Gliophorus irrigatus

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Gliophorus irrigatus
Hygrocybe irrigata.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Gliophorus
Species:
G. irrigatus
Binomial name
Gliophorus irrigatus
(Pers.) A.M. Ainsw. & P.M. Kirk (2013)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus irrigatusPers. (1801)
  • Hygrophorus irrigatus(Pers.) Fr. (1838)
  • Camarophyllus irrigatus(Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871)
  • Agaricus unguinosusFr. (1821)
  • Hygrocybe unguinosa(Fr.) P. Karst. (1879)
  • Hygrophorus unguinosus(Fr.) Fr. (1838)
  • Hygrocybe irrigatus(Pers.) Bon (1976)

Gliophorus irrigatus is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of slimy waxcap. [2] The species is widespread in Europe, typically in grassland. Similar but distinct species occur in North America and elsewhere.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1801 by the South African-born mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as Agaricus irrigatus. It was subsequently combined in a number of different genera, before being transferred to Hygrocybe in 1976. The specific epithet comes from Latin "irrigatus" (= watered or bedewed), with reference to the viscid coating of the fruit bodies. [3]

Molecular research published in 2011, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, showed that Hygrocybe irrigata did not belong in Hygrocybe sensu stricto and it was moved to the genus Gliophorus in 2013. [1] [4]

Description

Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 100 mm (4 in) tall, the cap convex at first and remaining convex or becoming flat when expanded, up to 50 mm (2 in) across. The cap surface is very viscid when damp, striate at the margin, and pale greyish brown. The lamellae (gills) are whitish to pale cap-coloured and more or less decurrent (widely attached to and running down the stipe). The stipe (stem) is very viscid when damp, smooth, cylindrical or compressed, and grey to cap-coloured. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, about 6.5 to 8.0 by 4.5 to 5.0  μm. [5]

The recently described Gliophorus alboviscidus is similar, but is entirely pallid to white. [6]

Distribution and habitat

The slimy waxcap is distributed in Europe and the Caucasus, as far east as Georgia. [6] It was formerly believed to occur in North America, but DNA sequencing has shown that American records refer to several similar species, including Gliophorus fumosus and G. parafumosus in eastern North America and G. calunus and G. subaromaticus in the west. [6]

Like most other European waxcaps, Gliophorus irrigatus grows in old, unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns). Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses. [7]

Conservation

Gliophorus irrigatus is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. The slimy waxcap is one of the commoner species, however, only appearing on the red lists of threatened fungi in a few countries, including the Czech Republic, [8] Germany (Bavaria), [9] and Poland. [10]

References

  1. 1 2 "Hygrocybe irrigata". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  2. ↑ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  3. ↑ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: A Handbook of the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 799.
  4. ↑ Babos M, Halász K, Zagyva T, Zöld-Balogh Á, Szegő D, Bratek Z (2011). "Preliminary notes on dual relevance of ITS sequences and pigments in Hygrocybe taxonomy". Persoonia. 26: 99–107. doi:10.3767/003158511X578349. PMC   3160800 . PMID   22025807.
  5. ↑ Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN   978-87-983581-7-6.
  6. 1 2 3 Harries DJ, Blencowe CM, Leal-Dutra CA, Lodge DJ, Harrington AH, Bye R, Pearse Z, Russell SD, Williams J, Ré LA, Griffith GW (2025). "Revisions to the Gliophorus irrigatus complex (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae, Gliophorus, section Unguinosae) including a new waxcap, G. alboviscidus, from the UK but detected globally via soil eDNA, two new species from eastern North America, G. fumosus and G. parafumosus, plus a new species, G. calunus, and a new combination of Hygrophorus subaromaticus in Gliophorus from western North America". Biorxiv. doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683655.
  7. ↑ Seitzman BH, Ouimette A, Mixon RL, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS (2011). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID   21139028. S2CID   318326.
  8. ↑ "Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic". Czech Scientific Society for Mycology. Archived from the original on 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  9. ↑ "Rote Liste gefährdeter Großpilze Bayerns" (PDF). Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  10. ↑ "Czerwona Lista grzybów Polski". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
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