| Glaucomaria carpinea | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Lecanoraceae |
| Genus: | Glaucomaria |
| Species: | G. carpinea |
| Binomial name | |
| Glaucomaria carpinea | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
List
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Glaucomaria carpinea is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. [2] It is a widely distributed species.
The lichen was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. [3] It has had a complex taxonomic history, and has been transferred to several genera, including Lecanora , Scutellaria, and Variolaria. It is synonymous with Lichen angulosus, as defined by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1771, and all of the names resulting from generic transfers of that taxon. [1] Sergey Kondratyuk, László Sándor Lőkös, and Edit Farkas transferred it to the genus Glaucomaria in 2019. [4]
Glaucomaria carpinea has a crust-like (crustose) thallus that is either continuous or cracked. It has a whitish to grey colour, with a smooth texture and is not covered with a powdery substance ( epruinose ). This lichen is sometimes bordered by a white growth (prothallus) at its edges. Its apothecia (fruiting bodies) are typically crowded together and can be round or angular due to mutual compression. These apothecia are flat or slightly convex, measuring 0.5–1.5 mm across, and have an orange-brown to flesh-coloured disc heavily covered in white pruina . The margin of the apothecia is thin, slightly prominent, and typically not wavy. [5]
The outer ring of the apothecia (the thalline exciple ) features a well-developed cortex composed of vertically aligned hyphae (an anticlinal arrangement), with a medulla containing crystals that dissolve in a solution of potassium hydroxide (K). The inner ring ( proper exciple ) is thin and colourless, also filled with K-soluble crystals. The epithecium (topmost layer of the apothecia) is pale brown with a layer of fine crystals, with both the pigment and crystals dissolving in K to produce a bright yellow colour change (C+ bright yellow). The hymenium, the spore-producing layer, is colourless and 50–70 µm high. The paraphyses (sterile filaments in the hymenium) are slightly thickened at the top. The layer below the hymenium ( hypothecium ) is colourless. [5]
The asci (spore-bearing cells) of Glaucomaria carpinea are elongated-club shaped (elongate- clavate ) and very thin-walled, containing eight spores each. These asci have a tall structure in the middle ( tholus ) that reacts to iodine and potassium hydroxide by turning blue (K/I+ blue), surrounded by a blue outer layer. The ascospores are single-celled, hyaline (translucent), simple, broadly ellipsoid, and measure 9–14.5 by 5–8.5 µm with a thin wall. The photobiont , the photosynthetic partner of the lichen, is chlorococcoid –a spherical green alga. [5]
Chemical tests on the thallus reveal a yellow reaction to the K spot test (K+ yellow) and contain atranorin as the major compound, with minor amounts of chloroatranorin and eugenitol. The pruina on the apothecial disc contains a major metabolite called sordidone. [5] Glaucomaria carpinea has been noted to be a morphologically variable species, particularly in the deposition of pruina on various surfaces and the thickness of the margins. However, the lichen tends to be anatomically and chemically uniform. [6]
Glaucomaria carpinea has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. It has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Europe, Macaronesia, New Zealand, and North America. Its usual substrate is the smooth bark of deciduous trees, especially on twigs, branches, and young trunks. [7]
Lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi that have been recorded parasitising Glaucomaria carpinea include Arthonia subfuscicola , Sphaerellothecium propinquellum , Tremella endosporogena , and Heteroacanthella ellipsospora . [8]
The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.
Palicella is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Lecanoraceae. It contains six species.
Lecanora lojkahugoi is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. It is found in the Russian Far East and in South Korea.
Verseghya thysanophora, commonly known as the mapledust lichen, is a species of mostly corticolous (bark-dwelling), leprose lichen in the family Pertusariaceae. This common species is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The thallus of the lichen is a thin patchy layer of granular soredia, pale green to yellowish green in colour. The main characteristics of the lichen include the presence of lichen products known as thysanophora unknowns, and the conspicuous white, fibrous prothallus that encircles the thallus.
Opeltia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.
Jasonhuria is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Jasonhuria bogilana. This species is a saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen that occurs in South Korea.
Fauriea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. The genus, which contains seven species, is a member of the subfamily Caloplacoideae.
Rehmanniella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains five species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichens. The genus was circumscribed by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2018. The genus name honours Polish geographer, geomorphologist, botanist and explorer Anton Rehmann (1840–1917), who collected bryophytes and vascular plants in South Africa. The genus was originally circumscribed with Rehmanniella wirthii assigned as the type and only species. Four additional species were added to the genus in 2020.
Pisutiella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains five species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens that are found in a variety of environments in the Northern Hemisphere.
Franwilsia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species.
Caloplaca filsonii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a crust-like thallus that is uneven and warty around the edges and more distinctly wart-like in the centre, coloured in shades of grey and brownish-grey near its reproductive structures (apothecia), but lacking a developed prothallus.
Cerothallia subluteoalba is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Australia, it was described as a new species in 2009. This species is distinguished by its numerous bright yellow to soft yellow-orange apothecia, tiny spores with slim dividers (septa), and a barely distinguishable thallus that either fades away or grows inside its host.
Caloplaca letrouitioides is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is known to occur in Victoria, Australia. The species was named for its superficial resemblance to species in the genus Letrouitia. The anatomical characteristics of Caloplaca letrouitioides, particularly the well-developed true exciple and the unexpanded paraphyses tips, along with the absence of algae in the apothecia, set it apart from other species in the genus.
Fauriea trassii is a lichen species in the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is primarily found in the Far East of Russia, particularly in the Primorsky Krai region.
Eilifdahlia sergeyana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is endemic to Kangaroo Island in South Australia. The lichen thallus has an uneven and scaly texture, forming patches up to 40 mm wide in dull greenish-grey or brownish-grey. Its fruiting bodies (apothecia) are orange to yellow, with a biatorine structure, and range from 0.5 to 1 mm wide. These apothecia have a matte surface and a cup-shaped margin containing golden-yellow crystals. The paraphyses within are slender and branched, and the asci contain ellipsoid spores.
Oxneriopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.
Lazarenkoiopsis is a single-species fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains Lazarenkoiopsis ussuriensis, a corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen species found in the Russian Far East.
Elixjohnia jackelixii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand. The lichen is characterised by its unique multilayered appearance with outer sterile rings that are brownish or greenish-yellow and inner areoles that are whitish, yellowish, or greyish, often cracked to reveal the medulla underneath. Its fruiting bodies, or apothecia, are typically attached directly to the thallus and vary in colour and shape.
Nevilleiella marchantii is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2007. The thallus of Nevilleiella marchantii spreads 1–3 cm wide, with distinctive, almost spherical, pustule-like formations that give it an appearance resembling a bunch of grapes. These formations vary in shape and colour from yellow-brown to orange-brown.
Glaucomaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Lecanoraceae. It has seven species. The genus was circumscribed by Maurice Choisy in 1929. It contains crustose lichens formerly placed in the Lecanora rupicola species complex as defined by several previous authors.