| Eubulides | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Female of an Eubulides species (PSG No. 311) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Superfamily: | Bacilloidea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Obriminae |
| Tribe: | Obrimini |
| Genus: | Eubulides Stål, 1877 |
| Species | |
Eubulides is a stick insect genus native to the Philippines.
The representatives of Eubulides are medium-sized, very slender and only slightly or hardly spined Obriminae species. The males reach 41 to 62 centimetres (16 to 24 in), the females 60 to 92 centimetres (24 to 36 in) in length. The head is flat and, like the pronotum, hardly reinforced or only covered with small tubercles. Only on the frontal margin of the elongated mesonotum spines may be present. There may be a few tubercles on the rear of the mesonotum. The middle femura are clearly toothed, the hind legs very strongly toothed. The secondary ovipositor of the females is designed as a curved laying sting. [1] [2] [3]
The previously known distribution area of the genus includes the Philippine islands Luzon and Mindanao. On Luzon there are representatives in the provinces Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya, on Mindanao in the provinces Bukidnon and Cotabato. [3] [4]
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| Cladogram of some Obrimini genera closely related to Eubulides [4] |
In 1877, Carl Stål established the genus Eubulides in the first description of Eubulides alutaceus , which became the type species of the genus. [5] The name is dedicated to the Greek philosopher Eubulides. [6] William Forsell Kirby placed the genus 1904 in the subfamily Eurycanthinae, today only considered as tribe Euricanthini. He added a second species to it with the newly written Eubulides spuria, which since 2005 has been regarded as synonym of Dryococelus australis . [7] Josef Redtenbacher continues to treat the genus 1906 as monotypical and includes it in the tribe Obrimini. [8] The only other species described so far were added in 1939 through descriptions by James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn and in 2022 by Mescel S. Acola, Jeremy Carlo B. Naredo and Orlando L. Eusebio. [1] [3]
In 2004 Oliver Zompro raised the Obrimini to the rank of a subfamily and divided them into three tribes. One of them was that of the Eubulidini. In addition to the type genus Eubulides, he also placed in this Tisamenus , Ilocano (now synonymous with Tisamenus), Hoploclonia , Stenobrimus , Heterocopus , Pterobrimus and Theramenes . [2] This tribe was withdrawn in 2016 by Frank H. Hennemann et al and is now a synonym for the Obrimini. [9]
In their work on the spread and relationships within the Heteropterygidae, based mainly on genetic analysis, which was published in 2021, Sarah Bank et al also examined samples from five members of the genus Eubulides. Three turned out to be conspecific and were identified as Eubulides igorrote. Two more could not be assigned to any known species and presumably represent new species. Within the Obrimini the genus forms a sister group with a clade from the genera Sungaya , Trachyaretaon and an as yet undescribed Obrimini genus. [4]
The first and probably only stock of an Eubulides species goes back to specimens that were collected in 2009 by Joachim Bresseel and Thierry Heitzmann in the province Quezon on the island of Luzon. The Phasmid Study Group assigned the PSG number 311 for this stock. The species was initially sexually in breeding, but is probably only kept parthenogenetically. The species affiliation is controversial. Partly it was and is called Eubulides alutaceus, partly as Eubulides igorrote. While the former is a much more robust species than the animals of the breeding stock, Eubulides igorrote has small spines on the pronotum and larger spines on the front edge of the mesonotum, which the breeding stock specimens lack, so that it is apparently an undescribed species. [4] [5] [10] Two to three other breeding stocks known as Eubulides sp. 'Ifugao' or again as Eubulides alutaceus 'Vera Falls' came to Europe, are no longer in breeding. [11] The stock that is being cultivated needs a high level of humidity and substrate to lay eggs. While the generations that were first bred only ate Araceae, like Epipremnum , they can now be fed with the leaves of bramble or hazel without any problems. The parthenogenetic stock is considered to be easy to keep and to breed. [6] [11]
The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. More than 130 valid species have been described.
The Obriminae are the most species-rich subfamily of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia. It is divided into two tribe.
Datamini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Dataminae from the order of the Phasmatodea. The representatives of this subfamily are on average not as large as those of the other two subfamilies belonging to the family of Heteropterygidae.
The Obrimini are the most species-rich tribe of the Phasmatodea family of the Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia.
Mearnsiana is a monotypic genus of stick insects, containing Mearnsiana bullosa as the so far only described representative.
The genus Tisamenus native to the Philippines combines small to medium-sized species of stick insects.
Aretaon is a genus of stick insects native to Borneo and the Philippine island Palawan.
Trachyaretaon is a genus of stick insects native to the Philippines.
Theramenes is a genus of medium-sized stick insects in the tribe Obrimini, which is native to the Philippines and to the Indonesian Talaud Islands.
Orestes guangxiensis is a representative of the genus Orestes.
Orestes japonicus, a stick insect, is a representative of the genus Orestes.
Tisamenus serratorius is a stick insect species that occurs on the Philippine island Luzon.
Tisamenus deplanatus is a stick insect species native to the Philippine islands Luzon and Mindanao occurs.
Tisamenus fratercula is a stick insect species native to the Philippine island Luzon.
Stenobrimus is a genus of medium-sized stick insects native to the Philippines.
The genus Euobrimus is a Philippines-native stick insect genus that is very similar or synonymous with the genus Brasidas.
Pterobrimus is a monotypic genus of stick insects (Phasmatodea), containing the species Pterobrimus depressus, wich is native to Fiji.
Tisamenus ranarius is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae native to the Philippines.
Tisamenus hebardi is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae endemic to the north of the Philippine island of Luzon.
Tisamenus lachesis is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae endemic to the Philippine Polillo Island.
