collar use; the fit and placement of the prong collar are used to make the tool seem like something only used by more knowledgeable people. The collar is designed to prevent the dog from pulling by applying pressure on smaller contact points around the dog's neck as this causes pain. The limited traction of the martingale chain combined with the angle of the prongs prevents the prongs moving close enough to cause injury physically. Unlike flat, martingale, or slip choke collars the prong protects the trachea as a bonus to causing pain. It is used as a brief "corrective" tug which brings the dog's mind back to the handler by making them experience pain.

Prong collars must never be turned inside out (with the prongs facing away from the dog's skin), as this may cause injury against the body and head. Further, one should never use to yank a dog back, choke, or hang/suspend a dog. They are used as "corrective" tools despite dogs having no concept of "good" and "bad". Footage of this collar being actively used typically shows a dog with common signs of pain (ears pointed back, lip licking, raised eyebrows and "stress lines" on the face)

At times, plastic tips are occasionally placed on the ends of the prongs to protect against catching the fur and pulling tufts, or in the case of low-quality collars with rough or chisel-cut ends\, irritating or perhaps puncturing the skin. Its important to examine the tips of the prongs to ensure they are rounded and smooth regardless if they have rubber tips so that they only cause pain and not visible injury.

Force collars

Force collars are leather with metal prongs or studs lining the inside; similar in effect to prong collars.

Choke chains

Choke chain, showing how the chain pulls through the loop at one end. SlipCollar wb.jpg
Choke chain, showing how the chain pulls through the loop at one end.

Choke chains (also called choke collars, slip chains, check collars, or training collars) are a length of chain with rings at either end such that the collar can be formed into a loop that slips over the dogs head and typically rests around the top of the dog's neck, "designed to administer negative reinforcement and positive punishment.". [63] "When the dog pulls on the lead, the chain tightens around the dog's neck causing pain". [64]

Choke chains are illegal in Spain, [38] [39] [40] and Switzerland [34] Even where legal, some professional dog training associations prohibit them. [59]

When the leash is attached to the "dead" ring, the collar does not constrict on the dog's neck. When the leash is attached to the "live" ring, the chain slips (adjusts) tighter when pulled and slips looser when tension is released. Training with this leash involves a quick jerk with an immediate release, called a "leash pop", "snap", or "correction" to correct a dog's unwanted behavior through punishment. If force is applied to produce discomfort and then released when the dog complies, this is called "negative reinforcement". [65] Pulling harder or longer on the choke chain presses on the dog's trachea and/or larynx and may restrict breathing.

Fur saver collars are a kind of choke chain that contain fewer and longer individual links than a close link chain, also known as a long link fur saver collar. Fur saver collars can be used both for long and short-haired breeds limiting damage to the dog's fur. It can be used for training and daily use as well. The fur saver collar can be 'locked out' preventing it from constricting by attaching the leash connector to any link within the chain, this mitigates the unlimited traction effect associated with a slip chain.

Humane bark collars

There are dog bark collars that use a combination of vibrations and sounds. One peer-reviewer study showed these collars to be effective without causing stress. [66]

GPS Fence Collars

These collars utilize sounds and vibrations, and static rather than shock, to keep dogs within predetermined boundaries via GPS wireless fences. [67] Halo Collar, which was designed in part by Cesar Millan, [68] [69] [70] is an example of this technology. [71]

See also

Related Research Articles

Tack is equipment or accessories equipped on horses and other equines in the course of their use as domesticated animals. This equipment includes such items as saddles, stirrups, bridles, halters, reins, bits, and harnesses. Equipping a horse is often referred to as tacking up, and involves putting the tack equipment on the horse. A room to store such equipment, usually near or in a stable, is a tack room.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leash</span> Device for controlling children, dogs and other animals

A leash is a rope or similar material used to control an animal by attaching it to a collar, harness, or halter. In British English, a leash is generally for a larger animal, with lead being more commonly used when walking a dog.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clicker training</span> Animal training method

Clicker training is a positive reinforcement animal training method based on a bridging stimulus in operant conditioning. The system uses conditioned reinforcers, which a trainer can deliver more quickly and more precisely than primary reinforcers such as food. The term "clicker" comes from a small metal cricket noisemaker adapted from a child's toy that the trainer uses to precisely mark the desired behavior. When training a new behavior, the clicker helps the animal to quickly identify the precise behavior that results in the treat. The technique is popular with dog trainers, but can be used for all kinds of domestic and wild animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bridle</span> Piece of equipment used to direct a horse

A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct a horse. As defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, the "bridle" includes both the headstall that holds a bit that goes in the mouth of a horse, and the reins that are attached to the bit. It provides additional control and communication through rein pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dog training</span> Practice of teaching behaviors to dogs

Dog training is a kind of animal training, the application of behavior analysis which uses the environmental events of antecedents and consequences to modify the dog behavior, either for it to assist in specific activities or undertake particular tasks, or for it to participate effectively in contemporary domestic life. While training dogs for specific roles dates back to Roman times at least, the training of dogs to be compatible household pets developed with suburbanization in the 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halter</span> Animal headgear

A halter or headcollar is headgear placed on animals used to lead or tie up livestock and, occasionally, other animals; it fits behind the ears, and around the muzzle. To handle the animal, usually a lead rope is attached. On smaller animals, such as dogs, a leash is attached to the halter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martingale (collar)</span> Type of dog collar that provides more control over the animal

A martingale is a type of dog collar that provides more control over the animal without the choking effect of a slip collar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pet harness</span>

A pet harness is equipment consisting of straps of webbing that loop nearly around—that fasten together using side release buckles—the torso of an animal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muzzle (mouth guard)</span> Device that is placed over the snout of an animal

A muzzle is a device that is placed over the snout of an animal to keep them from biting or otherwise opening their mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longeing</span> Method of training and exercising horses

Longeing or lungeing is a technique for training and exercising horses where the horse travels in a circle around the handler. It is also a critical component of the sport of equestrian vaulting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noseband</span> Horse tack

A noseband is the part of a horse's bridle that encircles the nose and jaw of the horse. In English riding, where the noseband is separately attached to its own headstall or crownpiece, held independently of the bit, it is often called a cavesson or caveson noseband. In other styles of riding, a simple noseband is sometimes attached directly to the same headstall as the bit.

A martingale is any of several designs of tack that are used on horses to control head carriage. Martingales may be seen in a wide variety of equestrian disciplines, both riding and driving. Rules for their use vary widely; in some disciplines they are never used, others allow them for schooling but not in judged performance, and some organizations allow certain designs in competition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hobble (device)</span> Device for preventing or limiting the locomotion of a human or animal

A hobble, or spancel, is a device which prevents or limits the locomotion of an animal, by tethering one or more legs. Although hobbles are most commonly used on horses, they are also sometimes used on other animals. On dogs, they are used especially during force-fetch training to limit the movement of a dog's front paws when training it to stay still. They are made from leather, rope, or synthetic materials such as nylon or neoprene. There are various designs for breeding, casting, and mounting horses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collar (animal)</span> Harness for animals

An animal collar is a device that attaches to the neck of an animal to allow it to be harnessed or restrained.

A dog behaviourist is a person who works in modifying or changing behaviour in dogs. They can be experienced dog handlers, who have developed their experience over many years of hands-on experience, or have formal training up to degree level. Some have backgrounds in veterinary science, animal science, zoology, sociology, biology, or animal behaviour, and have applied their experience and knowledge to the interaction between humans and dogs. Professional certification may be offered through either industry associations or local educational institutions. There is however no compulsion for behaviourists to be a member of a professional body nor to take formal training.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breastplate (tack)</span> Piece of horse equipment across the chest

A breastplate is a piece of tack (equipment) used on horses. Its purpose is to keep a saddle from sliding back. It is also a safety feature—if the saddle's girth or billets break, a rider may have enough time to stop the horse and dismount before the saddle slips off the animal's back. The breastplate is used on both English and Western saddles. Western riding involving working cattle use a thicker sturdier style than in English riding or Western riding horse shows. A breastplate is most helpful for horses with large shoulders and a flat ribcage. A breast collar as part of a harness is used to pull a load.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shock collar</span> Dog training device using electrical pain to change behavior

A shock collar or remote training collar, also known as an e-collar, Ecollar, or electronic collar, is a type of training collar that delivers shocks to the neck of a dog to change behavior. These collars incorporate a radio-controlled electronic device and are worn around the dog's neck. Many European and South American countries view shock collars as animal cruelty and have banned their use. The mechanism behind shock collars involve inflicting varying levels and duration of pain, which generates fear and serves as a deterrent for undesirable behaviors. Some models of shock collar models offer additional features such as a tone or vibrational setting that can be used as an alternative or in combination with the shock. Certain advanced collars include Internet mapping capabilities and GPS functionality to track the dog's location or notify the owner about its whereabouts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horse harness</span> Device that connects a horse to a carriage or load

A horse harness is a device that connects a horse to a horse-drawn vehicle or another type of load to pull. There are two main designs of horse harness: (1) the breast collar or breaststrap, and (2) the full collar or collar-and-hames.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lead (tack)</span> Line used to lead a horse

A lead, lead line, lead rope (US) or head collar rope (UK), is used to lead an animal such as a horse. Usually, it is attached to a halter. The lead may be integral to the halter or, more often, separate. When separate, it is attached to the halter with a heavy clip or snap so that it can be added or removed as needed. A related term, lead shank or lead chain refers to a lead line with a chain attached that is used in a variety of ways to safely control possibly difficult or dangerous horses if they will not respond to a regular lead.

Collar may refer to:

References

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