Euarchonta

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Euarchonta
Temporal range: Upper Cretaceous – Recent, 88–0  Ma
Euarchonta.jpg
Euarchonts: upper left:  Plesiadapis , upper right:  northern treeshrew, lower left:  Sunda flying lemur and lower right:  yellow baboon
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Grandorder: Euarchonta
Waddell et al. 1999
Subgroups

The Euarchonta are a proposed grandorder of mammals: the order Scandentia (treeshrews), and its sister Primatomorpha mirorder, containing the Dermoptera or colugos and the primates (Plesiadapiformes and descendants).

The term "Euarchonta" [1] (meaning "true rulers") appeared in 1999, when molecular evidence suggested that the morphology-based Archonta should be trimmed down to exclude Chiroptera. [2] Further DNA sequence analyses [3] [4] [5] supported the Euarchonta hypothesis. Despite multiple papers pointing out that some mitochondrial sequences showed unusual properties (particularly murid rodents and hedgehogs) and were likely distorting the overall tree, [6] [7] and despite earlier studies [5] showing near total congruence of mtDNA-based and nuclear-based trees when such sequences were excluded, some authors continued to produce misleading trees. [8] A study investigating retrotransposon presence/absence data has claimed strong support for Euarchonta. [9] Some interpretations of the molecular data link Primates and Dermoptera in a clade (mirorder) known as Primatomorpha, which is the sister of Scandentia. In some, the Dermoptera are a member of the primates rather than a sister group. Other interpretations link the Dermoptera and Scandentia together in a group called Sundatheria as the sister group of the primates.

Euarchonta and Glires together form the Euarchontoglires, one of the four Eutherian clades.

The current hypothesis, based on molecular clock evidence, suggests that the Euarchonta arose in the late Cretaceous period, about 88 million years ago, and diverged 86.2 million years ago into the groups of tree shrews and Primatomorpha. The latter diverged prior to 79.6 million years into the orders of Primates and colugos. [10] The earliest fossil species often ascribed to Euarchonta ( Purgatorius coracis) dates to the early Paleocene, 65 million years ago, [11] but one study claims it to be a non-placental eutherian. [12] Although it is known that Scandentia is one of the most basal Euarchontoglire clades, the exact phylogenetic position is not yet considered resolved, and it may be a sister of Glires, Primatomorpha or Dermoptera or to all other Euarchontoglires. [13] [14] [15] [16]

Euarchontoglires
Glires

Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas)

Rodentia (rodents)

Euarchonta

Scandentia (treeshrews)

Primatomorpha

Dermoptera (colugos)

Primates (†Plesiadapiformes, Strepsirrhini, Haplorrhini)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treeshrew</span> Order of mammals

The treeshrews are small mammals native to the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia. They make up the entire order Scandentia, which split into two families: the Tupaiidae, and the Ptilocercidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Placentalia</span> Infraclass of mammals in the clade Eutheria

Placental mammals are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class Mammalia, the other two being Monotremata and Marsupialia. Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals, which are partly distinguished from monotremes and marsupials in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less developed young which are then nurtured for a period inside the mother's pouch. Placentalia represents the only living group within Eutheria, which contains all mammals more closely related to placentals than to marsupials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colugo</span> Family of mammals

Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals that are native to Southeast Asia. Their closest evolutionary relatives are primates. There are just two living species of colugos: the Sunda flying lemur and the Philippine flying lemur. These two species make up the entire family Cynocephalidae and order Dermoptera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euarchontoglires</span> Superorder of mice, humans, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants

Euarchontoglires, synonymous with Supraprimates, is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, primates, and colugos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glires</span> Clade of rodents and lagomorphs

Glires is a clade consisting of rodents and lagomorphs. The hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphological evidence. Two morphological studies, published in 2001 and 2003, strongly support the monophyly of Glires. In particular, the 2003 study reported the discovery of fossil material of basal members of Glires, particularly the genera Mimotona, Gomphos, Heomys, Matutinia, Rhombomylus, and Sinomylus. Their description, in 2005, helped to bridge the gap between more typical rodents and lagomorphs. Data published in 2001, based on nuclear DNA, supported Glires as a sister of Euarchonta to form Euarchontoglires, but some genetic data from both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA have been less supportive. A study, published in 2007, investigating retrotransposon presence/absence data unambiguously supports the Glires hypothesis. Studies published in 2011 and 2015 place Scandentia as a sister clade of the Glires, invalidating Euarchonta as a clade.

<i>Purgatorius</i> Extinct genus of mammals

Purgatorius is a genus of seven extinct eutherian species typically believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago. The first remains were reported in 1965, from what is now eastern Montana's Tullock Formation, specifically at Purgatory Hill in deposits believed to be about 63 million years old, and at Harbicht Hill in the lower Paleocene section of the Hell Creek Formation. Both locations are in McCone County, Montana.

The Archonta are a now-abandoned group of mammals, considered a superorder in some classifications, which consists of these orders:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurasiatheria</span> Clade of mammals

Laurasiatheria is a superorder of placental mammals that groups together true insectivores (eulipotyphlans), bats (chiropterans), carnivorans, pangolins (pholidotes), even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls), and all their extinct relatives. From systematics and phylogenetic perspectives, it is subdivided into order Eulipotyphla and clade Scrotifera. It is a sister group to Euarchontoglires with which it forms the magnorder Boreoeutheria. Laurasiatheria was discovered on the basis of the similar gene sequences shared by the mammals belonging to it; no anatomical features have yet been found that unite the group, although a few have been suggested such as a small coracoid process, a simplified hindgut and allantoic vessels that are large to moderate in size. The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and retrotransposon presence/absence data. The superorder originated on the northern supercontinent of Laurasia, after it split from Gondwana when Pangaea broke up. Its last common ancestor is supposed to have lived between ca. 76 to 90 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferae</span> A clade of mammals consisting of Carnivores and Pholidotes

Ferae is a mirorder of placental mammals from grandorder Ferungulata, that groups together clades Pan-Carnivora, which includes modern carnivorans, and Pholidotamorpha, which includes pangolins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantogenata</span> Clade of mammals

Atlantogenata is a proposed clade of placental mammals containing the cohorts or superorders Xenarthra and Afrotheria. These groups originated and radiated in the South American and African continents, respectively, presumably in the Cretaceous. Together with Boreoeutheria, they make up Eutheria. The monophyly of this grouping was supported by some genetic evidence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zooamata</span> Group of mammals comprising horses, dogs, and pangolins, among others

Zooamata is a proposal for a clade of mammals uniting the Ferae with the Perissodactyla.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epitheria</span> Clade of mammals

Epitherians comprise all the placental mammals except the Xenarthra. They are primarily characterized by having a stirrup-shaped stapes in the middle ear, which allows for passage of a blood vessel. This is in contrast to the column-shaped stapes found in marsupials, monotremes, and xenarthrans. They are also characterized by having a shorter fibula relative to the tibia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boreoeutheria</span> Magnorder of mammals containing Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires

Boreoeutheria is a magnorder of placental mammals that groups together superorders Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria. With a few exceptions, male animals in the clade have a scrotum, an ancestral feature of the clade. The sub-clade Scrotifera was named after this feature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferungulata</span> Clade of mammals comprising carnivorans, pangolins, artiodactyls and perissodactyls

Ferungulata is a grandorder of placental mammals that groups together mirorder Ferae and clade Pan-Euungulata. It has existed in two guises, a traditional one based on morphological analysis and a revised one taking into account more recent molecular analyses. The Fereungulata is a sister group to the order Chiroptera (bats) and together they make clade Scrotifera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pegasoferae</span> Group of mammals comprising horses, bats, carnivores, and pangolins, among others

Pegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by Nishihara, Hasegawa and Okada (2006).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leptictida</span> Extinct order of mammals

Leptictida is a possibly paraphyletic extinct order of eutherian mammals. Their classification is contentious: according to cladistic studies, they may be (distantly) related to Euarchontoglires, although they are more recently regarded as the first branch to split from basal eutherians. One recent large-scale cladistic analysis of eutherian mammals favored lepictidans as close to the placental crown-clade; and several other recent analyses that included data from Cretaceous non-eutherian mammals found Leptictis to belong to the superorder Afrotheria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artiofabula</span> Clade of mammals comprising pigs, cows, hippos, and whales, among others

Artiofabula is a clade made up of the Suina and the Cetruminantia. The clade was found in molecular phylogenetic analyses and contradicted traditional relationships based on morphological analyses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Primatomorpha</span> Order of mammals

Primatomorpha is a proposed mirorder of mammals containing the orders Dermoptera and Primates. Primatomorpha is sister to Scandentia, together forming the Euarchonta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scrotifera</span> Clade of mammals

Scrotifera is a clade of placental mammals that groups together grandorder Ferungulata, clade Apo-Chiroptera, other extinct members and their common ancestors. The clade Scrotifera is a sister group to the order Eulipotyphla based on evidence from molecular phylogenetics, and together they make superorder Laurasiatheria. The last common ancestor of Scrotifera is supposed to have diversified ca. 73.1 to 85.5 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pholidotamorpha</span> Clade of mammals

Pholidotamorpha is a clade of placental mammals from mirorder Ferae that includes the order Pholidota and extinct order Palaeanodonta.

References

  1. ↑ Waddell, P.J.; Cao, Y.; Hasegawa, M.; Mindell, D.P. (1999a). "Assessing the Cretaceous superordinal divergence times within birds and placental mammals using whole mitochondrial protein sequences and an extended statistical framework". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 119–137. doi: 10.1080/106351599260481 . PMID   12078636.
  2. ↑ Waddell, P.J.; Okada, N.; Hasegawa (1999b). "Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 1–5. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1 . PMID   12078634.
  3. ↑ Madsen, O.; Scally, M.; Douady, C.J.; Kao, D.J.; DeBry, R.W.; Adkins, R.; Amrine, H.M.; Stanhope, M.J.; de Jong, W.W.; Springer, M.S. (2001). "Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals". Nature. 409 (6820): 610–614. doi:10.1038/35054544. PMID   11214318. S2CID   4398233.
  4. ↑ Murphy, W. J.; Eizirik, E.; Johnson, W. E.; Zhang, Y. P.; Ryder, O. A.; O'Brien, S. J. (2001a). "Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals". Nature. 409 (6820): 614–618. doi:10.1038/35054550. PMID   11214319. S2CID   4373847.
  5. 1 2 Waddell, P.J.; Kishino, H.; Ota, R. (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics Series. 12: 141–154. PMID   11791233.
  6. ↑ Sullivan1997>Sullivan, J.; Swofford, D. L. (1997). "Are guinea pigs rodents? The importance of adequate models in molecular phylogenetics". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 4 (2): 77–86. doi:10.1023/A:1027314112438. S2CID   5756010.
  7. ↑ Waddell, P. J.; Cao, Y.; Hauf, J.; Hasegawa, M. (1999c). "Using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtDNA, including AA invariant sites-LogDet plus site stripping, to detect internal conflicts in the data, with special reference to the position of hedgehog, armadillo, and elephant". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 31–53. doi: 10.1080/106351599260427 . PMID   12078643.
  8. ↑ Arnason, Ulfur; et al. (2002). "Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (12): 8151–8156. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8151A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.102164299 . PMC   123036 . PMID   12034869.
  9. ↑ Ole Kriegs, Jan; Churakov, Gennady; Jurka, Jerzy; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2007). "Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates" (PDF). Trends in Genetics. 23 (4): 158–161. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.002. PMID   17307271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-03.
  10. ↑ Janecka, Jan E.; Miller, Webb; Pringle, Thomas H.; Wiens, Frank; Zitzmann, Annette; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J. (2007). "Molecular and Genomic Data Identify the Closest Living Relative of Primates." (PDF). Science. 318 (5851): 792–794. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..792J. doi:10.1126/science.1147555. PMID   17975064. S2CID   12251814.
  11. ↑ O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Cirranello, A. L. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl: 11336/7302 . PMID   23393258. S2CID   206544776.
  12. ↑ Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2017). "Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals" (PDF). Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 521–550. doi:10.1111/brv.12242. PMC   6849585 . PMID   28075073.
  13. ↑ Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (2016-07-19). "Mammal madness: is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 371 (1699): 20150140. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140. ISSN   0962-8436. PMC   4920340 . PMID   27325836.
  14. ↑ Kumar, Vikas; Hallström, Björn M.; Janke, Axel (2013-04-01). "Coalescent-Based Genome Analyses Resolve the Early Branches of the Euarchontoglires". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e60019. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...860019K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060019 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3613385 . PMID   23560065.
  15. ↑ Zhou, Xuming; Sun, Fengming; Xu, Shixia; Yang, Guang; Li, Ming (2015-03-01). "The position of tree shrews in the mammalian tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful". Integrative Zoology. 10 (2): 186–198. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12116. ISSN   1749-4877. PMID   25311886.
  16. ↑ Meredith, Robert W.; Janečka, Jan E.; Gatesy, John; Ryder, Oliver A.; Fisher, Colleen A.; Teeling, Emma C.; Goodbla, Alisha; Eizirik, Eduardo; Simão, Taiz L. L. (2011-10-28). "Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg Extinction on Mammal Diversification". Science. 334 (6055): 521–524. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..521M. doi:10.1126/science.1211028. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   21940861. S2CID   38120449.
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