| Eubulides | |
|---|---|
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| Female of Eubulides timog (PSG No. 311) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Superfamily: | Bacilloidea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Obriminae |
| Tribe: | Obrimini |
| Genus: | Eubulides Stål, 1877 |
| Species | |
Eubulides is a stick insect genus native to the Philippines.
The representatives of Eubulides are medium-sized, very slender and only slightly or hardly spined Obriminae species. The males reach 46 to 62 centimetres (18 to 24 in), the females 52 to 92 centimetres (20 to 36 in) in length. The head is flat and, like the pronotum, hardly reinforced or only covered with small tubercles. Only on the frontal margin of the elongated mesonotum spines may be present. There may be a few tubercles on the rear of the mesonotum. The middle femura are clearly toothed, the hind legs very strongly toothed. The secondary ovipositor of the females is designed as a curved laying sting. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The previously known distribution area of the genus includes the Philippine islands
Luzon, Leyte, Mindanao and Polillo. On Luzon there are representatives in the provinces Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Kalinga, Quirino, Ifugao, Quezon, Camarines Sur and Nueva Vizcaya, on Mindanao in the provinces Bukidnon and Agusan del Sur proven. [4] [5]
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| Cladogram of some Obrimini genera closely related to Eubulides [5] *name changed according to Hennemann (2023) [4] |
In 1877, Carl Stål established the genus Eubulides in the first description of Eubulides alutaceus , which became the type species of the genus. [6] The name is dedicated to the Greek philosopher Eubulides. [7] William Forsell Kirby placed the genus 1904 in the subfamily Eurycanthinae, today only considered as tribe Euricanthini. He added a second species to it with the newly written Eubulides spuria, which since 2005 has been regarded as synonym of Dryococelus australis . [8] Josef Redtenbacher continues to treat the genus 1906 as monotypical and includes it in the tribe Obrimini. [9] Two additional species were added through descriptions by James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn in 1939. [1] The 2022 by Mescel S. Acola, Jeremy Carlo B. Naredo and Orlando L. Eusebio in 2022 described Eubulides manobo was transferred by Frank H. Hennemann to the genus Armadolides , which was created specifically for this species. At the same time, Hennemann described four other Eubulides species. [3] [4]
In 2004 Oliver Zompro raised the Obrimini to the rank of a subfamily and divided them into three tribes. One of them was that of the Eubulidini. In addition to the type genus Eubulides, he also placed in this Tisamenus , Ilocano (now synonymous with Tisamenus), Hoploclonia , Stenobrimus , Heterocopus , Pterobrimus and Theramenes . [2] This tribe was withdrawn in 2016 by Hennemann et al and is now a synonym for the Obrimini. [10]
In their work on the spread and relationships within the Heteropterygidae, based mainly on genetic analysis, which was published in 2021, Sarah Bank et al also examined samples from five members of the genus Eubulides. Three turned out to be conspecific and were identified as Eubulides igorrote. Two more could not be assigned to any known species and represent new species. One of them was described by Hennemann in 2023 as Eubulides timog . The second, like Eubulides blaan , also described by Hennemann, [4] comes from Mindanao, more precisely from Mt. Kitanglad in the province of Bukidnon. Within the Obrimini the genus forms a sister group with a clade from the genera Sungaya , Trachyaretaon and Trachyaretaon negrosanon . [5]
The first and probably only stock of an Eubulides species goes back to specimens that were collected in 2009 by Joachim Bresseel and Thierry Heitzmann in the province Quezon on the island of Luzon. Hennemann described it as Eubulides timog in 2023. The Phasmid Study Group assigned the PSG number 311 for this stock. The species was initially sexually in breeding, but is probably only kept parthenogenetically. The species affiliation was controversial until 2023. It was initially called Eubulides igorrote and later named as Eubulides alutaceus. While the former is a much more robust species than the animals of the breeding stock, Eubulides igorrote has small spines on the pronotum and larger spines on the front edge of the mesonotum, which the breeding stock specimens lack. [5] [6] [4] [11] Two to three other breeding stocks known as Eubulides sp. 'Ifugao' or again as Eubulides alutaceus 'Vera Falls' came to Europe, are no longer in breeding. [12]
Eubulides timog needs a high level of humidity and substrate to lay eggs. While the generations that were first bred only ate Araceae, like Epipremnum , they can now be fed with the leaves of bramble or hazel without any problems. The parthenogenetic stock is considered to be easy to keep and to breed. [7] [12]
The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. About 150 valid species have been described.
The Obriminae are the most species-rich subfamily of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia. It is divided into two tribe.
The Obrimini are the most species-rich tribe of the Phasmatodea family of the Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia.
Mearnsiana is a genus of stick insects, which is native to the Philippine islands Mindanao, Leyte and Dinagat.
Mearnsiana bullosa, occasionally referred to by the common name Manobos stick-insect,is a species of stick insect in the family Heteropterygidae. It is native to the Philippine islands of Mindanao and Leyte. Until 2023 it was the only described representative of the genus Mearnsiana.
The genus Tisamenus native to the Philippines combines small to medium-sized species of stick insects.
Aretaon is a genus of stick insects native to Borneo and the Philippine island Palawan.
Trachyaretaon is a genus of stick insects native to the Philippines.
Brasidas is a genus of stick insects that is native to the Philippines and is named after the Spartan general Brasidas
Theramenes is a genus of medium-sized stick insects in the tribe Obrimini, which is native to the Philippines and to the Indonesian Talaud Islands.
Orestes guangxiensis is a representative of the genus Orestes.
Trachyaretaon gatla is a species of Phasmatodea native to the Philippine island Palawan.
Tisamenus deplanatus is a stick insect species native to the Philippine islands Luzon and Mindanao occurs.
Trachyaretaon echinatus is the type species of the genus Trachyaretaon in the order of the stick insects.
Stenobrimus is a genus of medium-sized stick insects native to the Philippines.
Brasidas cavernosus is a representative of the stick insects native to the Philippine island Luzon. It is considered one of the largest species in the subfamily Obriminae.
Pterobrimus is a monotypic genus of stick insects (Phasmatodea), containing the species Pterobrimus depressus, which is native to Fiji.
Tisamenus hebardi is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae endemic to the north of the Philippine island of Luzon.
Eubulides timog is a stick insect species from the family of the Heteropterygidae. Although only described in 2023, this species, native to the south and east of the Philippine island Luzón, has been kept and bred in the terrariums of enthusiasts since 2009.
Eubulides igorrote is a stick insect species from the family of the Heteropterygidae native to the Philippine island of Luzon.
