HMS Seahorse (98S)

Last updated

HMS Seahorse.jpg
Seahorse on the surface
History
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svgUnited Kingdom
NameSeahorse
Ordered16 March 1931
Builder Chatham Dockyard
Laid down14 September 1931
Launched15 November 1932
Completed2 October 1933
Identification Pennant number: 98S
FateSunk, 7 January 1940
Badge
SEAHORSE badge-1-.jpg
General characteristics
Class and type S-class submarine
Displacement
  • 730 long tons (740 t) surfaced
  • 927 long tons (942 t) submerged
Length202 ft 6 in (61.7 m)
Beam24 ft (7.3 m)
Draught11 ft 11 in (3.6 m)
Installed power
  • 1,550  bhp (1,160 kW) (diesel)
  • 1,300 hp (970 kW) (electric)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 13.75 knots (25.47 km/h; 15.82 mph) surfaced
  • 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) submerged
Range3,700  nmi (6,900 km; 4,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surface; 64 nmi (119 km; 74 mi) at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) submerged
Test depth300 feet (91.4 m)
Complement38
Armament

HMS Seahorse was a first-batch S-class submarine (often called the Swordfish class) built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. Ordered in March 1931, she was laid down at Chatham Dockyard in September 1931 and launched on 15 November 1932.

Contents

At the start of World War II, Seahorse was conducting a patrol southwest of Stavanger, Norway. While returning to port after her first and uneventful patrol, Seahorse was erroneously attacked with depth charges by a British aircraft. After repairs, she conducted a second war patrol, sighting the surfaced submarine U-36 on 13 November 1939. Her torpedoes missed their target, however. During her next patrol on 30 October, Seahorse sighted another German submarine, U-21, but it submerged before torpedoes could be launched. On 18 November, Seahorse spotted two German ships, very probably the destroyers Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp and Z19 Hermann Künne, but failed to maneuver into an attack position. On 26 December, Seahorse departed for her sixth and last war patrol, off Heligoland Bight, with orders to patrol off Heligoland then shift to the mouth of the Elbe on 30 December, then return to port on 9 January 1940, but she did not return on her due date. It was originally thought that she had struck a mine, but German records, examined after the war, suggest she was sunk by the German First Minesweeper Flotilla, which reported an attack on an unidentified submarine on 7 January 1940. It is, however, also possible that she was rammed and sunk by the German Sperrbrecher IV/Oakland southeast of Heligoland on 29 December 1939.

Design and description

The S-class submarines were designed as successors to the L class and were intended to operate in the North and Baltic Seas. [1] The submarines had a length of 202 feet 6 inches (61.7 m) overall, a beam of 24 feet (7.3 m) and a mean draught of 11 feet 11 inches (3.6 m). They displaced 730 long tons (740 t) on the surface and 927 long tons (942 t) submerged. [2] The S-class submarines had a crew of 38 officers and ratings. They had a diving depth of 300 feet (91.4 m). [3]

For surface running, the boats were powered by two 775- brake-horsepower (578 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 650-horsepower (485 kW) electric motor. They could reach 13.75 knots (25.47 km/h; 15.82 mph) on the surface and 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) underwater. [4] On the surface, the first-batch boats had a range of 3,700 nautical miles (6,900 km; 4,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) and 64 nmi (119 km; 74 mi) at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) submerged. [3]

The boats were armed with six 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried six reload torpedoes for a grand total of a dozen torpedoes. They were also armed with a 3-inch (76 mm) deck gun. [2]

Construction and career

Ordered on 13 March 1931, HMS Seahorse was laid down on 14 September 1931 in Chatham Royal Dockyard and launched on 15 November 1932. [2] The boat was commissioned the next year, on 2 October 1934, and received the pennant number 98S. [5]

On 22 September 1938, Seahorse was damaged in an accidental collision with the destroyer HMS Foxhound. [6]

World War II

At the onset of World War II, Seahorse was a member of the 2nd Submarine Flotilla. From 23–26 August 1939, the 2nd Submarine Flotilla transferred to its war base at Dundee. [7] On 24 August, Seahorse, under the command of Lt. D.S. Massy-Dawson left Dundee, assigned to a patrol position southwest of Stavanger, Norway. At the start of World War II, this became her first war patrol. After her uneventful patrol, Seahorse, returning to Dundee, was erroneously attacked with depth charges by a British aircraft at 20:07 (UTC) in position 56°40′N01°04′W / 56.667°N 1.067°W / 56.667; -1.067 . Seahorse had dived upon spotting the aircraft, but her diving planes jammed, causing her bow to come out of the water. Seahorse dived again and hit the 220 feet (67.1 m) deep bottom heavily, causing damage to her ASDIC dome. The attacking aircraft was heavily damaged by the blast of her own bombs and ditched. The next day, on 6 September, Seahorse ended her patrol in Dundee, then shifted to Rosyth for repairs later that day. [5]

On 12 September, Seahorse returned to Dundee after repairs and left for her second war patrol on 16 September, again assigned to the southwest coast of Norway. The next day, Seahorse sighted the surfaced German U-boat U-36 which was attacking the Danish merchant ship N.J. Ohlsen. Three torpedoes were launched in position 56°42′N00°52′E / 56.700°N 0.867°E / 56.700; 0.867 , but all missed their target. On 2 October, Seahorse ended her second war patrol in Dundee, and, after a stop at Rosyth, departed for her third patrol on 17 October. This time, Seahorse was ordered to patrol the southern coast of Norway. On 30 October 1939, Seahorse sighted a submarine, which may have been the German U-21, but the submarine dived before torpedoes could be fired. On 31 October, Seahorse returned to Rosyth, ending her third war patrol. [5]

Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp, which Seahorse attempted to attack on 18 November Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp - NH 83980.jpg
Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp, which Seahorse attempted to attack on 18 November

After a stop at Blyth, Seahorse departed for her fourth war patrol on 12 November, to the northwest of the Netherlands. On 18 November, she sighted two ships, very probably the German destroyers Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp and Z19 Hermann Künne, but Seahorse could not maneuver into an attack position. On 28 November, Seahorse returned to Blyth after her uneventful fourth patrol. [5]

On 13 December, Seahorse departed Blyth to patrol the British east coast, but returned to port two days later after, having been recalled. [5]

Last patrol

On 26 December, Seahorse departed for her sixth and last war patrol, off Heligoland Bight. Her orders were to initially patrol off Heligoland and then move to the mouth of the Elbe on 30 December. She was expected to return to Blyth on 9 January. Initially it was assumed that she was likely to have been mined but after the end of the war after examining German records it was considered possible that she could have been sunk by the German First Minesweeper Flotilla which reported carrying out a prolonged depth charge attack on an unknown submarine on 7 January 1940. [8] It is however also possible that she was rammed and sunk by the German Sperrbrecher IV/Oakland southeast of Heligoland on 29 December 1939. [5] Seahorse was the first British submarine lost to enemy action during World War II. [9]

Notes

  1. Harrison, Chapter 16
  2. 1 2 3 Chesneau, p. 49
  3. 1 2 McCartney, p. 4
  4. Bagnasco, p. 110
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 HMS Seahorse, u-boat.net
  6. English, pp. 75–76
  7. Rohwer, p.1
  8. Submarine losses 1904 to present day Archived 2007-01-02 at the Wayback Machine , RN Submarine Museum, Gosport
  9. McCartney

Related Research Articles

HMS <i>Sceptre</i> (P215) UK submarine

HMS Sceptre (P215) was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in April 1943, she spent the majority of her career in the North Sea, off Norway. After an uneventful patrol, the submarine participated in Operation Source, an attack on German battleships in Norway using small midget submarines to penetrate their anchorages and place explosive charges. However, the midget submarine that she was assigned to tow experienced technical difficulties and the mission was aborted. During her next four patrols, Sceptre attacked several ships, but only succeeded in severely damaging one. She was then ordered to tow the submarine X24, which was to attack a floating dry dock in Bergen. The operation, codenamed Guidance, encountered difficulties with the attacking submarine's charts, and the explosives were laid on a merchant ship close to the dock instead. The dock was damaged and the ship sunk, and X24 was towed back to England. Sceptre then conducted a patrol in the Bay of Biscay, sinking two German merchant ships, before being reassigned to tow X24 to Bergen again. The operation was a success, and the dry dock was sunk.

HMS <i>Swordfish</i> (61S) Submarine

HMS Swordfish (61S) was a first-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. Commissioned in 1932, she was given the pennant number 61S and was assigned to the 2nd Submarine Flotilla.

HMS <i>Safari</i> Royal Navy S-class submarine which served in World War II

HMS Safari was a third batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Commissioned in 1942, she was assigned to operate in the Mediterranean Sea. During the course of the war, Safari sank twenty-five ships, most of which were Italian.

HMS <i>E18</i> Submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS E18 was an E-class submarine of the Royal Navy, launched in 1915 and lost in the Baltic Sea in May 1916 while operating out of Reval. The exact circumstances surrounding the sinking remain a mystery. The wreck of the submarine was discovered in October 2009.

German submarine <i>U-50</i> (1939) German World War II submarine

German submarine U-50 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. Ordered on 21 November 1936, she was laid down as yard number 585 at the yards of Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft AG in Kiel on 3 November 1938. She was launched on 1 November 1939 and commissioned on 12 December 1939 by Kapitänleutnant (Kptlt.) Max-Hermann Bauer, who was the sole commander of the boat. In her short career she conducted only two patrols, both as part of the 7th U-boat Flotilla. In this time she succeeded in sinking four ships, totalling 16,089 gross register tons (GRT).

HMS <i>P48</i> (1942) Submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS P48 was a Royal Navy U-class submarine built by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness. Commissioned on 18 June 1942, Vickers arranged for the wife of serving submarine Captain, Alister Mars of HMS Unbroken, Ting Mars and Commander of the cruiser Jamaica to officially launch P.48 at Barrow dockyard.

HMS <i>Sturgeon</i> (73S) Submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS Sturgeon was an S-class submarine that entered service with the Royal Navy in 1932. Ordered in 1930, she was laid down at Chatham Dockyard in January 1931 and launched on 8 January 1932. Commissioned on 27 February 1933, Sturgeon was assigned to the 2nd Submarine Flotilla.

HMS <i>Starfish</i> (19S) Submarine

HMS Starfish was a first-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. Completed in 1933, she participated in the Second World War.

HMS <i>Splendid</i> (P228) Submarine

HMS Splendid was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. She was laid down on 7 March 1941 and launched on 19 January 1942. After an initial patrol through the Bay of Biscay to Gibraltar, Splendid conducted two patrols in the Mediterranean Sea; one was abandoned after technical problems and on the other she sank two Italian ships. On her next patrol, the submarine attacked two Italian convoys, sinking an Italian destroyer in the second attack. Based in Algiers, the boat operated north of Sicily, sinking six Italian ships, including two tankers and two heavy merchant ships. Splendid was detected by a German destroyer on 21 April 1943 while patrolling off Naples, Italy; the submarine was attacked with depth charges by the destroyer and forced to surface, after which she was scuttled and her surviving crew members taken prisoner. She was the most successful British submarine by tonnage sunk between November 1942 and May 1943.

HMS <i>Sickle</i> British S-class submarine

HMS Sickle was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in 1942, she made her initial war patrol off the Norwegian coast. Sickle then sailed to Gibraltar, from where she conducted one patrol, then to Algiers, French North Africa. From 10 May to 10 October, the boat patrolled the Gulf of Genoa five times and sank a German submarine as well as three minesweepers and an escort ship. She then moved to Beirut, French Lebanon, and conducted two patrols in the Aegean Sea, sinking three caïques and a merchant ship, in addition to landing resistance operatives in Greece.

HMS <i>Saracen</i> (P247) S-class submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS Saracen was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. Completed in 1942, Saracen conducted a patrol in the North Sea where she sank a German U-boat. She was then assigned to the 10th Submarine Flotilla in Malta, from where she made three patrols; on her second, she sank an Italian submarine. Saracen was then reassigned to the 8th Submarine Flotilla, based in Algiers, French North Africa.

HMS <i>Sahib</i> S-class submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS Sahib was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She was launched on 19 January 1942 and commissioned on 13 May 1942. She was the only British naval vessel to bear the name Sahib.

HMS <i>Sea Nymph</i> (P223) S-class Submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS Sea Nymph was a S-class submarine of the third batch built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in July 1942, she spent the majority of her career patrolling the waters off Norway in the North Sea, then was sent to the Pacific but was forced back due to technical problems.

HMS <i>Sportsman</i> S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy

HMS Sportsman was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in 1942, she spent most of the war serving in the Mediterranean Sea. After an initial patrol off Norway, she sank the heavy transport Général Bonaparte in the Mediterranean in 1943 and missed a French oil tanker. She was heavily damaged after a mistaken attack by an Allied bomber, and was sent east after repairs to participate in operations in the Black Sea. After the operation was cancelled, Sportsman patrolled the Aegean Sea, sending several Greek and German ships to the bottom. She sank the German transport SS Petrella in early 1944 despite it being clearly marked as a prisoner-of-war ship, killing 2,670 out of 3,173 Italians aboard. Sportsman sank several more ships, and suffered minor damage when she was detected and sighted while attempting to attack a convoy.

HMS <i>Sterlet</i> (2S) Submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS Sterlet was a second-batch S-class submarine built during the 1930s for the Royal Navy. Completed in 1938, the boat fought in the Second World War. The submarine is one of the 12 boats named in the song Twelve Little S-Boats. Thus far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to be named Sterlet.

HMS <i>Seawolf</i> (47S) Submarine of the Royal Navy

HMS Seawolf was a second-batch S-class submarine built during the 1930s for the Royal Navy. Completed in 1936, the boat fought in the Second World War.

HMS <i>Thistle</i> (N24) T-Class Submarine

HMS Thistle (N24) was a T-class submarine of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow and launched in October 1938. She was sunk by the German submarine U-4 on 10 April 1940 near Skudenes, Norway.

HMS <i>Ursula</i> (N59) British submarine

HMS Ursula was a U-class submarine, of the first group of that class constructed for the Royal Navy. The submarine entered service in 1938 and saw action during the Second World War in the North and Mediterranean Seas.

German submarine <i>U-101</i> (1940) German World War II submarine

German submarine U-101 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She had a highly successful career.

German submarine U-442 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

References

56°42′N0°52′E / 56.700°N 0.867°E / 56.700; 0.867