Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012

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Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012
Results
Votes%
Yes check.svgYes10,693,91163.83%
X mark.svgNo6,061,01136.17%
Valid votes16,754,92298.22%
Invalid or blank votes303,3951.78%
Total votes17,058,317100.00%
Registered voters/turnout51,919,06732.86%
Results by Governorate
Egyptian constitutional referendum results by government, 2012.png
  Governorate that voted "Yes".
  Governorate that voted "No".
Egypt
Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Egypt
Constitution (history)
Political parties (former)

A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012. [1] Egyptians living abroad were scheduled to vote between 8 and 11 December. [2] Voting for expatriates had been delayed until 12 December 2012 [3] and was extended until 17 December 2012. [4] Voters were asked whether they approve of the draft constitution that was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 30 November 2012. [5]

Egypt Country spanning North Africa and Southwest Asia

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia, and across the Mediterranean lie Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, although none share a land border with Egypt.

Egyptian diaspora consists of citizens of Egypt abroad sharing a common culture and Egyptian Arabic language.

Egyptian Constitution of 2012 work

The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was the former fundamental law of Egypt. It was signed into law by President Mohamed Morsi on 26 December 2012, after it was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 30 November 2012 and passed in a referendum held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, and a turnout of 33%. It replaced the 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt, adopted in 2011 following the Egyptian revolution. On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order of the Egyptian army. On 8 July 2013, acting President Adly Mansour issued a decree that envisaged the introduction of amendments to the constitution and put them to a referendum; if approved, the suspended-constitution would be restored into law. The current constitutional declaration has the power of a constitution; it outlines the authorities of the president and establishes many rights.

Contents

Unofficial results reported on 23 December 2012 found that 32.9% of the electorate voted and that the constitution was approved with 63.8% of the vote in favor over the two rounds of polling. [6]

During the campaign, supporters of the draft constitution argued that the constitution would provide stability. Most opponents argued that the constitution was too favorable to the Muslim Brotherhood, and did not grant sufficient minority rights. However, some extreme Salafists also opposed the constitution, arguing that it should have been based more closely on Sharia law.

Muslim Brotherhood transnational Sunni Islamist organization

The Society of the Muslim Brothers, better known as the Muslim Brotherhood, is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. The organization gained supporters throughout the Arab world and influenced other Islamist groups such as Hamas with its "model of political activism combined with Islamic charity work", and in 2012 sponsored the elected political party in Egypt after the January Revolution in 2011. However, it faced periodic government crackdowns for alleged terrorist activities, and as of 2015 is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain, Egypt, Russia, Syria, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

Minority rights are the normal individual rights as applied to members of racial, ethnic, class, religious, linguistic or gender and sexual minorities; and also the collective rights accorded to minority groups. Minority rights may also apply simply to individual rights of anyone who is not part of a majority decision.

Sharia, Islamic law or Sharia law is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's immutable divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its human scholarly interpretations. The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim fundamentalists and modernists.

The supreme committee for supervising the constitution referendum was formed on 3 December 2012. [7] Mohammad Salim Al-Awa stated that a new Constituent Assembly would be formed within three months through general elections if the draft Constitution was voted down. The new assembly would have six months to write the new constitution. [8] The general secretary of the constitution referendum supreme committee resigned for health reasons. [9]

Mohammad Salim Al-Awa is an Egyptian Islamist thinker, widely considered to belong to the moderate Islamic democratic strain. He is the former Secretary General of the International Union for Muslim Scholars based in London, and head of the Egyptian Association for Culture and Dialogue. Al-Awa has been called one of the few Islamic thinkers who has made a "serious attempt" at "defining what Islamism would mean in a modern society," or "courageously delved into the realities of Islamic history and experimented with new interpretations."

Background

The Constituent Assembly was originally elected by Parliament in March 2012, before being dissolved by a court in April after it was deemed unconstitutional. [10] A second Assembly was elected by Parliament during the summer. [11] The second Constituent Assembly produced on 30 November 2012 a 234 article draft constitution, [12] after it approved each article individually during a 19-hour meeting starting on 29 November. [5]

Parliament of Egypt

The Parliament of Egypt is currently a unicameral legislature. The Parliament is located in Cairo, Egypt's capital. Under the country's 2014 constitution, as the legislative branch of the Egyptian state the Parliament enacted laws, approved the general policy of the State, the general plan for economic and social development and the general budget of the State, supervised the work of the government, and had the power to vote to impeach the President of the Republic, or replace the government and its Prime Minister by a vote of no-confidence.

Judicial response

Egyptian Judges Club members agreed to boycott the referendum. [13] However the decisions of the club are non-binding on its members. [14] Judge Mohamed Awad, who is a member of the Judges for Egypt reform movement, said that 90 percent of judges would monitor the referendum. [15] Mohamed Gadallah, the legal adviser to the Egyptian president, stated that Egypt's Supreme Judicial Council would oversee the referendum. [16] The judges that were on strike responded that the Supreme Judicial Council decision was not final and that judges could individually refuse to participate. [17]

Contents

The draft constitution ended Egypt's all-powerful presidency, instituted a stronger parliament, and contained provisions against torture or detention without trial. But it also gave Egypt's generals much of the power and privilege they had during the Hosni Mubarak era. [18] Human Rights Watch noted that it provided for basic protections against arbitrary detention and torture and for some economic rights, but failed to end military trials of civilians or to protect freedom of expression and religion. [19] The organization also stated that the Chapter II draft, entitled Rights and Freedoms, provided for strong protection against arbitrary detention in article 35 and torture and inhumane treatment in article 36, and for freedom of movement in article 42, privacy of communication in article 38, freedom of assembly in article 50, and of association in article 51, but deferred to objections from the country's military leadership and removed the clear prohibition of trials of civilians before military courts. [19]

Article 2, defining the relationship between Islam and Egyptian law, remained essentially unchanged from Egypt's old constitution. The new charter said that the legal code stems from "the principles of Islamic law,” wording that is broad enough to allow for individual rights and freedoms. [20] But in an attempted compromise between the ultraconservatives and their liberal opponents, the proposed constitution added a new article defining those principles in accordance with established schools of Sunni Muslim thought. [18]

Article 50 preserved the right to assembly but required "notification" of such gatherings. [20] The constitution called for freedom from discrimination, but did not specify whether women or religious minorities were protected. A provision on women's equality was left out to avoid a dispute after ultraconservatives insisted that women's equality should be qualified by compliance with religious laws. [18] One article that passed pertained to arbitrary arrest and detention rights. The article said that no person may be "arrested, searched, incarcerated, deprived of freedom in any way and/or confined“ unless it is ordered by a "competent judge". Another article stipulated that anyone jailed must be told why in writing within 12 hours, and the case must go to investigators within 24 hours. Detainees cannot be interrogated without their attorney or one appointed to them being present, the article also stated. Phone conversations, electronic correspondence and other communication cannot be listened to without a warrant. [21]

The new constitution limited the President to two four-year terms, [22] marking a clear shift away from the era of Mubarak, who ruled for 30 years. But other checks on presidential power remained ill-defined. [20] The defense minister would be chosen from the military's officers. Insulating the armed forces from parliamentary oversight, a special council that included military officers would oversee military affairs and the defense budget. [18] Ziad al-Ali of the International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance noted that another article in the document called for the election of local councils in each province but kept all the power in the hands of federally appointed governors. And even though Egypt's pervasive public corruption was a major complaint by those who forced Hosni Mubarak from power, the assembly declined to borrow any international models to promote transparency, Ali said. "There won't be a huge improvement in the way government works and the way services are delivered, and that is a setback for democracy." [18]

Campaign

Supporters

The Al Nour Party and the Building and Development Party supported the draft constitution because it would provide stability. [23] [24] Workers unions, many of which are dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood, have stated that they support the draft constitution. [25] Mohamed Mostafa, the spokesperson of Al-Azhar, is in favor of the draft constitution. [26] The Safety and Development Party accused the judges who were boycotting the referendum of undermining stability. [27] The Freedom and Justice Party launched a campaign urging a yes vote on the draft constitution. [28]

Opponents

Women's rights activists opposed the draft constitution on the grounds that the exclusion of explicit women's rights in the draft constitution opened the door to changes in women's rights. [29] The People's Representatives Coalition opposed the draft constitution, launching an awareness campaign entitled "Reject your constitution". [30] The Salafi Jihadi Movement boycotted the draft constitution because it "does not apply Islamic Sharia". [31] They stated that they were trying to convince other Islamists, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, to vote no on the draft constitution as well. [32]

The National Salvation Front called for a no vote on the draft constitution. They put forth a number of conditions, which included: free and fair elections, holding the vote on one day, supervision of the vote, protection for polling places, and immediate announcement of voting results at polling places. If the demands were not met, they asked voters to vote no. [33] Baha'a Anwar, a spokesperson for the Shi'a in Egypt, stated that Shi'a would not take part in the referendum. [26] Sufi Sheikh Aboul Azayem opposed the draft constitution, arguing that it was only favorable towards the Muslim Brotherhood. [26] Egyptian journalists opposed the draft constitution because they believed it would limit freedom of expression. [34]

The Strong Egypt Party announced that it would launch a no vote campaign on the draft constitution. [35] The Egyptian Current Party has asked voters to vote no on the constitution. [36] The Egyptian Popular Current announced it would vote no on the constitution. [37] The Egyptian Social Democratic Party said the same. [37] The Constitution Party also encouraged a no vote on the draft constitution. [37] The Free Egyptians Party boycotted the vote. [37]

The Hazemoun movement, made up of followers of Hazem Salah Abu Ismail, a Salafi preacher, came out against the draft constitution. [38] The Salafi Front also opposed the draft constitution, arguing that the constitution should have made Sharia itself the main source of legislation, not the principles. They also argued that Christians and Jews should be governed by Islamic law and that the constitution should have stated that "divine authority" is the source of power not the people. [38] In addition, Coptic Christians also opposed the draft constitution, walking out of the constitution drafting session and prompting Khaled Dawoud, a spokesman of National Salvation Front, to state, "this is probably the first time in our history that the Christians were not present in writing the constitution". [39]

Results

Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012
ChoiceVotes%
Yes check.svg Yes10,693,91163.8
No6,061,10136.2
Valid votes16,755,01298.2
Invalid or blank votes303,3951.8
Total votes17,058,317100.00
Registered voters and turnout51,919,06732.9
Source: Egypt Independent

By governorate

Governorate [40] Eligible votersVoter turnoutTotal votesValid votesInvalid votes"Yes" votes"Yes" %"No" votes"No" %
Cairo 6,580,47834.8%2,291,0402,254,69836,342974,37143.2%1,280,32756.8%
Giza 4,383,70134.6%?1,493,09224,105995,41766.7%497,67533.3%
Dakahlia 3,719,75831.5%?1,150,13021,013631,21954.9%518,91145.1%
Sharqia 3,565,35132.0%?1,120,32821,143737,50365.8%382,82534.2%
Alexandria 3,347,77036.2%?1,193,69116,883663,97555.6%529,71644.4%
Beheira 3,276,93033.7%?1,084,4421818,75575.5%265,68724.5%
Gharbia 2,948,65633.9%?980,49718,596468,48847.8%512,00952.2%
Minya 2,718,94734.5%?916,09423,165760,70483%155,39017%
Qalyubia 2,639,80832.9%?853,12515,224512,05560%341,07040%
Sohag 2,393,67225.4%?593,54613,320467,02978.7%126,51721.3%
Monufia 2,236,89834.0%?745,37314,951364,37448.9%380,99951.1%
Asyut 2,127,68828.0%?581,70714,176442,50676.1%139,20123.9%
Kafr el-Sheikh 1,886,21229.6%?548,5548,992360,99465.8%187,56034.2%
Qena 1,629,71322.8%?364,5096,743307,83984.5%56,67015.5%
Faiyum 1,579,69435.2%?544,10912,441486,89089.5%57,21910.5%
Beni Suef 1,454,27838.7%?549,93713,054466,24884.8%83,68915.2%
Aswan 872,74022.7%?194,4163,691149,02076.7%45,39623.3%
Damietta 868,77337.2%?318,9444,354205,37864.4%113,56635.6%
Ismailia 713,96336.4%?256,2103,435179,23570%76,97530%
Luxor 685,00926.0%?174,6203,512133,77976.6%40,84123.4%
Port Said 445,32238.0%?166,9312,29885,35351.1%81,57848.9%
Suez 387,52238.7%?147,9031,880104,06170.4%43,84229.6%
Red Sea 232,38830.7%?70,43284144,11662.6%26,31637.4%
North Sinai 215,61830.6%?64,96494950,72678.1%14,23821.9%
Matruh 212,49536.5%?76,63086370,23791.7%6,3938.3%
New Valley 143,58432.9%48,44047,77566541,72887.3%6,04712.7%
South Sinai 65,40729.6%19,35119,02332812,15763.8%6,86636.2%

Reactions

After the referendum, President Mohamed Morsi said in a speech on television that the Egyptians voting against the constitutional referendum were within their rights, "because Egypt of the revolution – Egypt's people and its elected president – can never feel annoyed by the active patriotic opposition. We don't want to go back to the era of the one opinion and fabricated fake majorities." [41] With regard to the referendum, Morsi went on to add that "there have been mistakes here and there, and I bear responsibility", but that "no matter what the hardships of the past [were], I see it as the pain of birthing the new Egypt ... It is truly the dawn of [a] new Egypt, which has risen and is now shining." [41]

In a response to the referendum, the United States Department of State issued a statement noting that "[m]any Egyptians have voiced deep concerns about the substance of the constitution and the constitutional process" and further stating that "President Morsi, as the democratically elected leader of Egypt, has a special responsibility to move forward in a way that recognizes the urgent need to bridge divisions, build trust, and broaden support for the political process." [42]

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References

  1. ↑ "Egypt to hold referendum in two stages due to shortage of judges". Al Arabiya. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  2. ↑ "Egypt's expats to vote on constitution 8 December". Ahram Online. 3 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  3. ↑ Sara Abou Bakr (7 December 2012). "Constitutional referendum postponed". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "Egypt expat voting extended to Monday 8pm". Ahram Online. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  5. 1 2 Islamist constitution spurs controversy in Egypt as protests grow RT (TV network), 30 November 2012
  6. ↑ "Egyptian constitution 'approved' in referendum". BBC News. 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  7. ↑ "Supreme committee overseeing Egypt's constitution poll formed". Ahram Online. 3 December 2012.
  8. ↑ "Morsi's decree cancelled, constitution referendum to take place on time". Ahram Online. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  9. ↑ "Elections commission secretary general resigns". Egypt Independent. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  10. ↑ "Egypt court suspends constitutional assembly". BBC News Middle East. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  11. ↑ "Egypt parties end deadlock over constitutional panel". BBC News Middle East. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  12. ↑ Egypt draft constitution adopted, goes to referendum Hindustan Times, 30 November 2012
  13. ↑ "BREAKING: Egypt judges refuse to oversee constitutional poll, say judicial sources". Ahram Online. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  14. ↑ "Egypt judges refuse to oversee Morsi referendum". BBC. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  15. ↑ "90 pct of judges will monitor Egypt's constitution poll, claims head of Alexandria Appeal Court". Ahram Online. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  16. ↑ "Egypt Judicial Council to oversee referendum". Al Jazeera. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  17. ↑ "Judges, legal experts weigh up scenarios ahead of constitutional referendum". Ahram Online. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 David D Kirkpatrick (29 November 2012). "Egyptian Islamists Approve Draft Constitution Despite Objections". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  19. 1 2 "Egypt: New Constitution Mixed on Support of Rights Draft Adopted Without Consensus Amid Political Crisis". Human Rights Watch. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  20. 1 2 3 Stephanie McCrummen and Ingy Hassieb (29 November 2012). "Egyptian assembly rushes to vote on new constitution". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  21. ↑ "Movement on new Egyptian constitution, despite fervent opposition". CNN. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  22. ↑ Egypt to hold December referendum on new constitution BBC News, 1 December 2012
  23. ↑ "Egypt draft charter vote 'right move for stability': Salafist leaders". Ahram Online. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  24. ↑ Rana Muhammad Taha (4 December 2012). "Building and Development Party proposes constitutional fix". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  25. ↑ Liliana Mihaila (3 December 2012). "Workers' unions support draft constitution". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  26. 1 2 3 "Religous(sic) groups react to referendum announcement". Daily News Egypt. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  27. ↑ "Jihad organization accuses judges of implementing 'Zionist' scheme". Egypt Independent. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  28. ↑ Liliana Mihaila (9 December 2012). "FJP launches referendum campaign". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  29. ↑ "Women's rights activists call for 'no' vote on constitutional referendum". Egypt Independent. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  30. ↑ "NDP holdovers, FJP look for allies ahead of Egypt's legislative polls". Ahram Online. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  31. ↑ "Salafi Jihadi Movement to boycott constitutional referendum". Egypt Independent. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  32. ↑ "Salafi Jihadi movement hopes to sway Islamists to reject constitution". Egypt Independent. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  33. ↑ "NSF express concern over 'fairness' of Egypt constitutional poll". Ahram Online. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  34. ↑ Dina Samak (4 December 2012). "Egyptian journalists protest draft constitution". Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  35. ↑ "Abul-Fotouh's Strong Egypt Party to vote no at referendum". Ahram Online. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  36. ↑ Dina Samak (11 December 2012). "Egyptian opposition's dilemma: To vote or not to vote". Ahram Online. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "Opposition forces gear towards a 'no' vote". Ahram Online. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  38. 1 2 Omar Halawa (13 December 2012). "Despite apparent support for Morsy, Salafis are divided over constitution". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  39. ↑ Matt Bradley (25 December 2012). "Egypt Voters Approve Constitution". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  40. ↑ "إستفتاء.مصر – نتيجة الاستفتاء على مستوى المحافظات". Elections.eg. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  41. 1 2 David D Kirkpatrick (26 December 2012). "Morsi Admits 'Mistakes' in Drafting Egypt's Constitution". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  42. ↑ Patrick Ventrell (25 December 2012). "Referendum on the Egyptian Constitution: Press Statement". United States Department of State. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
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