Harry Stewart Jr.

Last updated
Harry T. Stewart Jr.
Born (1924-07-04) July 4, 1924 (age 100)
Newport News, Virginia, U.S.
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branch United States Army Air Forces
United States Air Force
Rank Lieutenant Colonel
Battles / wars World War II
Awards Distinguished Flying Cross
Congressional Gold Medal

Harry Thaddeus Stewart Jr. (born July 4, 1924) is a retired United States Army Air Forces officer, a Distinguished Flying Cross recipient, and a fighter pilot who served in the 332nd Fighter Group, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen. [1]

Contents

Stewart shot down three German aircraft in one day during World War II. [2] He is one of only four Tuskegee Airmen, along with Joseph Elsberry, Clarence D. Lester and Lee Archer, to have earned three victories in a single day of aerial combat. [3]

Stewart was also a member of the all-African American 332nd Fighter Group Weapons pilot team that won the United States Air Force's inaugural "Top Gun" team competition in 1949. [4] [5] [6] [7] Stewart, along with George Hardy and fellow 1949 Top Gun winner James H. Harvey, is among the last surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen. [8] The Tuskegee Airmen were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2006. [9] In 2019, Stewart co-wrote “Soaring to Glory: A Tuskegee Airman's Firsthand Account of World War II,” co-written by Philip Handleman. [10]

Early life, family

Stewart was born in Newport News, Virginia, on July 4, 1924. [11] After living near Langley Field, a United States Air Force base located between Hampton, Virginia, and Newport News, Virginia, Stewart and his family moved to Queens near LaGuardia Airport and the North Beach Airport when he was two years old. [12] [13] [14] [15]

Stewart was married to Delphine Alice Friend Stewart (October 14, 1926 – November 5, 2015) – the sister of a fellow Tuskegee Airman Robert Friend – until her death at the age of 89. They had one daughter, Lori Collette Stewart. [12] [16]

Military career

At 18 years old, Stewart volunteered for the United States Army Air Forces, taking and passing the Pilot Cadet exam. On June 27, 1944, Stewart completed cadet pilot training, receiving his wings and graduating in the Tuskegee Airmen Class 44-F-SE. [13] Stewart learned to fly before he learned how to drive an automobile. [14]

After completing combat and fighter training at Walterboro Army Air Field in Walterboro, South Carolina, Stewart was assigned to the 15th Air Force in Italy at Ramatelli AB with the 332nd Fighter Group's 302nd Fighter Squadron. Upon the disbandment of the 302nd Fighter Squadron on March 6, 1945, Stewart was transferred to the 301st Fighter Squadron for the remainder of the war. During training, Stewart was flying a training mock dogfight sequence, a strange P-47 came into his airspace. Representing a challenge, Stewart lost the mock dogfight against a pilot who revealed herself as a flaming redheaded member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots, or WASPs. [10]

After being shipped off to France, Stewart and his fellow pilots sailed from Marseille to a port in Taranto onboard the luxurious cruise liner, Citie Doran. [17] Stewart flew 43 bomber escort missions for the 15th Air Force to targets throughout Eastern Europe. [18]

On Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945, he shot down three enemy German Focke-Wulf 190s during a B-24 bomber escort mission near Linz. For this feat, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. During this mission his friend and fellow squadron mate, Walter Manning, was shot down. [19] Captured by German civilians, Manning was lynched by the "Werewolves", a paramilitary group of partisan German and Austrian soldiers who broke into the jailhouse housing Manning after the SS incited the group to kill Manning. [20] [19] On Easter Sunday in 2018, after an exhaustive investigation, the Austrian government hosted Stewart to attend a national parade honoring Manning's memory. [19]

Stewart is one of only four Tuskegee Airmen to have achieved three aerial victories in a single day of combat. The other three are: Joseph Elsberry, Clarence D. Lester and Lee Archer. [3] Moreover, Stewart is one of only nine 332nd Fighter Group pilots with at least three confirmed kills during World War II. The others include:

1948 Butcher Hollow P-47 Thunderbolt Crash

On March 25, 1948, Stewart took part in a simulated armed reconnaissance with a formation of Tuskegee Airmen combat fighter pilots flying from Sumter, South Carolina's Shaw Air Force Base to their home base in Columbus, Ohio. Suddenly, Stewart's P-47 Thunderbolt began to experience severe engine failure, sputtering at 20,000 feet above the mountainous terrain of Eastern Kentucky during a bad thunderstorm. Fearful of crashing his aircraft into the side of a mountain to his death, Stewart reduced his aircraft's altitude to 10,000 feet, bailing out of the plane. [21] Since the P-47 lacked an ejection seat, Stewart slid its canopy back, removed his seat belt, and directed the P-47's nose forward so that it would dip and safely eject Stewart forward when he released the control stick. However, the slipstream struck Stewart, forcefully propelling him to the aircraft's tail, fracturing his left leg in two between the calf and ankle. [21]

After opening his parachute in the clouds, Stewart coasted to ground, landing on top of a dead pine tree. With Stewart's parachute firmly hooked over the tree top, Stewart's body dangled two feet above the ground through the tree's dead branches. Possibly going into shock, Stewart noticed that he had lost a shoe on his broken, bleeding left leg. His otherwise white sock was now completely blood-soaked. Stewart cut himself down in the pouring rain, crawled under a rock overhang, and removed his white silk flying scarf, making a tourniquet to stop the bleeding. [21] [22]

Unbeknownst to him, Stewart had parachuted into the mountainous forest hills of Butcher Hollow, Kentucky, a coal-mining community in Johnson County, Kentucky and childhood home of married 15 year-old Loretta Webb (born April 14, 1932), best known as 18-time Grammy Award-nominated country music legend Loretta Lynn. [21] Though Loretta's location at the time of the crash is undocumented, Loretta's younger brother, Herman Webb (September 3, 1934 – July 28, 2018), was riding in the pickup truck bed belonging to Loretta and Herman's father, Melvin Theodore "Ted" Webb (1906–1959). Herman heard a massive explosion unlike anything his family had ever experienced despite living in a coal camp accustomed to loud blasts. [21] After Stewart bailed, the P-47 flew across the Webb Family cemetery, crashed into a hilltop overlooking the Webb Family home, and created a 10–15 foot deep crater. [23] [21] Over the course of several days, local boys and men began to ransack the crash site. One eyewitness saw Loretta's 22 year-old moonshiner husband, Oliver Lynn (“Doolittle” Lynn), driving his Jeep with Stewart's plane propeller attached to its side. One of Loretta and Herman's uncles converted the P-47's stainless steel nuts into finger rings. [21]

One of Loretta and Herman's 9-year-old neighbor, Callie Daniels (now octogenarian and retired elementary school cook, Callie Daniels Johnson of Hager Hill, Kentucky), saw Stewart's white parachute converging to earth, mistaking it for a large white eagle. [24] Callie notified her father, Lafe Daniels (1910–1969), who hopped on and rode one of his horses into the hills, finding an injured Stewart lying underneath a rock cliff. [24] After a mutually befuddled though benign stare down, Lafe put the injured Stewart on a 2nd horse Lafe had brought along, taking Stewart to the Daniels Family home where Lafe's wife, Mary Daniels, was washing clothes in a large backyard cauldron. [22] [21]

Mary tore up some bedsheets, and disinfected and bandaged Stewart's legs. After giving Stewart "all-purpose" moonshine for pain relief, much to Stewart's chagrin (he had sworn off liquor for Lent), Lafe reloaded Stewart on the horse and took him onto a mud and gravel road towards a local store on the main road. From there, Stewart was loaded into a pickup truck and transported to the local Paintsville Clinic in Paintsville, Kentucky, birth home of then-unborn Brenda Gail Webb (born January 9, 1951), best known as Crystal Gayle, Grammy Award-winning country music singer and Herman Webb and Loretta Lynn's younger sister. [22]

The clinic's physician and his team washed Stewart, placed him in a bed, and administered morphine for pain relief. Stewart recalled being in a hallucinated state as a result of the morphine and moonshine. [21] As news of the P-47 crash circulated, local people lined up to the clinic to view the injured African American combat fighter pilot. The town's mayor, Escom Chandler (1946–1949), visited Stewart, followed by the town's police chief, county sheriff and a Paintsville Herald news reporter who ran a story on March 25, 1948. The article omitted Stewart's race. [21] Around 1:00 AM on March 26, 1948, a USAF representative from Columbus, Ohio arrived at the Paintsville Clinic to pick up Stewart. They departed the small rural community without any fanfare or formal sendoff from the community. [21] Stewart's wife, Dephine, did not find out about her husband's mountainous aircraft crash until Stewart arrived home. [21]

For many years afterwards, local legend, though patently false, held that USAF Republic F-84 Thunderjets shot down a B-52 bomber stolen by an African American man conducting a bombing run on the town. [10] [22] [21] [25] [26] In 2005, Danny Keith Blevins, a Johnson County, Kentucky teacher and president of the Van Lear Historical Society, tracked down Stewart at his home in southern Michigan. [21] Stewart was bemused when Blevins shared the "stolen B-52" rural legend; Stewart knew that the B-52s didn't even exist in 1948. [21]

In 2006, the Van Lear, Kentucky township encompassing Butcher Hollow, Kentucky named Stewart its parade marshal for the annual Homecoming Day parade. During his Kentucky visit, Stewart met the family of Crystal Gayle, Loretta Lynn and Herman Webb, enjoying a tour of Loretta's birth home. [21] [22]

Winner of the 1949 "Top Gun Competition"

In January 1949, the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force sent out a directive to each Air Force group requesting their participation in an aerial weapons competition. Four months later in May 1949, Stewart joined the 332nd Fighter Group three-member propeller division pilot team to compete at the USAF's inaugural "Top Gun" team competition held at the Las Vegas Air Force Base (now Nellis Air Force Base). [4] [5] [6] [7] [27] [8]

A grueling 10-day event, the competition comprised six events: aerial gunnery at 20,000 feet, aerial gunnery at 12,000 feet, dive bombing, skip bombing, rocketing firing, and panel strafing. [4] [5] His team lead from start to finish. [4] [13]

Stewart's team included the 99th Squadron's James H. Harvey (born 1923), the 300th Squadron's Captain Alva Temple (September 5, 1917 – August 28, 2004), 99th Squadron's First Lieutenant 99th Squadron's First Lieutenant Halbert Alexander (June 12, 1922 – March 25, 1953), [28] who served as an alternate pilot, and Staff Sergeant Buford A. Johnson (August 30, 1927 – April 15, 2017) who served as the team's aircraft crew chief. [27] [29] [30]

The results (including the 3-foot high winning silver trophy stashed in a Wright Patterson Air Force Base Museum storage area for 55 years), were absent from the Air Force archives until 1995. [2] [4] Flying in obsolete F-47Ns, a variant of the P-47 Thunderbolt, Stewart and his team won against U.S. Air Force fighter group teams in far more advanced aircraft. [2] Stewart's team member, James H. Harvey remarked: "They knew who won, but did not want to recognize us." [5] [27]

Reserve service

In 1950, Stewart received an honorable discharge from active duty. He continued his service as a member of the U.S. Air Force Reserves, later retiring with the rank of lieutenant colonel. [13] [18]

Stewart remarked that he hid from his military doctors a heart murmur and a childhood bout with polio. [12]

Post-military career

After returning from World War II, Stewart worked as a baggage man for a train depot. [8] He also applied to become a pilot in the commercial airline industry; however, two separate airlines, including the defunct Trans World Airlines, denied Stewart because of his race. [31] As recompense, Delta Airlines and American Airlines granted Stewart honorary Captain status in 2015 and 2018, respectively. [31] [32]

As a backup plan, Stewart completed his high school diploma and enrolled at New York University (NYU), graduating with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1963. [31] [16] While at NYU, Stewart served as President of NYU’s student council and chair of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [13]

Stewart retired as Vice President of the ANR Pipeline Company (formerly the Michigan-Wisconsin Pipe Line Company) in Detroit, Michigan, a large-scale interstate natural gas pipeline system operations. [13]

In 2019, Stewart co-wrote “Soaring to Glory: A Tuskegee Airman's Firsthand Account of World War II,” co-written by Philip Handleman. [10]

A widower, Stewart currently lives in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan with his daughter, Lori Collette Stewart. [12] [16] [31]

On July 4, 2024, Stewart turned 100. [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Tuskegee Airmen was a group of primarily African American military pilots and airmen who fought in World War II. They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group (Medium) of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). The name also applies to the navigators, bombardiers, mechanics, instructors, crew chiefs, nurses, cooks, and other support personnel. The Tuskegee airmen received praise for their excellent combat record earned while protecting American bombers from enemy fighters. The group was awarded three Distinguished Unit Citations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles W. Dryden</span> American Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (1920–2008)

Charles Walter Dryden was a U.S. Army Air Force officer and one of the original combat fighter pilots with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, a component of the Tuskegee Airmen. Among the United States' first eight African American combat fighter pilots, Dryden is notable as a member of the Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS)'s Class Number SE-42-C, the program's 2nd-ever aviation cadet program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee Archer (pilot)</span> Tuskegee Airman fighter Ace (1919–2010)

Lee Andrew Archer, Jr. was an American fighter Ace in the 332nd Fighter Group, commonly known as the Tuskegee Airmen, during World War II. He was one of the first African American military aviators in the United States Army Air Corps, the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force, eventually earning the rank of lieutenant colonel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spann Watson</span> Tuskegee Airman and US government official (1916–2020

Spann Watson was an American military aviator and civil servant who served with the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II. He flew over 30 missions in North Africa, Italy and Southern Europe. In March 2007, Watson attended a ceremony in the U.S. Capitol rotunda, where he and other surviving veterans of the Tuskegee Airmen were honored with the Congressional Gold Medal in recognition of their service. He died on April 15, 2010, aged 93.

Master Sergeant Buford A. Johnson was a member of the famed group of African-American World War II pilots and support personnel known as the Tuskegee Airmen. During World War II, he served as the chief mechanic servicing the fighter planes of the 99th Fighter Squadron of the 477th Composite Group.

Joseph D. Elsberry (April 25, 1921 – March 31, 1985) was a U.S. Army Air Force officer and a prolific African-American World War II fighter pilot in the 332nd Fighter Group's 301st Fighter Squadron, best known as the famed Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or “Schwartze Vogelmenschen” among enemy German pilots. Elsberry destroyed three enemy aircraft over France in a single mission on July 12, 1944, and a fourth aircraft in July 20, 1944, becoming the first African American fighter pilot in history to do so. He is only one of four Tuskegee Airmen to have earned three aerial victories in a single day of combat: Clarence Lester, Lee Archer (pilot), and Harry Stewart.

Edward Lucien Toppins was a U.S. Army Air Force officer, commanding officer of the 602nd Air Engineering Squadron, and a celebrated African-American World War II fighter pilot within the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or “Schwartze Vogelmenschen” among enemy German pilots. He was one of 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James H. Harvey</span> American Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (born 1923)

James Henry Harvey III is a retired United States Army Air Corps/United States Air Force (USAF) officer and former African American fighter pilot who served with 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails", or among enemy German pilots, Schwartze Vogelmenschen. He is one of the 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen pilots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alva Temple</span> Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (1917–2004)

LTC Alva Newte Temple was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron and 300th Squadron, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or among enemy German pilots, “Schwartze Vogelmenschen”. He was one of the 1007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

Halbert Leo Alexander was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force and a fighter pilot with the all-African American 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron and 300st Fighter Squadron, colloquially known as the Tuskegee Airmen. He was one of the 1007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George J. Iles</span> United States military officer and fighter pilot (1918–2004)

George Jewell Iles was a U.S. Army Air Force officer, former World War II Prisoner of War in Nazi Germany, and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clarence C. Jamison</span> American Tuskegee Airmen fighter pilot (1918–2014)

Clarence Clifford “Jamie” Jamison was a U.S. Army Air Force officer and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or “Schwarze Vogelmenschen” among enemy German pilots.

George Richard Bolling I was a U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the famed Tuskegee Airmen. He was one of 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

Willie Lee Ashley Jr. was a U.S. Army Air Force officer and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen.

Charles Blakesly "Buster" Hall was an American combat fighter pilot and U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen or "Red Tails".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter I. Lawson</span> Tuskegee Airman pilot (1919–1952)

Walter Irving "Ghost" Lawson was a U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Pursuit Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen or "Red Tails". He was one of 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herman A. Lawson</span> Tuskegee Airman Fighter Pilot (1916–1995)

Herman Albert "Ace" Lawson was a former Sacramento, California city councilman, Fresno State University football standout, highly decorated U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer, combat fighter pilot, and combat flight instructor with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Pursuit Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen or "Red Tails". He was one of 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

Yancey Williams was a U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer and pilot with the 85th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen or "Red Tails".

Wilson Vashon Swampy Eagleson II, was a United States Army Air Force officer and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen. One of 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots, Eagleson was credited with two confirmed enemy German aerial kills and two probable aerial kills.

Vernon V. Haywood was a U.S. Army Air Force officer, combat fighter pilot/jet pilot, and commanding officer of the 332nd Fighter Group's 302nd Fighter Squadron, a component of the Tuskegee Airmen.

References

  1. ↑ "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 "James H. Harvey, III". CAF RISE ABOVE. 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  3. 1 2 "The People | Tuskegee Airmen Inc" . Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 'Tuskegee Top Gun' James Harvey, the First African American Jet Combat Pilot, 19 May 2020, retrieved 2024-02-14
  5. 1 2 3 4 "James H. Harvey III | National Air and Space Museum". airandspace.si.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  6. 1 2 "Attitude". tuskegeetopgun.com. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  7. 1 2 "Tuskegee Airman James Harvey, the Military's First "Top Gun" | American Veterans Center" . Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  8. 1 2 3 "An Interview with 95-Year-Old Tuskegee Airman Lt. Col. Harry Stewart". History on the Net Salem Media. 25 June 2021.
  9. ↑ "Saluting an American hero". Times Leader. 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Handleman, Philip; Stewart Jr., Harry (2021). Soaring to Glory A Tuskegee Airman's Firsthand Account of World War II. Regnery History. ISBN   9781684511914.
  11. ↑ Community Walk. “Tuskegee Airmen.” Archived 2021-06-29 at the Wayback Machine F
  12. 1 2 3 4 Michigan Radio. "Tuskegee Airman discusses service and discrimination in new book." STATESIDE STAFF. NOV 11, 2019. https://www.michiganradio.org/post/tuskegee-airman-discusses-service-and-discrimination-new-book
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Harry T. Stewart Jr". CAF Rise Above. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  14. 1 2 "WWII Through The Eyes Of A Tuskegee Airman". WAMC. 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  15. ↑ "Stewart, Harry – CRESTWOOD" . Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  16. 1 2 3 Mildred Europa Taylor (11 June 2019). "After 74 years, this Tuskegee Airman shares incredible war stories of historic black pilots in WWII". Face2Face Africa.
  17. ↑ History Net. “You'll Never Believe What This Tuskegee Airman Accomplished In His First Dogfight.” https://www.historynet.com/tuskag+.ee-airman-harry-stewarts-triple.htm%5B‍%5D
  18. 1 2 "LT. Colonel Harry T. Stewart Jr". Barnstormers.com.
  19. 1 2 3 Brandon Patterson (27 May 2018). "Tuskegee Airman honored 73 years after being lynched in Austria". Detroit Free Press.
  20. ↑ "The Nazi Werewolves Who Terrorized Allied Soldiers at the End of WWII". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Lee Mueller (8 July 2005). "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash". Herald-Leader.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Stephan Wilkinson; James Harvey (March 2012). "Mystery of the Tuskegee Top Guns missing trophy". History Net. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  23. ↑ Accident Report.com – Military Aviation Incident Reports. USAF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS – MARCH 1948. "480320 – STEWART, HARRY T – F-47N – 44-89071 – PAINTSVILLE 10 MI S, KY." http://www.accident-report.com/Yearly/1948/4803.html
  24. 1 2 "James Lafe Daniels – 1910–1969". Johnson County Historical Society.
  25. ↑ Community Walk. “Tuskegee Airmen.” Archived 2021-06-29 at the Wayback Machine F
  26. ↑ Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (NKAA). "Stewart, Harry T. Jr." http://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/894
  27. 1 2 3 "Tuskegee Top Gun". www.tuskegeetopgun.com. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  28. ↑ "Halbert Leo Alexander". CAF RISE ABOVE. 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  29. ↑ Later killed on March 25, 1953 in an F-86 Aircraft accident, while flying over Chelmsford, Massachusetts.
  30. ↑ Kay, LaVone (2020-11-18). "Buford Alvin Johnson". CAF RISE ABOVE. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Lewis, Shawn D. "Tuskegee Airman recounts tales of segregation and valor for Memorial Day". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  32. ↑ "WWII Through The Eyes Of A Tuskegee Airman". WAMC. 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  33. ↑ Matlow, Jeanine (May 30, 2024). "Lt. Col. Harry T. Stewart Jr". Downtown Newsmagazine. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
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