Gliophorus

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Gliophorus
Gliophorus graminicolor E. Horak 229570.jpg
Gliophorus graminicolor
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Gliophorus
Herink (1958)
Type species
Gliophorus psittacinus
(Schaeff.) Herink (1958)

Gliophorus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Gliophorus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Gliophorus species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, two species, Gliophorus europerplexus and Gliophorus reginae , are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [1]

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was described by Czech mycologist Josef Herink in 1958. [2] It was formerly synonymized with Hygrocybe by many authorities, [3] but recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, indicates that Gliophorus is monophyletic and forms a natural group distinct from Hygrocybe sensu stricto. [4] [5] [6] [7]

Description

Species are distinguished from most other waxcaps by producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) with extremely slimy or glutinous caps and stems. [8] The waxcap genus Gloioxanthomyces is superficially similar.

Habitat and distribution

In Europe, Gliophorus species are typically found in agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grasslands (including pastures and lawns). [3] Elsewhere, they are most frequently found in woodland. The genus is cosmopolitan, though New Zealand has an unusually large number of native Gliophorus species. [8]

Species

ImageScientific nameDistribution
G. alboviscidus Europe
G. bichromus New Zealand
G. calunus North America
Gliophorus chromolimoneus - Ferndale Park.jpg G. chromolimoneus New Zealand and Australia
G. europerplexus [5] Wales, England, and Spain
G. fumosogriseus New Zealand
G. fumosus North America
Gliophorus glutinosus (10.3897-mycokeys.44.28554) Figure 3.jpg G. glutinosus [9] Sikkim
Gliophorus graminicolor E. Horak 542368.jpg G. graminicolor Australia and New Zealand
Hygrocybe irrigata.jpg G. irrigatus [10] Europe
Hygrocybe laeta (Pers.) Herink 486215.jpg G. laetus Europe, Central America, eastern and western North America
G. lilacinoides New Zealand
Gliophorus lilacipes 728990.jpg G. lilacipes New Zealand
G. luteoglutinosus Australia
G. ostrinus Mexico
G. pallidus New Zealand
G. parafumosus North America
2012-10-22 Hygrocybe psittacina var. perplexa (A.H. Sm. & Hesler) Boertm 274513.jpg G. perplexus [5] Mexico
G. pseudograminicolor [10] Australia
2014-03-30 Gliophorus psittacinus (Schaeff.) Herink 412340.jpg G. psittacinus Europe, United Kingdom, Iceland, Greenland, the Americas, South Africa, Japan
G. reginae England and Wales, Denmark, France, Slovakia, and Spain.
G. roseus [11] Panama
G. subaromaticus North America
Gliophorus subheteromorphus.jpg G. subheteromorphus New Zealand
G. sulfureus New Zealand
Gliophorus versicolor 62378.jpg G. versicolor New Zealand
Gliophorus viridis 62395.jpg G. viridis New Zealand
Gliophorus viscaurantius 62384.jpg G. viscaurantius New Zealand.

References

  1. ↑ "Gliophorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
  2. ↑ Herink J. (1958). "Stavnatkovité houby parhorku "Velká Horka" u Mnichova Hradiste". Sborník Severoceského Musea (in Czech). 1: 53–86.
  3. 1 2 Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN   978-87-983581-7-6.
  4. ↑ Babos M, Halász K, Zagyva T, Zöld-Balogh Á, Szegő D, Bratek Z (2011). "Preliminary notes on dual relevance of ITS sequences and pigments in Hygrocybe taxonomy". Persoonia. 26: 99–107. doi:10.3767/003158511X578349. PMC   3160800 . PMID   22025807.
  5. 1 2 3 Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi: 10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0 . hdl: 2318/136089 .
  6. ↑ "Gliophorus Herink". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  7. ↑ "Gliophorus Herink 1958". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  8. 1 2 Horak E. (1990). "Monograph of the New Zealand Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 28 (3): 255–309. Bibcode:1990NZJB...28..255H. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1990.10412313.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. ↑ Chakraborty, Dyutiparna; Das, Kanad; Vizzini, Alfredo (2018). "Gliophorus glutinosus sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) from Eastern Himalayan region of India". MycoKeys. 44 (44): 123–135. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.44.28554 . PMC   6310712 . PMID   30613182.
  10. 1 2 Paul M. Kirk (10 September 2013). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (23): 1. ISSN   2049-2375. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  11. ↑ Reschke, K., Lotz-Winter, H., Fischer, C.W., Hofmann, T.A., Piepenbring, M., 2021. New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama. Phytotaxa 529, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.1
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