Parent institution | Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences |
---|---|
Chairperson | Bernhard Nickel |
Academic staff | approx. 25 full-time faculty members (2023) [1] |
Students | approx. 80-100 undergraduate students and 50 Ph.D. students |
Location | Emerson Hall, Cambridge, MA, United States |
Website | https://philosophy.fas.harvard.edu |
The Department of Philosophy at Harvard University is a philosophy department in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States that is associated with the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Housed at Emerson Hall, the department offers bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees in philosophy. Both undergraduate and graduate students can complete programs with other Harvard departments. Students publish and edit The Harvard Review of Philosophy , an annual peer-reviewed journal on philosophy. The department consistently ranks among the top ten philosophical faculties in the United States and the world and specializes in a wide range of philosophical topics, including moral and political philosophy, aesthetics, metaphysics, analytical philosophy, history of philosophy, epistemology, philosophy of science and philosophy of language, mind, and logic. [2] [3]
Historically, philosophy at Harvard has transitioned from conservative religious traditions to more liberal and progressive schools of thought. Harvard initially trained Puritan clergymen in logic, ethics, and theology. During the early 19th century, Harvard was associated with the development of unitarianism and, correspondingly, the philosophy of transcendentalism and produced thinkers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Harvard's philosophy department was an important source of pragmatism of philosophers such as William James, C. I. Lewis and George Santayana and American idealism of Josiah Royce. W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain LeRoy Locke followed the tradition of pragmatism and applied philosophy to African-American experiences and culture. Later in the 20th century, philosophy at Harvard saw significant contributions in political philosophy, especially with John Rawls and Robert Nozick. More recently, Harvard philosophy professors such as Willard Van Orman Quine and Hilary Putnam have made notable advances in analytic philosophy.
Philosophy teaching at Harvard College in its early years aligned with the theological worldview of Puritanism, as faculty were Puritans and the college trained students become Puritan ministers. Early curriculum focused on classical education with philosophical subjects, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, and theology. [4] Harvard's course of study was modeled after those of Cambridge University and Oxford University, which included strands of mental, moral, and natural philosophy. [5] [6]
Philosophical discourse at Harvard and other New England colleges in the 17th and 18th century centered around religious issues of Puritanism. New England Puritan thought relied heavily on dogma, but attempted to systematically develop a coherent worldview, as well as philosophically grapple with the tensions between the elements of arbitrary and emotional "piety" and rational "intellect." Pupils read works on rhetoric, logic, and philosophy by William Ames, Franco Burgersdijk, Petrus Ramus, Bartholomäus Keckermann, and other religious thinkers. [7] [8]
During the Great Awakenings, moral philosophy at Harvard addressed issues with the development of religious revival movements. According to Norman Fiering, moral philosophical debates at Harvard served as precursors to the parallel discussions during the Great Awakening between Old Lights such as Harvard president Charles Chauncy and New Lights as Jonathan Edwards, in which Harvard adopted both views of intellectualism and voluntarism. [9] [10] Charles Chauncy would oppose sensational experiences of religion that were spread during the Great Awakening and developed a more rationalistic religious movement departing from Puritan orthodoxy. [11] [12]
During the later 18th century, Harvard began to adopt a latitudinarianism and a more liberal, tolerant, rational, and practical form of Christianity. In 1789, Harvard established the Professorship of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity that would attempt to show the coherence of the "doctrines of Revelation" and the "dictates of Reason." [13]
In the 19th century, unitarianism originated in the United States at Harvard after the college appointed the first unitarian professor of divinity in 1805. Following this appointment, the school became dominated by a unitarian moral philosophy that rejected Christ's divinity and departed from the orthodox theology of Puritans in earlier centuries. [14] Transcendentalism followed the developments of unitarianism, emphasizing free conscience and the value of intellectual reason. [15] Notable transcendentalist philosophers, who graduated from Harvard, included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. [16]
In the early decades of the 19th century, Harvard College offered philosophy courses in the areas of 1. intellectual philosophy 2. moral and political philosophy 3. religion and natural theology 4. logic and 5. natural philosophy. Core texts that were part of the curriculum included works by English and Scottish philosophers and theologians, including John Locke, Thomas Brown, William Paley, William Enfield, Dugald Stewart, William Smellie, Joseph Butler, among others. The philosophy curriculum at Harvard during this time was dominated by Scottish common sense realism and the empiricism of John Locke. At the same time, the college attempted to maintain philosophical and religious orthodoxy and likewise required professors to declare allegiance to the Protestant Reformed Christian faith. [17]
During the second half of the 19th century, Harvard philosophy became a significant center for the development of the American philosophy of pragmatism and American idealism with influential Harvard philosophers such as William James, Alfred North Whitehead, Josiah Royce and later C. I. Lewis. [20] William James, considered the founder of philosophical thought of pragmatism, radical empiricism, and functional psychology, was influential in the foundation of Harvard's Psychology Department, which was initially closely tied with the Philosophy Department. [21] Josiah Royce, considered the father of American idealism, opposed the pragmatism of William James and was a staunch advocate of absolute idealism but would later reformulate his metaphysics as "absolute pragmatism." [22] [23]
W. E. B. Du Bois studied at Harvard College from 1888 to 1890, where he was strongly influenced by Professor William James and would later make significant developments in the connection of philosophy and race. [24] [25]
Charles Sanders Peirce, a close friend of William James and key philosopher of pragmatism, studied natural history and philosophy at Harvard but was multiple times denied a professorship at the university due to undistinguished grades and disapproval by Harvard President Charles William Eliot. [26]
Harvard established a Graduate Department, modeled after the German university system, in 1872, which offered degrees in Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy. Philosophy was one of the first three subjects (besides mathematics and history) offered as a Ph.D. by the Graduate Department. [27]
In 1895, the Philosophy Department wrote Harvard Corporation that it had allowed Mary Whiton Calkins to complete all the requirements for the Ph.D. and noted that her "scholarly intelligence was exceptionally high, when compared with that of nearly all other candidates hitherto examined," but Harvard refused to grant her the degree, since she was a woman. [28]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2023) |
Emerson Hall, which still houses the Philosophy Department, was built in 1905 and named after alumnus Ralph Waldo Emerson. [29] On the official opening, the American Philosophical and American Psychological Associations held meetings at the hall with addresses by President Charles Eliot and Edward Waldo Emerson, Ralph Waldo Emerson's son. [30]
Alain LeRoy Locke completed a bachelor's in philosophy and literature at Harvard College in 1907. He is noted for his contributions to philosophical pragmatism and was central to the Harlem Renaissance. [31]
One of William James's most notable students was George Santayana. Both were naturalists, but they differed in their interpretation of religion. James viewed it as part of individual experiences that were attainable within a supernatural realm but not accessible through science, while Santayana emphasized the mind's creative imagination and held a version of metaphysical naturalism that was influenced by evolutionary Darwinism and maintained that nothing supernatural exists. [32]
Philosophy undergraduate students can concentrate in philosophy and receive an A. B. Degree. Undergraduates may also complete degrees through the Mind Brain Behavior Interfaculty Initiative (MBB). The department offers joint-degree programs with the departments of Classics, Government, History, Mathematics, and Religion. [33]
The undergraduate study consists of standard courses on: [34]
The graduate program is mainly for Ph.D. recipients, as students can only complete A. M. degrees in pursuit of a Ph.D. Graduate students are required to take courses in:
The department offers courses in ancient Greek and Roman, medieval philosophy, early modern European philosophy, and other world philosophical traditions within these critical areas.
Ph.D. programs include standard philosophy, classical philosophy in conjunction with the Harvard Department of Classics, Indian philosophy with the Harvard Department of South Asian Studies, and philosophy and law with the Harvard Law School. [35]
The Philosophy Department is associated with The Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Ethics which fosters research and teaching on ethical issues. [36]
Harvard University and MIT hold the annual Harvard-MIT Graduate Philosophy Conference to discuss various topics on philosophy, which alternates locations between the two institutions. [37]
The peer-reviewed journal The Harvard Review of Philosophy is published and edited by Harvard philosophy students. [38]
According to the QS World University Rankings for Philosophy, Harvard University ranked 9th in 2020, 8th in 2021 and 2022, and 7th in 2023. [39]
Based on a reputation survey from the Philosophical Gourmet Report, Harvard ranked 7th in 2006, 6th in 2009 and 2014, 5th in 2011, and 9th in 2017 among United States graduate faculties. [40] Among philosophical departments in the English-speaking world, Harvard ranked 9th place in another 2021 Philosophical Gourmet Report. [41] Harvard faculty have criticized the Philosophical Gourmet Report for insufficiently high academic standards and failing to meet "social scientific standards." [42]
Faculty who have been or are affiliated with the department include Danielle Allen, Thomas Kuhn, Hugo Münsterberg, Martha Nussbaum, Michael Sandel, and Cornel West.
In analytic philosophy, anti-realism is a position which encompasses many varieties such as metaphysical, mathematical, semantic, scientific, moral and epistemic. The term was first articulated by British philosopher Michael Dummett in an argument against a form of realism Dummett saw as 'colorless reductionism'.
William James was an American philosopher, psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States. James is considered to be a leading thinker of the late 19th century, one of the most influential philosophers of the United States, and the "Father of American psychology."
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.
Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, known in English as George Santayana, was a Spanish-American philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. Born in Spain, Santayana was raised and educated in the US from the age of eight and identified himself as an American, although he always retained a valid Spanish passport. At the age of 48, Santayana left his position at Harvard and returned to Europe permanently.
Wilfrid Stalker Sellars was an American philosopher and prominent developer of critical realism, who "revolutionized both the content and the method of philosophy in the United States".
Josiah Royce was an American Pragmatist and objective idealist philosopher and the founder of American idealism. His philosophical ideas included his joining of pragmatism and idealism, his philosophy of loyalty, and his defense of absolutism.
Arthur Oncken Lovejoy was an American philosopher and intellectual historian, who founded the discipline known as the history of ideas with his book The Great Chain of Being (1936), on the topic of that name, which is regarded as 'probably the single most influential work in the history of ideas in the United States during the last half century'. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1932. In 1940, he founded the Journal of the History of Ideas.
Nicholas Paul Wolterstorff is an American philosopher and theologian. He is currently Noah Porter Professor Emeritus of Philosophical Theology at Yale University. A prolific writer with wide-ranging philosophical and theological interests, he has written books on aesthetics, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and philosophy of education. In Faith and Rationality, Wolterstorff, Alvin Plantinga, and William Alston developed and expanded upon a view of religious epistemology that has come to be known as Reformed epistemology. He also helped to establish the journal Faith and Philosophy and the Society of Christian Philosophers.
William Ernest Hocking was an American idealist philosopher at Harvard University. He continued the work of his philosophical teacher Josiah Royce in revising idealism to integrate and fit into empiricism, naturalism and pragmatism. He said that metaphysics has to make inductions from experience: "That which does not work is not true." His major field of study was the philosophy of religion, but his 22 books included discussions of philosophy and human rights, world politics, freedom of the press, the philosophical psychology of human nature; education; and more. In 1958 he served as president of the Metaphysical Society of America. He led a highly influential study of missions in mainline Protestant churches in 1932. His "Laymen's Inquiry" recommended a greater emphasis on education and social welfare, transfer of power to local groups, less reliance on evangelizing and conversion, and a much more respectful appreciation for local religions.
Chauncey Wright was an American philosopher and mathematician, who was an influential early defender of Darwinism and an important influence on American pragmatists such as Charles Sanders Peirce and William James.
Ralph Barton Perry was an American philosopher. He was a strident moral idealist who stated in 1909 that, to him, idealism meant "to interpret life consistently with ethical, scientific, and metaphysical truth." Perry's viewpoints on religion stressed the notion that religious thinking possessed legitimacy should it exist within a framework accepting of human reason and social progress.
The "Divinity School Address" is the common name for the speech Ralph Waldo Emerson gave to the graduating class of Harvard Divinity School on July 15, 1838. Its formal title is "Acquaint Thyself First Hand with Deity."
John William Miller (1895–1978) was an American philosopher in the idealist tradition. His work appears in six published volumes, including The Paradox of Cause (1978) and most recently The Task of Criticism (2006). His principal philosophical ambitions were 1) to reconcile the idealism of Josiah Royce and the pragmatism of William James and 2) to integrate philosophical thought and historical thought. As testimony to the integrative nature of his thinking, Miller referred to his philosophy as a "historical idealism” and a “naturalistic idealism.”
The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America 2001 book by Louis Menand, an American writer and legal scholar, which won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for History. The book recounts the lives and intellectual work of the handful of thinkers primarily responsible for the philosophical concept of pragmatism, a principal feature of American philosophical achievement: William James, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Charles Sanders Peirce, and John Dewey. Pragmatism had a significant influence on modern thought, by, for example, spurring movements in legal thought such as legal realism.
Robert S. Corrington is an American philosopher and author of many books exploring human interpretation of the universe as well as biographies on C.S. Peirce and Wilhelm Reich. He is currently the Henry Anson Buttz Professor of Philosophical Theology at Drew University in Madison, New Jersey. Before that he was a professor at Pennsylvania State University. He is a Senior Fellow of the American Institute for Philosophical and Cultural Thought.
John Lachs was a Hungarian-born American philosopher. He was Centennial Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University, where he began teaching in 1967. Lachs received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1961. His primary focus was on American philosophy and German Idealism.
George Holmes Howison was an American philosopher who established the philosophy department at the University of California, Berkeley and held the position there of Mills Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity. He also founded the Philosophical Union, one of the oldest philosophical organizations in the United States.
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Dickinson Sargeant Miller was an American philosopher best known for his work in metaphysics and the philosophy of mind. He worked with other philosophers including William James, George Santayana, John Dewey, Edmund Husserl, and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Scott L. Pratt is a professor of philosophy at the University of Oregon. His research and teaching is focused primarily upon American philosophy, especially in the areas of Native American philosophy, pragmatism, philosophy of race and gender, philosophy of education, and the history of logic. He has previously served in various administrative roles at the University of Oregon, including executive vice provost for academic affairs (2017–2019), dean of the graduate school (2015–2017), and associate dean for the humanities in the College of Arts and Sciences (2006–2009).