The historic Haast to Paringa Cattle Track is a trail through South Westland, New Zealand, constructed in 1875 to allow farmers in the Landsborough and Cascade Valley area to drive their cattle on an annual two-week journey to the sale yards in Whataroa. It was constructed as an inland loop to bypass the precipitous cliffs at Knights Point. For 90 years it was the only land access to the settlements of Haast and Jackson Bay, but the last mob of cattle was driven in 1961, and the construction of a highway connecting Paringa to Haast Pass in 1965 made it redundant. After falling into disuse, the cattle track was converted into a 33-kilometre (21mi), three-day tramping track, opening in 1981. The track and its three huts (Blue River/Blowfly, Māori Saddle, and Coppermine Creek) are maintained by the New Zealand Department of Conservation.[1]
The cattle track follows the route of an old Māori trail. To avoid the steep cliffs and rugged coastline around Knights Point (an area that was labelled by early diggers "run-or-be-damned") travellers up and down the West Coast would head inland along the Waita and Moeraki Rivers, crossing the low (700 m) Paringa Saddle.[2][3]
The Westland County Council in 1871 decided to clear tracks from Bruce Bay to Haast, and offered contracts of £1380 for 37 miles and £800 for 19 miles. The explorer Charlie Douglas, along with Julies Matthies and a man by the name of McGloin, undertook to clear bush from Lake Paringa to the mouth of the Waita River, the route of the current track. Later contracts formed the road to a width of 4–9 feet, and metalled it with gravel to a depth of 6 inches. All shingle was taken in by wheelbarrow, and unmortered stone culverts were built over waterways.[4] The road was suitable for pack mules and horses, and later enlarged to accommodate drays.[3]
The track took over ten years to complete. By 1882 15 km of the "Mahitahi–Haast" road had been finished (at a cost of £2779), and in 1883 only "three and a half miles" were still to be done, according to the report by Gerhard Mueller.[4]
A road over the Paringa Saddle would be an important connection for the South Westland settlements of Haast, Okuru, and Jackson Bay, which even into the first half of the 20th century were still isolated from the rest of New Zealand. A ship would arrive every two or three months with supplies, but the land access was via the Haast Pass, a route only suitable for horses, rugged, over 80 km long, and requiring boat transport down Lake Wānaka at the end.[3]
By 1875 mobs of cattle were already being driven from the Arawhata and Cascade river valleys north over the Paringa Saddle—now a shorter and easier alternative to the journey over Haast Pass.[4] Mail was taken over the cattle track fortnightly by packhorse, a telephone line was connected over the track in 1910, and radio arrived in the 1930s. To sell their cattle, farmer needed to drive them 130 miles north to the nearest sale yards at Whataroa.[5]
Des Nolan (b. 1920) recalled the process to getting cattle to market from Okuru over the Haast–Paringa track around World War II. By this time there were three huts on the track: Coppermine Creek, the Iron Hut, and the Blue River or Blowfly Hut. First the cattle were herded to a 50 acre holding paddock at Coppermine Creek, where they rested for several days. Then they were driven 20 miles over the Paringa Saddle in one day, past the Iron Hut to the Blue River. The following day took the cattle 11 miles to Paringa, where they stayed in a paddock to recover before a day-long journey to Jacobs River. The Nolans would drive up to 200 cattle at a time, needing at least half a dozen men to accompany the mob over the narrow, difficult track at the Paringa Saddle; each man would need to drive around 35 cattle over the worst sections of road.[5] Over 100 years perhaps 50,000 cattle were taken over the cattle track in this way.[4]
Mining for sheet mica c. 1944–1945
In 1942, a mica mine was developed in the Mataketake Range. Mica was a mineral used in radio condensers and spark-plug washers in Allied aircraft, and was deemed important for the war effort. Charlie Douglas had identified mica deposits in the area in his 1896 geological map, and a sample of sheet mica he collected was displayed at the 1906 Christchurch exhibition. The worldwide mica shortage spurred geologists Harold Wellman and Dick Willett to locate Douglas's mica deposit in 1941.[6] A horse track was cleared up to the pegmatites near Mt Clarke, at an altitude of over 1000 m. In 1944 a more accessible deposit was found at an altitude of 500 m, south of Blowfly Hut; a bridge, road, and what is now known as the Old Mica Mine were built in the bush. Mica was mined until late 1945, but in the end the deposits proved too small and of poorer quality than those overseas.[7]
South Westland became less isolated when a regular air service run by Bert Mercer and Air Travel New Zealand began to Haast and Okuru in 1934. A wharf was finally built at Jackson Bay in 1938, and a road connecting the Bay to Haast. The Coppermine Creek hut was inhabited from 1948 to 1960 by the last roadman, Charlie Driscoll, and his wife. At that point apart from twice-yearly cattle drives the track was mostly used by hunters and trampers; Haast residents preferred to fly to Hokitika.[4]
The road connecting Haast with Otago over the Haast Pass was opened on 12 November 1960, and it was then possible to use trucks to take cattle south to Cromwell; the last mob to be driven over the cattle track was in 1961. Charlie Driscoll had by this time relocated to Big Bay. In 1965 the road north to the glaciers and Hokitika was finished, and there was now a continuous highway loop, bypassing the cattle track, which fell into disrepair.[5]
In 2012 a large slip on near Knights Point raised the possibility of road access to the Haast Pass being eventually cut off. In the 2023 election campaign, independent candidate Patrick Phelps and National MP Maureen Pugh both raised the idea of rerouting State Highway 6 inland through the cattle track.[8]
Route
Māori Saddle Route looking towards Mataketake Hut
The track is 33 km, and these days is normally walked from north to south, taking 3–4 days. The northern trailhead begins at State Highway 6, on the low saddle between Windbag Creek and the Moeraki Valley. To avoid wetlands it deviates from the original route of the cattle track, which it joins after 15–20 minutes.[1] The track travels through mixed southern beech/podocarp forest, following the Moeraki River, and crosses a swingbridge to reach Blowfly Hut, an hour and a half from the main road.[9]
Crossing Coppermine Creek
The track from Blowfly Hut to Māori Saddle takes 4.5 hours, travelling southwest uphill through beech/kāmahi forest, following the western edge of the Mataketake Range. After two hours, there is the Mica Mine Track turnoff, a side track to the Wataketake tops reopened as a poled route in 2021.[10] There are numerous stream crossings and some detours around slips which have covered the original track.[1] Shortly after the Māori Saddle a side track leads to the Mateketake Tops, enabling a return loop via the Mataketake Hut and the Mica Mine Track, creating a 2–3 day circuit.[10]
The longest stretch of the track is downhill, and takes 7 to 9 hours to reach Coppermine Creek Hut. Markers indicate the routes around fallen trees and slips; the track crosses the Alpine Fault and the area is very prone to erosion from heavy rain. On reaching the flats, the track turns north and crosses Coppermine Creek to reach the hut.[1]
From Coppermine Creek a two-hour walk on flat ground leads to the southern terminus of the track, beside the State Highway 6 bridge over the Waita River, 11 km north of Haast.
Huts
The Iron Hut, around 1920
The cattle track was very subject to slips, and needed constant maintenance by roadmen, who were housed in huts in the forest. After the track was essentially completed in 1883, three huts were built out of corrugated iron: at the Waita River entrance, Blue Hut at the Moeraki (Blue) River, and Iron Hut in between about an hour from Coppermine Creek.[4]
These corrugated iron boxes were servicable but not lavish accommodation. W.D. Nolan describes the Iron Hut as "convenient" if "nothing flash".[4] Travel writer A. Maud Moreland stayed in the Blue River hut around 1909, and was plagued by mosquitoes:
It was nothing but a corrugated-iron box, eight or nine feet square, with a rude bunk, covered with fern, at either side; between them was a dirty cupboard smeared with candle grease, which served as a table; a stool by the wide hearth and two old billies completed the furniture. An axe-head lay near, but the handle had been burnt for fire-wood, and the floor was littered with dirty paper, old tins, sticks, and ferns. A more truly uninviting place would be hard to find.[11]
In the 1940s or 1950s, around the time the bridge was built to the mica mine, new huts were built: Coppermine Creek at the cattle paddocks, and Blowfly Hut (8 bunks), either a rebuild or replacement of the old Blue River Hut. Blowfly Hut probably took its name from the flies generated by cattle manure; a surviving sign identifies it as "Jack Farrell's Hut". The Iron Hut fell into disrepair in the 1950s, and the Waita Hut, renamed the Drovers Rest, was pulled down in 2006 and replaced by a whitebaiter's crib.[4]
Although there were once 200–300 roadmen's huts in New Zealand, only three survive: Blowfly Hut, Jacks Hut in Arthur's Pass, and the hut at Castle Hill Station (restored in 2003).[4]
Current huts on the Haast–Paringa Track
Coppermine Creek Hut
Māori Saddle Hut
Blowfly Hut
Mataketake Hut
Māori Saddle Hut (10 bunks) and a new hut at Coppermine Creek (6 bunks) were built in 1980 by the New Zealand Forest Service, when the Haast–Paringa track was upgraded for trampers.[12] An eight-bunk hut was built on the Mataketake tops in 2021, dedicated to the memory of conservationist Andy Dennis.[10]
In New Zealand, long distance walking or hiking for at least one overnight stay is known as tramping. There are a number of walkways in New Zealand, however most of these are relatively short and can be walked in a day or less. Many are also an easy walk, with well formed footpaths. However, some tracks require an overnight stay either because of the rugged country or the length of the track.
Haast is a small town in the Westland District territorial authority on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. The township is beside the Haast River, 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Haast Junction, on State Highway 6. The Haast region is in Te Wahipounamu – The South West New Zealand World Heritage, a UNESCO World Heritage Site designated in 1990.
Haast Pass / Tioripatea is a mountain pass in the Southern Alps of the South Island of New Zealand. Māori used the pass in pre-European times.
The Heaphy Track is a popular tramping and mountain biking track in the north west of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located within the Kahurangi National Park and classified as one of New Zealand's ten Great Walks by the Department of Conservation. Named after Charles Heaphy, the track is 78.4 kilometres (48.7 mi) long and is usually walked in four or five days. The track is open for shared use with mountain bikers in the winter season from 1 May to 30 September each year. The southern end of the track is at Kōhaihai, north of Karamea on the northern West Coast, and the northern end is in the upper valley of the Aorere River, Golden Bay.
The Routeburn Track is a world-renowned, 32 km tramping (hiking) track found in the South Island of New Zealand. The track can be done in either direction, starting on the Queenstown side of the Southern Alps, at the northern end of Lake Wakatipu or on the Te Anau side, at the Divide, several kilometres from the Homer Tunnel to Milford Sound.
The Silverpeaks is an area of rough forest and tussock and scrub covered hill country inland and to the northwest of Dunedin, New Zealand. The area is largely uninhabited; the main indication of human activity is the Taieri Gorge Railway, which preserves the route of the former Otago Central Railway that runs along the steep-sided valley of the Taieri River. Much of the area lies within the Silverpeaks Scenic Reserve.
The Hollyford Track is a tramping track in New Zealand. Located at the northern edge of Fiordland, in the southwestern South Island, it is unusual among Fiordland's major tracks in that it is largely flat and accessible year-round. It follows the Hollyford River which in turn follows the course of the Hollyford Valley.
Westland District is a territorial authority district on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is administered by the Westland District Council. The district's population is 8,940.
Whataroa is a small township in southern Westland on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is located on alluvial flats to the west of the Whataroa River. State Highway 6 passes through Whataroa on its route from Ross to Franz Josef / Waiau. Hari Hari is 31 kilometres (19 mi) to the north-east, and Franz Josef is 32 km to the south-west.
Craigieburn Forest Park is a protected area in the South Island of New Zealand, adjacent to Arthur's Pass National Park to the north.
The Maori River is a river of the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows from several sources in the Mataketake Range east of Haast, passing through the small Tawharekiri Lakes before becoming a tributary of the Waita River, which flows into the Tasman Sea 15 kilometres north of Haast.
The Waita River is in the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows generally west to reach the Tasman Sea 10 kilometres northeast of the mouth of the Haast River. The river has its source on the western flanks of the Mataketake Range and passes through dense native forest which opens up into farm land before passing under the State Highway 6. The Maori River is one of the tributaries of the Waita.
Air Travel (NZ) Limited, a small airline based in Hokitika, was the first airline in New Zealand to fly licensed scheduled air services. They took delivery of their first De Havilland biplane aircraft at the end of 1934 and made it their business to carry passengers, mail and freight to remote parts of the West Coast. Their ambulance services were particularly welcome. They were well known outside their region for taking tourists to the Franz Josef and Fox glaciers.
Bruce Bay is a bay and settlement in South Westland, New Zealand on the Tasman Sea. It is located on State Highway 6, 74 kilometres (46 mi) northeast of Haast and 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Fox Glacier. The small settlement of Bruce Bay is located just south of the mouth of Mahitahi River. The bay is a nesting ground for the Fiordland crested penguin, and endemic Hector's dolphins and southern right whales can be observed from the shore on occasion. Some of the bush around the bay has been cleared for farming, and quartz stones can be found on the beach.
The Haast-Hollyford road or Haast-Hollyford Highway is a long-standing proposal to link Haast via the Hollyford Valley to Milford Sound and Te Anau in the South Island of New Zealand. Proposals for this road have been mooted since the 1880s.
Charles Edward Douglas was a New Zealand surveyor and explorer, who came to be known as Mr. Explorer Douglas, owing to his extensive explorations of the West Coast of New Zealand and his work for the New Zealand Survey Department. He was awarded the Royal Geographical Society Gill Memorial Prize in 1897.
Hokitika Gorge and the surrounding Hokitika Gorge Scenic Reserve are a major tourist destination some 33 kilometres (21 mi) or 40 minutes drive inland from Hokitika, New Zealand. Since August 2020, a second suspension bridge over the Hokitika River at the gorge provides the opportunity for a round track.
Harper Pass, previously known as Hurunui Pass or sometimes Taramakau Pass, is an alpine pass between Canterbury and the West Coast in New Zealand. It was the most important crossing for Māori to obtain pounamu. The first European crossed the pass in 1857 and the leader of the second party later that year, Leonard Harper, gave the pass its current name. It was of some interest to the settlers as the West Coast was part of Canterbury Province and it remained the only feasible route for some years. When the West Coast Gold Rush started in 1864, it became a heavily used crossing and remained so until October 1865, when a dray road over Arthur's Pass opened. The Arthur's Pass route was upgraded in March 1866 to coach traffic standard, and the much less direct route over Harper Pass fell out of use. It was restored in the 1930s as a tramping route and the Harper Pass Track, a four or five-day tramp, is today part of Te Araroa over its entire length.
The Wangapeka Track is a tramping track in the north-west of the South Island of New Zealand. It is one of the main tramping tracks in the Kahurangi National Park, a protected area managed by the Department of Conservation. The route traverses the southern end of the park, from the historic Wangapeka goldfields area west of Tapawera, to the coastal plains of the West Coast at Little Wanganui. The route is 59 km (37 mi) long, and crosses the Wangapeka and Little Wanganui saddles, each over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in elevation. The track passes through the valleys of the Wangapeka River, Karamea River, Taipō River and Little Wanganui River. The majority of the track is in river valleys and under forest cover, with small sections in tussock land at Stag Flat and the Little Wanganui Saddle. It typically takes walkers 4–6 days to complete the route.
Ship Creek is a small river that flows into an area of coastal swamp forest on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. Ship Creek is approximately 11 km (6.8 mi) long and flows northwest from catchment areas on the slopes of Bald Hill, reaching the Tasman Sea around 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Haast. Near the mouth of Ship Creek, there are short walks around dune lakes and ancient kahikatea swamp forest.
↑ Christie, A.B.; Barker, R.G. and Brathwaite, R.L. (2010.) Mineral resource assessment of the West Coast Region, New Zealand. GNS Science Report 2010/61: 183
↑ Mills, Laura (12 September 2023). "Future of Epitaph Cutting becoming an election issue". Hokitika Guardian. p.2.
↑ Andy Dennis (2007). South West New Zealand World Heritage Highway Guide: Hokitika to Wanaka (2nded.). Westport: Poutini Press. p.45. ISBN978-0-473-12026-9. WikidataQ113503085.
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