Habemus papam

"We Have a Pope" redirects here. For the film, see We Have a Pope (film).

The announcement of the election of Pope Martin V at the Council of Constance

Habemus papam or Papam habemus ('We have a pope') is the announcement traditionally given by the protodeacon of the College of Cardinals (the senior cardinal deacon in the College) or by the senior cardinal deacon participating in the papal conclave, in Latin, upon the election of a new pope of the Roman Catholic Church. ^[1]

The announcement is made from the central balcony (loggia) of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, overlooking St. Peter's Square. After the announcement, the new pope is presented to the people where he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing.

Format

The format for the announcement when a cardinal is elected pope is: ^{[a] [2]}

Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum;
habemus Papam:

Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum,
Dominum [first name]
Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem [surname]
qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name].

In English, it can be translated as:

I announce to you a great joy;
we have a pope:

The most eminent and most reverend lord,
Lord [first name]
Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [surname]
who has taken the name [papal name].

In the Habemus papam announcement given by Jorge Cardinal Medina on April 19, 2005, upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI, the announcement was preceded by an identical greeting in several languages, respectively, Italian, Spanish, French, German and English: ^{[3] [4]}

Fratelli e sorelle carissimi,
Queridísimos hermanos y hermanas,
Bien chers frères et sœurs,
Liebe Brüder und Schwestern,
Dear brothers and sisters.

History

The text of the announcement is partly inspired by the Gospel of Luke (2:10–11), which records the words of the angel announcing to the shepherds the birth of the Messiah:

"Fear not; for, behold, I bring thee good tidings of great joy, that shall be to all the people: For unto thee is born, this day, in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord."

In the Vulgate (the Latin translation of the Bible by St. Jerome), the words used are "Evangelizo vobis gaudium magnum", while the word "annuntio" was used in previous translations.

The adoption of this formula is dated from the election of Odo Colonna as Pope Martin V (1417), who was chosen as the new pope by the cardinals and representatives from different countries at the Council of Constance. In this context, prior to Martin V, there were three claimants to the papal throne: Antipope John XXIII (who had called for the council, and appointed most of the cardinal electors), Antipope Benedict XIII (the only one to have been named cardinal before the outbreak of the Western Schism) and Pope Gregory XII. The first two were deposed by the Council itself, and Gregory XII abdicated after formally convoking the already convened council and authorizing its acts including the act of electing his successor. Two years after the first two contenders were deposed ^[b] and the resignation of the third, the council elected the new pope. The announcement, therefore, could be interpreted as: "(Finally) we have a pope (and only one!)". ^[5]

The adoption of the Habemus papam formula took place prior to 1484, the year in which it was used to announce the election of Giovanni Battista Cybo, who took the name of Innocent VIII.

Announcement

In announcing the name of the newly elected pontiff, the new pontiff's birth first name is announced in Latin in the accusative case (e.g. Carolum, ^{[6] [7]} Iosephum, ^{[3] [4]} Georgium Marium ^{[8] [9]} ), but the new pontiff's surname is announced in the undeclined form (e.g. Wojtyła, ^{[6] [7]} Ratzinger, ^{[3] [4]} Bergoglio ^{[8] [9]} ). During the last century, the new papal name has often been given in the genitive case in Latin, corresponding to the translation "who takes the name of ..." (e.g. Ioannis vigesimi tertii, ^[10] Ioannis Pauli primi ^[11] ), although it can also be declined in the accusative case, corresponding to the translation "who takes the name ...", as was the case in 1963 and in 2013, when Pope Paul VI's and Pope Francis's regnal names were announced as Paulum sextum ^{[12] [13]} and Franciscum, ^{[8] [9]} respectively. In the situation where the name is declined in the genitive, the name is considered as a complement of the noun "nomen" while in the instance where the name is declined in the accusative, it is considered as an apposition of the direct object complement nomen in the accusative. Both forms are equally correct. According to certain Latin grammarians though, like Nicola Fiocchini, Piera Guidotti Bacci and the Maiorum Lingua Manual, the accusative is the more correct form. ^[14]

During the announcement of Pope Paul VI's election, protodeacon Alfredo Ottaviani used the conjunction et (which also means "and") instead of ac, the word usually used for "and" within the formula (he said Eminentissimum et reverendissimum instead of Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum). ^{[12] [13]}

During the announcement of Pope Benedict XVI's election, his regnal name was declined by Cardinal Medina in the genitive case (he said Benedicti decimi sexti), ^{[3] [4]} but in the Holy See website, the page announcing his election with a copy of the Habemus Papam formula has Benedict's regnal name declined in the accusative case (i.e., Benedictum XVI) ^[15]

If a papal name is used for the first time, the announcement may or may not use the numeral the first. In John Paul I's election, the numeral primi (the first) was used (Pericle Cardinal Felici announced the papal name as Ioannis Pauli primi) ^[11] but in Pope Francis' election, no numeral was uttered (Jean-Louis Cardinal Tauran simply gave the papal name as Franciscum). ^[9]

The numeral in the papal name if it exists can be omitted if the new regnal name is the same as the one used by the immediate predecessor, as was the case in October 1978, when Pope John Paul II's regnal name was announced simply as Ioannis Pauli without the numeral, ^{[6] [7]} since his immediate predecessor was Pope John Paul I. It also happened in 1939, when Pope Pius XII's regnal name, following his election, was announced simply as Pium ^{[16] [17] [18]} since his immediate predecessor was Pope Pius XI. In the announcement of Pope Pius XII's election, his regnal name was declined in the accusative, ^{[16] [17] [18]} like the later announcements for Paul VI's ^{[12] [13]} and Francis's elections. ^{[8] [9]}

Actual examples

The following are examples of how the names were announced as noted on existing videos and recordings. The case and inclusion or exclusion of numeral for the papal names are noted.

Birth name	First name (accusative)	Surname (undeclined)	Papal name	Papal name (as announced in Latin)	Latin declension of papal name	Numeral in papal name	Ref.
Eugenio Pacelli	Eugenium	Pacelli	Pius XII	Pium	accusative	not given	[16] [17] [18]
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli	Angelum Iosephum	Roncalli	John XXIII	Ioannis vigesimi tertii	genitive	given	[10]
Giovanni Battista Montini	Ioannem Baptistam	Montini	Paul VI	Paulum sextum	accusative	given	[12] [13]
Albino Luciani	Albinum	Luciani	John Paul I	Ioannis Pauli primi	genitive	given	[11]
Karol Wojtyła	Carolum	Wojtyła	John Paul II	Ioannis Pauli	genitive	not given	[6] [7]
Joseph Ratzinger	Iosephum	Ratzinger	Benedict XVI	Benedicti decimi sexti	genitive	given	[3] [4]
Jorge Mario Bergoglio	Georgium Marium	Bergoglio	Francis	Franciscum	accusative	none	[8] [9]

Evolution of the formula

From the beginning, the Habemus papam did not follow a strict formula, but varied in considerable form for many years. The table shows selected announcements given since the 1484 papal conclave.

Date	Protodeacon or senior cardinal deacon	Pope elected	Announcement	Translation
August 29, 1484	Francesco Piccolomini	Giovanni Battista Cibo – elected Innocent VIII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus. Reverendissimus Dominus cardinalis Melfictensis electus est in summum pontificem et elegit sibi nomen Innocentium Octavum. [19]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope. The most reverend lord cardinal[, the bishop] of Molfetta has been elected as supreme pontiff, and has chosen for himself the name Innocent VIII.
November 1, 1503	Raffaele Sansoni Riario	Giuliano della Rovere – elected Julius II	Papam habemus Reverendissimum Dominum Cardinalem Sancti Petri ad Vincula, qui vocatur Julius Secundus. [20]	We have a pope, the most reverend lord, cardinal [priest] of San Pietro in Vincoli, who is called Julius II.
March 11, 1513	Alessandro Farnese	Giovanni de Medici – elected Leo X Cardinal protodeacon at time of election	Gaudium magnum nuntio vobis! Papam habemus, Reverendissimum Dominum Johannem de Medicis, Diaconum Cardinalem Sanctae Mariae in Domenica, qui vocatur Leo Decimus. [21]	A great joy I announce to you! We have a pope, the most reverend lord Giovanni de' Medici, cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica, who is called Leo X.
October 13, 1534	Innocenzo Cibo	Alessandro Farnese – elected Paul III	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus Reverendissimum Dominum Alexandrum Episcopum Hostiensem, Cardinalem de Farnesio nuncupatum, qui imposuit sibi nomen Paulus Tertius. [22]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most reverend lord Alexander, designated bishop of Ostia and Cardinal Farnese, who has taken upon himself the name Paul III.
September 15, 1644	Francesco Barberini	Giovanni Battista Pamphili – elected Innocent X	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum, habemus Papam Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Johannem Baptistum Pamphilium, qui sibi nomen imposuit Innocentium Decimum. [23]	I announce to you a great joy, we have a pope, the most eminent and reverend lord Giovanni Battista Pamphili, who has taken upon himself the name Innocent X.
April 7, 1655	Giangiacomo Teodoro Trivulzio	Fabio Chigi – elected Alexander VII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Fabium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem Chisium, qui elegit sibi nomen Alexandrum Septimum. [24]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most eminent and most reverend lord Fabio, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church Chigi, who has chosen for himself the name Alexander VII.
September 21, 1676	Francesco Maidalchini	Benedetto Odeschalchi – elected Innocent XI	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus Reverendissimum Benedictum Titulo Sancti Honufrii Cardinalem Odeschalcum, qui sibi nomen imposuit Innocentium Undecimum. [25]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most reverend lord Benedetto, cardinal [priest] of the title of Sant'Onofrio, Odescalchi, who has taken upon himself the name Innocent XI.
May 8, 1721	Benedetto Pamphili	Michelangelo Conti – elected Innocent XIII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnii: Papam habemus. Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Michaelem Angelum Tituli Sanctorum Quirici et Iulitta Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem de Comitibus, qui sibi nomen imposuit Innocentius Tertius Decimus. [26]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most eminent and reverend lord Michelangelo, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church of the title of Santi Quirico e Giulitta, Conti, who has taken upon himself the name Innocent XIII.
May 29, 1724	Benedetto Pamphili	Vincenzo Maria Orsini – elected Pope Benedict XIII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus: Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Fratrem Vincentium Mariam Cardinalem Ursinum Episcopum Portuensem, qui sibi nomen imposuit Benedictus Tertius Decimus. [27]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord brother Vincenzo Maria Cardinal Orsini, Bishop of Porto, who has taken upon himself the name Benedict XIII.
July 12, 1730	Lorenzo Altieri	Lorenzo Corsini - elected Pope Clement XII	Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus. Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Laurentium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem Corsinum Episcopum Tusculanum, qui sibi Nomen imposuit Clemens Duodecimus [28]	I announce to you great joy: we have a pope: the Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord Lorenzo Cardinal Corsini of the Holy Roman Church, Bishop of Tusculana, who has taken upon himself the name Clement XII.
August 17, 1740	Carlo Maria Marini	Prospero Lambertini - elected Pope Benedict XIV	Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: habemus Papam, Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum Prosperum, tituli Sanctae Crucis in Ierusalem, Presbyterum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem Lambertinum, Archiepiscopum Bononiensem, qui sibi nomen imposuit Benedictus Decimusquartus [29]	I announce to you great joy: we have a Pope: the Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord Prospero, with the title of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, Cardinal Lambertini, priest of the Holy Roman Church, Archbishop of Bologna, who has taken upon himself the name Benedict XIV.
February 15, 1775	Alessandro Albani	Giovanni Angelo Braschi – elected Pope Pius VI	Nuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus! Eminentissimum et reverendissimum Dominum Ioannem Angelum, tituli Sancti Onuphrii Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem Braschi, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pius Sextus. [30]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope! The most eminent and reverend lord Giovanni Angelo, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church of the title of Sant'Onofrio, Braschi, who has taken upon himself the name Pius VI.
September 28, 1823	Fabrizio Ruffo	Annibale Della Genga – elected Pope Leo XII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: papam habemus, eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum Annibalem, tituli Sanctae Mariae Transtiberim, presbyterum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Della Genga, qui sibi imposuit nomen Leo Duodecimus. [31]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most eminent and reverend lord Annibale, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church of the title of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Della Genga, who has taken upon himself the name Leo XII.
February 2, 1831	Giuseppe Albani	Mauro Cappellari – elected Pope Gregory XVI	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus! Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum Maurum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem Cappellari, qui sibi nomen imposuit Gregorius Sextus Decimus. [32] [33]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope! The most eminent and reverend lord Mauro, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church, Cappellari, who has taken upon himself the name Gregory XVI.
June 16, 1846	Tommaso Riario Sforza	Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti – elected Pope Pius IX	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus! Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Ioannem Mariam Mastai Ferretti, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pius Nonus. [34]	I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope! The most eminent and reverend lord Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church, who has taken upon himself the name Pius IX.
February 20, 1878	Prospero Caterini	Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci -elected Pope Leo XIII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam, Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Ioachim Pecci, qui sibi nomen imposuit Leonis Tertii Decimi. [c]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and most reverend lord Gioacchino Pecci, who has taken upon himself the name Leo XIII.
August 4, 1903	Luigi Macchi	Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto — elected Pope Pius X	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Cardinalem Josephum Sarto, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pius Decimus. [38] [39]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and most reverend Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, who has taken upon himself the name Pius X.
September 3, 1914	Francesco Salesio Della Volpe	Giacomo della Chiesa — elected Pope Benedict XV	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum Cardinalem Iacobum della Chiesa, qui sibi nomen imposuit Benedictum Quintum Decimum. [40]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and most reverend lord Cardinal Giacomo della Chiesa, who has taken upon himself the name Benedict XV.
February 6, 1922	Gaetano Bisleti	Achille Ratti – elected Pope Pius XI	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum Cardinalem Achillem Ratti, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pius Undecimus. [41]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and most reverend lord Cardinal Achille Ratti, who has taken upon himself the name Pius XI.
March 2, 1939	Camillo Caccia Dominioni	Eugenio Pacelli – elected Pope Pius XII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Eugenium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Pacelli, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pium. [16] [17] [18]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Eugenio, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Pacelli, who takes to himself the name Pius.
October 28, 1958	Nicola Canali	Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli – elected Pope John XXIII	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Angelum Iosephum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Roncalli, qui sibi nomen imposuit Ioannis Vigesimi Tertii. [10]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Angelo Giuseppe, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Roncalli, who takes to himself the name John XXIII.
June 21, 1963	Alfredo Ottaviani	Giovanni Battista Montini – elected Pope Paul VI	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum et reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Ioannem Baptistam Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Montini, qui sibi nomen imposuit Paulum Sextum. [12]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Giovanni Battista, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Montini, who takes to himself the name Paul VI.
August 26, 1978	Pericle Felici	Albino Luciani – elected Pope John Paul I	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Albinum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Luciani, qui sibi nomen imposuit Ioannis Pauli Primi. [11]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Albino, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Luciani, who takes to himself the name John Paul I.
October 16, 1978		Karol Wojtyła – elected Pope John Paul II	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Carolum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Wojtyła, qui sibi nomen imposuit Ioannis Pauli. [6]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Karol, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Wojtyła, who takes to himself the name John Paul.
April 19, 2005	Jorge Medina	Joseph Ratzinger – elected Pope Benedict XVI	Fratelli e sorelle carissimi! ¡Queridísimos hermanos y hermanas! Biens chers frères et sœurs! Liebe Brüder und Schwestern! Dear brothers and sisters! Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Iosephum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Ratzinger, qui sibi nomen imposuit Benedicti Decimi Sexti. [4]	(“Dear brothers and sisters” in Italian, Spanish, French, German, and English) I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Joseph, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Ratzinger, who takes to himself the name Benedict XVI.
March 13, 2013	Jean-Louis Tauran	Jorge Mario Bergoglio – elected Pope Francis	Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Georgium Marium Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem Bergoglio, qui sibi nomen imposuit Franciscum. [9]	I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Jorge Mario, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Bergoglio, who takes to himself the name Francis.

List of cardinals who have given the announcement

Cardinal	Pope	Year
15th century
Francesco Piccolomini	Pope Innocent VIII	1484
	Pope Alexander VI	1492
16th century
Raffaele Riario	Pope Pius III	1503
	Pope Julius II
Alessandro Farnese	Pope Leo X	1513
Marco Cornaro	Pope Hadrian VI	1522
	Pope Clement VII	1523
Innocenzo Cibo	Pope Paul III	1534
	Pope Julius III	1550
Francesco Pisani	Pope Marcellus II	1555
	Pope Paul IV
Alessandro Farnese	Pope Pius IV	1559
Giulio Feltre della Rovere	Pope Pius V	1566
Girolamo Simoncelli	Pope Gregory XIII	1572
Luigi d'Este	Pope Sixtus V	1585
Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora	Pope Urban VII	1590
Andreas von Österreich	Pope Gregory XIV	1590
	Pope Innocent IX	1591
	Pope Clement VIII	1592
17th century
Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora	Pope Leo XI	1605
	Pope Paul V
Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto	Pope Gregory XV	1621
Alessandro d'Este	Pope Urban VIII	1623
Francesco Barberini	Pope Innocent X	1644
Giangiacomo Teodoro Trivulzio	Pope Alexander VII	1655
Rinaldo d'Este	Pope Clement IX	1667
Francesco Maidalchini	Pope Clement X	1670
	Pope Innocent XI	1676
	Pope Alexander VIII	1689
Urbano Sacchetti	Pope Innocent XII	1691
18th century
Benedetto Pamphilj	Pope Clement XI	1700
	Pope Innocent XIII	1721
	Pope Benedict XIII	1724
Lorenzo Altieri	Pope Clement XII	1730
Carlo Maria Marini	Pope Benedict XIV	1740
Alessandro Albani	Pope Clement XIII	1758
	Pope Clement XIV	1769
	Pope Pius VI	1775
19th century
Antonio Doria Pamphili	Pope Pius VII	1800
Fabrizio Ruffo	Pope Leo XII	1823
Giuseppe Albani	Pope Pius VIII	1829
	Pope Gregory XVI	1831
Tommaso Riario Sforza	Pope Pius IX	1846
Prospero Caterini	Pope Leo XIII	1878
20th century
Luigi Macchi	Pope Pius X	1903
Francesco Salesio Della Volpe	Pope Benedict XV	1914
Gaetano Bisleti	Pope Pius XI	1922
Camillo Caccia Dominioni	Pope Pius XII	1939
Nicola Canali	Pope John XXIII	1958
Alfredo Ottaviani	Pope Paul VI	1963
Pericle Felici	Pope John Paul I	1978
	Pope John Paul II
21st century
Jorge Medina	Pope Benedict XVI	2005
Jean-Louis Tauran	Pope Francis	2013

Notes

1. While every pope after Urban VI (r. 1378–1389) has been a cardinal, this is not a strict requirement; the conclave is capable of electing any Catholic male, even a layman.
2. Jesuit professor Norman Tanner claims that Antipope John XXIII actually resigned but under pressure. ^[5]
3. Although this version of the announcement was published through (semi-)official channels, ^[35] other contemporary sources indicate that Cardinal Caterini, the aged protodeacon, broke down after the first two words, after which a young assistant - Bartolomeo Grassi Landi, conclavist to Cardinal Oreglia - called out the name of the new Pope in Italian. ^{[36] [37]}

References

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2. "L'annuncio dell'elezione del Papa" [Announcement of the election of the Pope]. Sala Stampa della Santa Sede . 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
3. NBC News Coverage of the Election of Pope Benedict XVI YouTube. Accessed February 2, 2013
4. 19 Aprile 2005 – Elezione di Papa Benedetto XVI YouTube. Accessed March 16, 2013
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14. Nicola Flocchini, Piera Guidotti Bacci, Marco Moscio, Maiorum Lingua Manuale, Bompiani per la scuola, Milano 2007, p. 309.
15. https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/index_en.htm Holy See website on Benedict XVI's election. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
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20. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 309.
21. Herbert Vaughan, The Medici popes : Leo X and Clement VII, London 1908, p. 108.
22. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 328.
23. Herman, Eleanor (2009). Królowa Watykanu (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo JEDEN ŚWIAT. p. 139. ISBN   978-83-89632-45-6.
24. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 359.
25. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 361.
26. Relazione della morte ... Clemente XI., Venice 1721, no. 11, pp. 9–10.
27. Diario ordinario, Rome, Numero 1065 of May 31, 1724, p. 7.
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29. Prokop, Krzysztof R. (2008-12-16). ""Diario Ordinario" oraz "Notizie" rzymskich drukarzy Cracas (Chracas) jako źródło informacji do dziejów hierarchii Kościoła katolickiego w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów u schyłku epoki staropolskiej". Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne. 90: 111–146. doi: 10.31743/abmk.10167 . ISSN   2545-3491.
30. Revue des questions historiques, Paris, tome 7 (1892), p. 451.
31. Artaud de Montor, Histoire du Pape Léon XII., vol. 1, Paris 1843, p. 79.
32. Diario di Roma. Del 5 Febbrajo 1831. Num. 10, s. 4.
33. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario Di Erudizione Storico-Ecclesiastica. Vol. XV, Venice 1842, p. 317.
34. Maurizio Marocco, Storia di papa Pio IX., Torino 1856, p. 158.¸
35. La Civiltà cattolica, Serie XVIII, vol. XI, s. 615
36. De Cesare, R. (1888). Il Conclave di Leone XIII. Città di Castello. p. 264.
37. Francis A. Burkle-Young (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878–1922. Lexington Books. ISBN   9780739101148.
38. Acta Sanctae Sedis, Vol. 36 (1903), p. 5.
39. La Civiltà cattolica, Serie X, vol. V, quad. 1276
40. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Vol. 6 (1914), p. 457.
41. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Vol. 14 (1922), p. 133.

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