Goal ambiguity

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In business administration goal setting, goal ambiguity refers to the extent that organizational goals permit interpretative leeway. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Higher education in the United States has been criticized as suffering from goal ambiguity. [6]

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Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education also follows a structured approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education entails unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are categorized into levels, including early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on teaching methods, such as teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on subjects, such as science education, language education, and physical education. Additionally, the term "education" can denote the mental states and qualities of educated individuals and the academic field studying educational phenomena.

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Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 18th century. In addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide array of academic disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, linguistics, management, communication studies, psychology, culturology and political science.

Strategy is a general plan to achieve one or more long-term or overall goals under conditions of uncertainty. In the sense of the "art of the general", which included several subsets of skills including military tactics, siegecraft, logistics etc., the term came into use in the 6th century C.E. in Eastern Roman terminology, and was translated into Western vernacular languages only in the 18th century. From then until the 20th century, the word "strategy" came to denote "a comprehensive way to try to pursue political ends, including the threat or actual use of force, in a dialectic of wills" in a military conflict, in which both adversaries interact.

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References

  1. Botti, Antonio; Monda, Antonella (15 June 2019). "Goal Ambiguity in Public Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review". International Journal of Business and Management. 14 (7): 137. doi:10.5539/IJBM.V14N7P137.
  2. Ritchie, Victoria F. (2014). ""UNDERSTANDING THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN GOAL AMBIGUITY, LATERAL ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICAITON, AND JOB SATISFACTION"". Research Papers. Paper 541: Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Retrieved 11 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. Davis, Randall S. (2022). "Goal-Setting Theory of Organizations". Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance: 5626–5630. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_160. ISBN   978-3-030-66251-6.
  4. Open Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global. 6 September 2019. p. 275-276. ISBN   978-1-5225-9861-9.
  5. Durant, Robert F. (2 August 2012). The Oxford Handbook of American Bureaucracy. Defining Goal Ambiguity: OUP Oxford. pp. 238–240. ISBN   978-0-19-162832-0 . Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  6. Thompson, Derek (8 May 2024). "No One Knows What Universities Are For". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 May 2024.