Dugesia

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Dugesia
Dugesia subtentaculata 1.jpg
Dugesia subtentaculata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Order: Tricladida
Family: Dugesiidae
Genus: Dugesia
Girard, 1850 [1]
Species

See text

Dugesia distribution.png
Distribution of genus Dugesia after Sluys et al. 1998. [2]
Synonyms
  • EuplanariaHesse, 1897
  • GeopaludicolaKomarek, 1919

Dugesia is a genus of freshwater planarians in the family Dugesiidae triclads and the type genus of this family. These common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. Dugesia is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities. [2]

Contents

Description

Dugesia species have an elongated body with a slightly triangle-shaped head. They often have grey, brown, or black dorsal color, whereas the ventral surface is usually paler. These animals have a couple of eyes constituted by a multicellular pigmented cup with many retinal cells to detect the amount of light in the nearby environment. Sometimes they present supernumerary eyes. At the anterior part of the body, behind the eye level, they have a pair of structures called auricles that give the triangle look to the 'head' and allow them to detect the intensity of water current. These auricles are free of pigment and rhabdites. Each side of the anterior margin of the head has between 5 and 10 shallow sensory fossae, their number depending on the species or the individual. The sensory fossae and the auricle grooves are supplied with many nerve endings. [3]

The digestive system of Dugesia contains a central, non-pigmented tubular pharynx. Like the other triclads, the gut consists of three branches, one anterior and two posterior. Each branch consists of caeca, which deliver the nutrients to the body. The gut lacks a separate opening for waste excretion. [4]

The subepidermal musculature of Dugesia is divided into four layers. [3]

In Dugesia the ovaries are ventrally situated, they start just behind the brain, usually at the level of the fourth intestinal branch. The bursal canal runs on the right side of the copulatory apparatus and above the atrium. [3] Like some Neppia species, species of Dugesia have a third layer of longitudinal musculature over the vaginal area of the bursal canal. This feature is not present in other triclads. Another feature shared with Neppia is the presence of a glandular area at the transitional area between the seminal vesicle and the ejaculatory duct, although in Dugesia these glands are concentrated at the diaphragm, a structure not present in any other genera. [5] Ball proposed that the presence of this glands was a synapomorphy of Dugesia and Neppia. The absence of these glands in some Neppia species (N. jeanneli, N. montana and N. schubarti) is thought to be a secondary loss. [6]

Reproduction

Species of Dugesia are hermaphrodites. Many species can reproduce both sexually and asexually (by parthenogenesis or by fission). [7]

Phylogeny and taxonomy

Dugesia species lack enough morphological characters to recover the phylogenetic relation between them. The few available characters often contradict each other when a morphological phylogeny is attempted. Dugesia species are identified by the combination of diagnostic characters instead of different apomorphies. Over 130 species within the genus Dugesia have been described. [2] [8]

Phylogeny

Dugesia cretica under a stone of a Cretan stream. Dugesia Creta.JPG
Dugesia cretica under a stone of a Cretan stream.
Dugesia sp. related to Dugesia liguriensis from Catalonia. Dugesia liguriensis.jpg
Dugesia sp. related to Dugesia liguriensis from Catalonia.

Phylogenetic tree including five dugesiid genera after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008: [9]

Dugesiidae

Molecular phylogeny of 13 Dugesia species after Lázaro et al., 2009: [10]

Molecular phylogeny of Dugesia species after Solà et al., 2013: [11]

Species

The following species are currently recognised in the genus Dugesia: [12]

References

  1. ↑ Girard (1851). Essay on the classification of Nemertes and Planariae, preceded by some general considerations on the primary divisions of the animal kingdom. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 4th Mtg, New Haven, Conn., Aug 1850, pages 258-273. Washington 1851.
  2. 1 2 3 Sluys, Ronald; Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Winsor, Leigh (October 1998). "The genus Dugesia in Australia, with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 27 (4): 273–290. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00461.x. S2CID   85102452.
  3. 1 2 3 Vries, Elizabeth J. (April 1988). "A synopsis of the nominal species of the subgenus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Paludicola) from Africa and Madagascar". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 92 (4): 345–382. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01729.x.
  4. ↑ Gilbertson L. (1999). Zoology Lab Manual. McGraw Hill Companies, New York; ISBN   0-07-237716-X (fourth edition, 1999).
  5. ↑ Ball. I. R. (1974). A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). In Biology of the Turbellaria: 339-401. Riser, N. W. & Morse, M. P. (Eds). New York:McGraw-Hill.
  6. ↑ Vries, Elizabeth J.; Sluys, Ronald (January 1991). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Journal of Zoology. 223 (1): 103–116. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x.
  7. ↑ Lentati, G. Benazzi (1966). "Amphimixis and pseudogamy in fresh-water triclads: Experimental reconstitution of polyploid pseudogamic biotypes". Chromosoma. 20 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1007/BF00331894. S2CID   21654518.
  8. 1 2 3 Wang, Lei; Chang, Yi-Fang; Sun, Xin-Xin; Sluys, Ronald; Liu, De-Zeng; Dong, Zi-Mei; Chen, Guang-Wen (2025). "Two new species of freshwater planarian from Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula, southern China (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". ZooKeys (1233): 289–313. Bibcode:2025ZooK.1233..289W. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.142976 . PMC   11979614 . PMID   40206202.
  9. ↑ Álvarez-Presas, Marta; Baguñà, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (May 2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 555–568. Bibcode:2008MolPE..47..555A. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032. PMID   18359250.
  10. ↑ Lázaro, Eva M.; Sluys, Ronald; Pala, Maria; Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Baguñà, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (September 2009). "Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (3): 835–845. Bibcode:2009MolPE..52..835L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.022. PMID   19435604.
  11. ↑ Solà, Eduard; Sluys, Ronald; Gritzalis, Konstantinos; Riutort, Marta (March 2013). "Fluvial basin history in the northeastern Mediterranean region underlies dispersal and speciation patterns in the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 877–888. Bibcode:2013MolPE..66..877S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.010. PMID   23182762.
  12. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Dugesia Girard, 1850". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  13. 1 2 Chen, Guang-Wen; Wang, Lei; Wu, Fan; Sun, Xiao-Juan; Dong, Zi-Mei; Sluys, Ronald; Yu, Fei; Yu-Wen, Yan-Qing; Liu, De-Zeng (23 May 2022). "Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the subtropical monsoon region in Southern China, with a discussion on reproductive modalities". BMC Zoology. 7 (1): 25. doi: 10.1186/s40850-022-00127-8 . eISSN   2056-3132. PMC   10126995 . PMID   37170346.
  14. ↑ Zhu, Y.; Huang, J.; Sluys, R.; Liu, Y.; Sun, T.; Wang, A.-T.; Zhang, Y. (16 February 2024). "Integrative description of a new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from southern China, with its complete mitogenome and a biogeographic evaluation". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 100 (1): 167–182. doi: 10.3897/zse.100.114016 . ISSN   1860-0743.
  15. ↑ Harrath, Abdel Halim; Mansour, Lamjed; Sluys, Ronald; Aldahmich, Waleed; Riutort, Marta; Alwasel, Saleh (2025). "The first Dugesia species (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) documented for Saudi Arabia: An integrative description". Zootaxa. 5583 (1): 113–127. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.6. PMID   40174122.
  16. 1 2 Wang, Lei; Chen, Jin-zi; Dong, Zi-mei; Chen, Guang-wen; Sluys, Ronald; Liu, De-zeng (8 September 2021). "Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China". ZooKeys (1059): 89–116. Bibcode:2021ZooK.1059...89W. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633 . eISSN   1313-2970. ISSN   1313-2989. PMC   8443540 . PMID   34594150.
  17. ↑ Wang, Lei; Wang, Yixuan; Dong, Zimei; Chen, Guangwen; Sluys, Ronald; Liu, Dezeng (15 December 2021). "Integrative taxonomy unveils a new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the southern portion of the Taihang Mountains in northern China, with the description of its complete mitogenome and an exploratory analysis of mitochondrial gene order as a taxonomic character". Integrative Zoology. 17 (6): 1193–1214. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12605. eISSN   1749-4877. ISSN   1749-4877. PMID   34783153.
  18. 1 2 Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Sluys, Ronald; Solà, Eduard; Riutort, Marta; Manconi, Renata (2024). "The long-eared freshwater planarians of Madagascar form a separate phylogenetic clade within the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), with the description of two new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 202 (4). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae143.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Sluys, Ronald; Solà, Eduard; Gritzalis, Konstantinos; Vila-Farré, Miquel; Mateos, Eduardo; Riutort, Marta (2013). "Integrative delineation of species of Mediterranean freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesiidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (3): 523–547. doi:10.1111/zoj.12077.
  20. ↑ Liu, Yi; Song, Xiao-Yu; Sun, Zhong-Yin; Li, Wei-Xuan; Sluys, Ronald; Li, Shuang-Fei; Wang, An-Tai (29 June 2022). "Addition to the known diversity of Chinese freshwater planarians: integrative description of a new species of Dugesia Girard, 1850 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 98 (2): 233–243. doi: 10.3897/zse.98.83184 . eISSN   1860-0743. ISSN   1435-1935.
  21. 1 2 Dols-Serrate, Daniel; Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Sluys, Ronald; Riutort, Marta (2024). "Fantastic beasts and how to delimit them: An integrative approach using multispecies coalescent methods reveals two new, endemic Dugesia species (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from Corsica and Sardinia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 201 (3). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad135.
  22. 1 2 Wang, L.; Zhu, S.-Q.; Ma, F.-H.; Li, X.-J.; Zhao, Y.-H.; Sun, X.-X.; Li, N.; Sluys, R.; Liu, D.-Z.; Dong, Z.-M.; Chen, G.-W. (22 February 2024). "Two New Species of Freshwater Planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae, Dugesia) from Southern China Exhibit Unusual Karyotypes, with a Discussion on Reproduction in Aneuploid Species". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 2024: e8299436. doi: 10.1155/2024/8299436 . ISSN   0947-5745.
  23. ↑ Zeng, Z.-Y.; Wang, J.; Sluys, R.; Guo, Z.-P.; Sun, T.; Huang, X.-Z.; Li, S.-F.; Wang, A.-T. (8 February 2024). "Integrative description of a new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Shennongjia, Central China". Zootaxa. 5406 (4): 535–550. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5406.4.3. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   38480130.
  24. ↑ Dols-Serrate, Daniel; Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Nuin-Villabona, Paula; Sluys, Ronald; Riutort, Marta (2024). "New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesia )". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 201 (4). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae080.
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