The first seven-seater French-origin Alouette III helicopters were introduced by the IAF in 1962. A year later, in 1965, the HAL gave the Indian Air Force (IAF_ its first Alouette III, named HAL Chetak, produced under license. Furthermore, HAL and France struck a contract in 1970 for the local production of the five-seater SA-315B Lama helicopters, which were later christened HAL Cheetah when they were delivered to the IAF in 1976.[9]
During the 1990s and the 2000s, the procurement of a modern successor to the aging HAL Cheetah and HAL Chetak helicopters of the Indian Army and the IAF had been recognized as an impending need.[10] Multiple attempts at establishing a competitive tendering program; one such effort specified a total of 197 utility helicopters for the Indian Army, 60 of which were to be directly purchased and the remaining 137 to be produced under license by Indian aerospace company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).[10] However, this tender, in which the Eurocopter Fennec appeared to be the frontrunner against the rival Bell 407, eventually ended up being cancelled in response to allegations of irregularities in the selection process; Eurocopter was subsequently investigated and exonerated of any wrongdoing.[11][12] Consequently, new safeguards were implemented to ensure impartiality and the replacement effort was subsequently restarted.[10]
During July 2008, the Government of India circulated a request for proposals (RFP) to various helicopter companies, including AgustaWestland, Bell Helicopter, Eurocopter, Kamov and Sikorsky, for a fleet of 197 light utility helicopters to be purchased in a fly-away condition directly from the manufacturer in order to speed up their delivery.[10] Intended for military purposes, the potential contract was valued as a maximum of $750 million, of which 30 per cent was required to be invested within India under the government's policy of industrial offsets; HAL was also specified as to provide domestic maintenance activities for the fleet, who were reportedly also keen to manufacture further examples locally and further develop the selected type.[10] It had been initially hoped that trials would begin in 2009 and that helicopter deliveries could commence as early as 2010.[10][11]
By late 2008, Bell had announced its decision not to participate despite earlier considerations on offering a variant of their Bell 407 helicopter; according to Bell, the high offset requirements had made any bid less feasible and thus the company chose to withdraw from the Indian military market.[11] As of February 2009, the defence ministry was expected to take the decision by early 2010 and induct the first helicopter in 2011. HAL would be responsible for the maintenance of the newly inducted helicopter as well as establish a new division to oversee the LUH programme.[13] However, the trials were further delayed to mid-2010 with the shortlisted bidders to be announced by 2011.[14]
Russian Helicopters submitted its Kamov Ka-226T as one of the entrant for the competition.[15] Shortly after the selection of the Ka-226T to meet the requirement, during December 2015, an agreement was signed for the creation of a joint venture between Rostec, Russian Helicopters and HAL to manufacture the Ka-226T at a new factory to be built at Tumakuru, India.[16] Meanwhile, HAL, which had long held ambitions to design and produce such an aircraft, sought to establish a partnership with a Western manufacturer with considerable technical know-how in the field; reportedly, Eurocopter were viewed as being the favorite, having already worked with HAL for decades on previous ventures, such as the Chetak and Cheetal that were being replaced.[17] By November 2021, the Ka-226T purchase had been put on hold due to cost and indigenous content disputes;[18] by August 2022, it was stated that geopolitical factors had added further complication to the deal.[19] The Ma-226T deal was cancelled by November 2023.[9][20]
The replacement of the Indian Army and IAF's six-decade old fleet of 186 Chetaks and 200 Cheetahs is likely to take at least a decade. The Army has a requirement of 250 helicopters for reconnaissance and light lift roles while the service has sent out an RFI to lease 20 reconnaissance and surveillance helicopters (RSH) for five years[21][22] to close the gap. The RFI responses were being studied as of then. The Army's fleet consists of 190 helicopters comprised 246 units, around 134 of which were around 30 to 50 years old. Meanwhile, the leftover service life, or Total Technical Life (TTL), of the oldest batch of in-service HAL Chetak ends in 2027. Also, the IAF operates 120 of these helicopters, including 18 Cheetals. The first commissioned batch has been grounded. The fleet would be replaced through two programmes — HAL Light Utility Helicopter and the Reconnaissance and Surveillance Helicopters (RSH).[9][22]
The Indian Navy's Chetak replacement programme, namely Naval Utility Helicopter (NUH) project, differs from the Army-IAF LUH project in the additional requirement to operate from warships. Design changes include wheeled landing gear, naval optimization, foldable blades and compact dimensions.[23]
Project launch
Light Utility Helicopter mock-up at Aero India 2011
During February 2009, India's defence ministry gave "in-principle" approval to HAL's proposal to manufacture 187 light utility helicopters for the Army and the IAF by 2017. This allowed HAL to enter design phase of an indigenous programme that could potentially meet the requirements of the armed forces and also explore foreign partnership arrangements. The then chairman of the firm expected to deliver the helicopter in five or six years. The helicopter will belong to the 3tonne category with a range of up to 500km (310mi; 270nmi) and a payload capacity of up to 500kg (1,100lb). The new programme would be separate than the Advanced Light Helicopter and Light Combat Helicopter programmes.[13] Of the 187 choppers, 126 would be inducted into the Army and the rest of 61 would be for the IAF. The helicopter could be modified for civilian applications as well.[22][24]
In March 2010, HAL announced that it had decided to proceed on the project without any foreign consultant. Earlier, the winner of the 197 helicopter tender was expected to be the foreign collaborator for this development programme. However, the trials which were expected to begin in 2009 was delayed to mid-2010 with the shortlisted bidders to be announced by 2011. The helicopter, also referred to as Light Observation Helicopter, would be powered by a single HAL/Turbomeca Shaktiturboshaft engine and the maiden flight was scheduled by 2015.[25]
In February 2011, HAL unveiled a full-sized mockup of its LUH design. At this point, the design of the LUH was officially frozen, but some elements, such as the powerplant, were yet to be selected for the type; additionally, the first prototype was anticipated to be constructed by the end of 2012 and the first flight was scheduled to occur during 2013.[6] By early November 2012, the bottom structure assembly of the LUH ground test vehicle had been completed. According to HAL, the manufacturing jigs, which are of a modular and gauge-less design, consisting of five assembly jigs and a coupling jig, had been developed and validated using Computer Aided Measurement System (CAMS) to establish high accuracy and stability, which produces smooth and flawless 'First off' structure build. The powerplant competition was between HAL/Turbomeca Shakti-1H1 and LHTEC T800.[14] In March 2014, HAL promoted its LUH's capabilities as a civilian multirole helicopter, noting its ability to carry up to six passengers in an appropriate configuration. Meanwhile, the first flight was pushed back to 2017.[8]
By April 2015, the programme had been delayed multiple times.[23] By 2016, the project timeline called for the buildind of four prototypes by 2017 and the start of quantity production by 2018.[26]
Test programme
HAL test pilot Wing Commander (retired) Unni K. Pillai and Director General of Army Aviation Corps Lt Gen AK Suri with LUH.
Following repeated delays to the type's first flight, on 6 September 2016, the first prototype LUH PT-1 (ZG4620) conduct its maiden flight outside HAL's manufacturing facility at Bangalore. The aircraft took off at 1210 IST and was flown for 15 minutes by HAL test pilots.[5][27][28] The maiden flight, which was reportedly flown without any issues, marked the commencement of the flight test phase of development.[29] Three prototypes were planned with Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) expected by 2017-end.[27] On 14 February 2017, the first prototype performed an aerobatic display in front of members of the general public in Aero India 2017.[30]
Using feedback from the first prototype, a more refined second prototype performed its first flight on 22 May 2017.[31][32] The LUH flew at 6km altitude Envelope Expansion Test at Bengaluru, a critical certification requirement, in December 2018.[33] Thereafter, the high altitude cold weather trials were planned in January 2019.[24] On 14 December 2018, the third prototype PT-3 had its maiden flight.[34] In 2018, the LUH finished hot weather trials at Nagpur. Testing at sea-level altitudes was completed at Chennai in 2018 and at Puducherry in 2019.[35]
Final test flight of Army Acceptance Trial on 7 October 2021.
In January 2019, the LUH successfully completed cold weather trials.[36] The LUH undertook successful high altitude hot weather trials between 24 August and 2 September 2019.[35] On 7 February 2020, the LUH received its Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) from CEMILAC, Department of Defence Research and Development of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) at the DefExpo 2020.[37][38] The three prototypes had cumulatively performed over 550 flights as of then.[39] The certification to be followed by integration of mission equipment and serial production.[40]
The Indian Army has requested a final demonstration trial prior to the LUH goes into mass production. HAL announced the completion of the final demonstration trial on 9 September 2020, which involved envelope expansion, performance, flying qualities, payload and landing capabilities at the highest altitudes of Siachen Glacier.[41] The Final Operational Clearance (FOC) is planned for 2021, following tests focused on its automatic flight control system (AFCS).[42]
During an official visit on 7 October 2021, Director General of Army Aviation CorpsLt Gen AK Suri flew the LUH's final test sortie, successfully completing the Army Acceptance Trial. The LUH was stated to have reached readiness for induction by the Indian Armed Forces.[44] From August 2022, HAL started flight trials of the limited series production (LSP) platform.[45] In late 2022, the Indian Coast Guard Director General, V S Pathania, led a delegation of officials to HAL, during which he undertook a 45 minute sortie in LUH. ICG is evaluating replacement of Chetak helicopters in fleet with the LUH.[46]
By 2021, all certification activities, including ground testing, ground test vehicle endurance runs, system testing, and flight trials under conditions such as hot and cold weather, high altitude and at sea level, were completed and the helicopter design met all the Preliminary Joint Services Qualitative Requirements (PJSQR) of the Armed Forces.[43] Certain critical systems of LUH were still under testing by November 2023 while the Services expected certification and large-scale order within 18 to 20 months.[9]
Two concerns expressed by the IAF over the LUH, namely the imported Flight Control System and the main rotor, have been resolved by HAL. The Safran FCS will eventually be superseded by an indigenous system while the blade disk has been resolved by HAL, who is hopeful of full certification by December 2025, with delivery of the initial orders by Match 2026.[47]
By January 2025, the flight control system software from Safran is undergoing certification after which the aircraft will finally enter production.[48]
Manufacturing
An LUH LSP at HAL's production line on 9 September 2024.
On 3 January 2016, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, unveiled a plaque for the foundation stone for a helicopter manufacturing complex for HAL in the Tumakuru district.[50] The 615 acres (2.49km2) factory,[51] with an initial investment of ₹2,000 crore (US$297.64 million), would be the assembly line for the LUH helicopter and would start functioning from 2018–19. The facility was expected to deliver 30 helicopters annually from 2019–20 onwards. The rate would be upgraded to 60 units per year in phase II within three to four years. Meanwhile, the per unit cost of LUH in 2016 was estimated at ₹40 crore (US$5.95 million). The limited series production (LSP), however, would be conducted at HAL's Bengaluru facility.[27] On 22 February 2019, the CEO of the Helicopter Complex signed an MoU with the CPWD to execute stage 2 of the project which included infrastructure development works.[52]
The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) on 2 November 2021 approved purchase of 12 limited series production (LSP) variants of LUH, at a cost of ₹1,500 crore (US$202.93 million),[22][53] including 6 each for the Indian Army and Air Force. The Indian Armed Forces will purchase 175 production variant helicopters. As of then, the Tumakuru assembly line would become fully operational from March 2022.[54][18] As per a government report from the Rajya Sabha on 29 November, the Army and IAF will get two LSP each from 2022–23.[53] As of August 2022, HAL had received a Letter of Intent (LoI) from the Services to manufacture 12 LUHs. Two of them were already in advanced stages of production. Additionally, a Request for Quotation had also been issued to HAL for a large order. Against the original commitment of 126 units, the Army then expected to purchase 111 light helicopters.[19]
On 6 February 2023, Modi inaugurated the Tumakuru greenfield manufacturing facility which is reportedly the largest in India. A phase III expansion to increase annual production rate to 90 units is also planned. The production portfolio of HAL Helicopter Factory will be further expanded to include the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) and the Indian Multi Role Helicopter (IMRH). The facility will also handle the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) of Civil ALH, LCH, LUH as well as cater to potential export orders of Civil LUH. The company plans to manufacture over 1,000 helicopters in the range of 3–15 tonne class over 20 years. The facility was operationalised with a Heli-Runway, Flight Hangar, Final Assembly Hangar, Structure Assembly Hangar, Air Traffic Control and various supporting service facilities.[51][55][56]
As of November 2023, the LSP contract was yet to be signed, though the deliveries were expected to commence in August 2022. A large scale order would only be placed ones the LSP variants are commissioned. The issue included the lack of a certified autopilot system, or Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS), in the chopper which is mandated by the Services for the LSP variant.[9] However, HAL has commenced trials after the issue was resolved. The first six LSP variants would then be delivered between December 2024 and June 2025. The larger contract was expected by January 2024.[22]
By November 2023, the Army was planning to place an initial order worth ₹45,000 crore (US$5.3billion) for over 90 helicopters and has a total requirement of around 250 helicopters.[57] Around this time, a combined order for the three branches of India's Armed Forces is expected to be finalized within the next 18-20 months, with deliveries projected to commence from 2026 onward.[9][20] In September 2024, The Hindu reported that the Army has a requirement of 225 LUHs and a deal of 110 LUHs was in the cost negotiation stage.[58] By January 2025, HAL expects the order for 12 LSP helicopters to be placed by second quarter of 2025. The delays were attributed to supply of flight control system or auto pilot software purchased from the Safran Electronics which has now been delivered and installed on the helicopter. HAL has produced 6 LUHs and had sought help from the Netherlands to overcome a particular adjustment. The first helicopter will be delivered within 24 months of signing the contract.[48] By 19 February 2025, the LUH prototypes logged 1,161 test flights.[59]
The HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) is an agile three-tonne light helicopter. It possesses a cruise speed of 235km/h (146mph), maximum speed of 260km/h (160mph), service ceiling of up to 6.5km (21,000ft), a range of 350km (220mi) with maximum take-off weight of 3.12 tonne and an empty weight of 1.91 tonne.[6] The LUH will be capable of accommodating a maximum of two pilots and six passengers, all of which shall be seated on crash-worthy seats; externally, it is capable of carrying cargoes of up to one tonne under-slung.[60] It will be able to undertake various roles, including emergency medical services (EMS), troop transport, utility, search and rescue (S&R), VVIP, aerial reconnaissance and surveillance missions.[6][29]
The LUH is powered by a single 750 KW rated Shakti-1U turboshaft engine derived from Safran Ardiden, co-developed by HAL and Turbomeca.[61] This engine supports dual channel Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system along with backup fuel control system.[6] The gearbox was developed by Microtec company located in Hyderabad, while the ring gear is built by Shanti Gears and transmission by HAL.[62] An alternative engine, the HTSE-1200, which features a greater degree of indigenous content, is under development with the aim of replacing the Shakti-1U engines.[63]
The helicopter will be equipped with a glass cockpit featuring a Smart Cockpit Display System (SCDS) along with a skid-based landing gear arrangement.[6] LUH is the only helicopter in the 3 ton category to have foldable rotors.[62] The LUH is equipped with along with a state-of-the-art HUMS (Health & Usage Monitoring System).[43] Avionics hardware is supplied by Chennai-based Data patterns and HAL worked on the software. With supplies from many other Indian companies, HAL plans to take the indigenous content to over 60 percent.[62] The LUH is intended to be compatible with Generation 3 (GEN III)night vision goggles technology developed by the Netro Optronics division of MKU.[64][65] The LUH also features a flight control system or autopilot software from Safran Electronics. The software, which has two parts including for basic stabilization, is presently undergoing final certification.[48]
Indian Army: 6 LSP approved for order,[54] 110 production variant in advanced stage of negotiations. Total 225 planned.[66] Original commitment: 126.[24]
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