 | This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Esperanto. (May 2022)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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| This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Esperanto. (May 2022)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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The first Esperanto–Romanian dictionary was written by Marta Frollo in 1889, and the Esperanto community in Romania was pioneered by Henriko Fischer-Galați in the 1900s.[ citation needed ] The Romanian Esperanto Society was founded in 1907. [1] Ethnic Hungarian priest Andreo Cseh was a major figure of the Romanian Esperantist movement in the 1920s. [2] An Esperantist group in Cluj was arrested in 1922 after the green star of Esperanto was mistaken for a communist star, but the head of the resulting military tribunal absolved the group and described Esperanto "a very beautiful cultural movement". [3]
The Romanian Esperanto Society was recognized as a legal entity in 1947, but the Esperanto movement in Romania started suffering suppression by the communist government from 1948 onwards and it would not be reestablished until 1990 after the Romanian Revolution which ended the communist government. [1] The Esperanto Association of Romania was founded in 1990 as a successor to the Romanian Esperanto Society, and the Romanian Esperanto Youth Organization was founded in 1996. As of 2021, there are 23 people from Romania that are members of the Universal Esperanto Association. [4] Ionel Oneț is a major figure in the post-communist Romanian Esperantist movement.
Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language". Zamenhof first described the language in Dr. Esperanto's International Language, which he published under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto. Early adopters of the language liked the name Esperanto and soon used it to describe his language. The word esperanto translates into English as "one who hopes".
Esperantujo or Esperantio is the Esperanto community; the community of speakers of the Esperanto language and their culture, as well as the places and institutions where the language is used. The term is used "as if it were a country."
L. L. Zamenhof developed Esperanto in the 1870s and '80s. Unua Libro, the first print discussion of the language, appeared in 1887. The number of Esperanto speakers have increased gradually since then, without much support from governments and international organizations. Its use has, in some instances, been outlawed or otherwise suppressed.
The Universal Esperanto Association, also known as the World Esperanto Association, is the largest international organization of Esperanto speakers, with 5501 individual members in 121 countries and 9215 through national associations and in official relations with the United Nations. In addition to individual members, 70 national Esperanto organizations are affiliated with UEA. Its current president is the professor Duncan Charters. The magazine Esperanto is the main organ used by UEA to inform its members about everything happening in the Esperanto community.
Kazimierz Badowski was a leading Polish Communist activist.
Lev Ivanovich Zhirkov was a Soviet and Russian philologist, specializing in Persian and Caucasian languages, and Esperantist.
The Esperanto workers movement has the goal of taking practical advantage of the international language Esperanto for advancing the goals of the labour movement, especially the fight against unrestrained capitalism. It is not only a political movement in the strict sense but also a cultural and educational one. Currently the principal Esperanto associations active in the Esperanto workers movement at the global level are the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda and the Internacia Komunista Esperantista Kolektivo, and in a wider sense, the Monda Asembleo Socia.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Esperanto:
Anarchism and Esperanto are strongly linked because of their common ideals of social justice and equality. During the early Esperanto movement, anarchists enthusiastically publicized the language, and the two movements have much common history.
Helmi Dresen was an Estonian translator, poet, and Esperantist. She was the older sister of Hilda Dresen. She was shot by the Nazis.
Esperanto was variously endorsed and oppressed in the Soviet Union throughout its history. The language was permitted by the government in the 1920s, but its internationalist nature brought it under scrutiny in the 1930s and Joseph Stalin enforced measures against the Esperanto community, having Esperanto speakers imprisoned and killed as part of the Great Purge. Esperanto was restored following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, but it did not achieve its previous prominence.
Esperanto has been used in Hungary since its construction in the late-19th century. It saw notable use through the 20th century, though it was suppressed by Nazi and Communist governments in the 1940s and 1950s.
Esperanto was constructed in Poland by L. L. Zamenhof. It maintained a notable presence in Poland until the Occupation of Poland during World War II and the subsequent Communist rule resulted in the persecution of Esperantists.
Austria has been the home of Esperanto speakers for most of the language's history. Esperantists were persecuted by the Nazis during the annexation of Austria in the 1930s. The President of Austria from 1965 to 1974, Franz Jonas, was an Esperantist. The Esperanto Museum and Collection of Planned Languages is located in Vienna.
Ernest Karlovich Drezen was a Soviet Esperantist and engineer. He was the leader of the Soviet Esperantist Union (SEU). Drezen was arrested and killed during the Great Purge in the 1930s.
Esperanto has been used in the Czech Republic since the 19th century. It was suppressed by the Nazi and Communist governments of the 20th century before being revived in 1969. The Czech Republic is home to the Esperanto Museum in Svitavy.
Esperanto has been used in Slovakia since the 19th century. The Slovak Esperanto movement was suppressed by Nazi and Communist regimes in the 20th century before being restored in 1969. Slovakia is home to the Summer Esperanto Study and the Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology.
Albert Škarvan was an Austro-Hungarian-born Slovak physician, writer, translator, and Esperantist.
