Dusky starfrontlet

Dusky starfrontlet
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Genus:	Coeligena
Species:	C. orina
Binomial name
Coeligena orina Wetmore, 1953

The dusky starfrontlet (Coeligena orina), also known as glittering starfrontlet, is an Endangered species of hummingbird in the "brilliants", tribe Heliantheini in subfamily Lesbiinae. It is endemic to a few small areas in western Colombia. ^{[3] [4]}

Taxonomy and systematics

The dusky starfrontlet was originally known from a single museum specimen collected in 1951 and described as a full species in 1953. In 1988 its status was reassessed as a subspecies of golden-bellied starfrontlet (Coeligena bonapartei). It was rediscovered in 2004, in what is now the Colibri del Sol Bird Reserve, and additional specimens confirmed its identity as a species. ^[5] It and the buff-winged starfrontlet (C. lutetiae) are sister species and it is also closely related to the golden-bellied, violet-throated (C. violifer), and blue-throated (C. helianthea) starfrontlets. ^{[6] [7]}

The dusky starfrontlet is monotypic. ^[3]

Description

The dusky starfrontlet is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long. Males weigh 6.9 to 7.2 g (0.24 to 0.25 oz) and females 6.7 to 7 g (0.24 to 0.25 oz). The male has a glittering blue-green to golden green forehead and a velvety black crown, face, and mantle. The back is green with black highlights, the rump and uppertail coverts iridescent golden green, and the tail a paler green. The throat and breast are dark green, like the back suffused with black, and there is a large cobalt-blue spot on the lower throat. The belly and undertail coverts are the same golden green as the rump. The female's crown, face, and upper back are green with blackish tips to the feathers that give a scaly effect. The rump, uppertail coverts, and tail are like the male's but with less iridescence. The throat is a bright cinnamon buff with green spots on the sides, the belly iridescent golden green with dusky inclusions, and the undertail coverts dull golden green with buffy edges. ^{[5] [7]}

One Spanish name for the dusky starfrontlet is "Colibrí del Sol", which translates to "hummingbird of the Sun". ^[8]

Distribution and habitat

The dusky starfrontlet is found in only about a dozen sites in a few small areas of the Western Andes of Colombia. The original 1951 specimen and some of the 2004 ones were collected at Páramo de Frontino, Antioquia Department. Others were collected in 2004 at nearby Las Orquídeas National Natural Park in Farallones del Citará on the Antioquia/Chocó border. Further observations have come from Jardín in Antioquia and Cerro Montezuma in Risaralda Department. ^{[5] [7]}

Specimens and sight records of dusky starfrontlet have come from tall humid forest, elfin forest, and the ecotone between forest and páramo . Most observations have been between about 3,100 and 3,500 m (10,200 and 11,500 ft) of elevation, but there is one record from 2,500 m (8,200 ft). ^{[5] [7] [9]}

Behavior

Movement

No movements of the dusky starfrontlet are definitely known, but the sighting at 2500 m might indicate that some take place. ^[7]

Feeding

The dusky starfrontlet has been observed feeding on nectar at plants of genera Aetanthus, Bejaria, Bomarea, Cavendishia, and Centropogon. Stomachs of specimens have yielded spiders, wasps, flies, and what appeared to be a psocopteran. ^{[5] [7]}

Breeding

Little is known about the dusky starfrontlet's breeding phenology. Two nests are known, both from Tatamá National Natural Park. They were held by thin roots on rock faces about 3 m (10 ft) above the ground. Each contained two eggs. Immature birds have been reported in both January and August. ^[7]

Songs and calls Listen to dusky starfrontlet on xeno-canto

Vocalization

A few dusky starfrontlet vocalizations have been described, a "high-pitched wiry note becoming trill-like towards the end 'tseeririrrr', a single 'tsee' and a lower-pitched strident 'tsip'." ^[7]

Status

The IUCN originally assessed the dusky starfrontlet in 2004 as being of Least Concern but in 2007 revised its status to Critically Endangered. In 2020 the status was again revised, to Endangered. Its population is estimated at between 250 and 2500 mature individuals and is believed to be declining. Even in national parks, continued deforestation for timber, agriculture, and settlement is a threat. The high probablity of future mining for gold, zinc, and copper in Páramo de Frontino poses an additional threat. ^[1]

References

1. BirdLife International (2020). "Glittering Starfrontlet Coeligena orina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22687828A179510387. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22687828A179510387.en . Retrieved 28 April 2022.
2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.1. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
4. HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved 27 May 2021
5. Krabbe, Niels; Flórez, Pablo; Suárez, Gustavo; Castano, José; Arango, Juan David; Pulgarin, Paulo C.; Múnera, Wilmar A.; Stiles, Gary F.; Salaman, Paul (2005). "Rediscovery of the Dusky Starfrontlet Coeligena orina, with a description of the adult plumages and reassessment of its taxonomic status" (PDF). Ornitologıá Colombiana. 3: 28–35. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
6. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 January 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved February 1, 2022
7. del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, C. J. Sharpe, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Dusky Starfrontlet (Coeligena orina), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.dussta1.01 retrieved 28 April 2022
8. "Glittering Starfrontlet". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
9. López-Ordóñez, J.P.; Cortés-Herrera, J.O.; Paez-Ortíz, C.A.; González-Rojas, M.F. (2013). "Nuevos registros y comentarios sobre la distribución de algunas especies de aves en los Andes Occidentales de Colombia". Ornitologıá Colombiana. 13: 21–36.