History of Formula One regulations

Last updated

The regulations governing Formula One racing have changed many times throughout the history of the sport.

Contents

Formula One's rules and regulations are set by the sport's governing body, the FIA. [1] The primary reasons behind rule changes have traditionally been to do with safety. [2] As each decade has passed the FIA have made more and more changes in the regulations so that better facilities and equipment are available in the event of an accident at race meetings. [3] These rule changes have also been aimed at eliminating dangerous practices from the sport in an effort to make it safer. [3]

Many innovations and technological improvements have been banned over the years as a result of FIA regulation changes. [4] The governing body have taken these actions to slow the cars down to a level where a Grand Prix car can be driven relatively safely. [5] If cornering speeds were sufficiently high, an accident while cornering would almost certainly result in the death of the driver. [5]

Since 2000, the FIA has been issuing an increasing number of rule changes to limit the cost of the sport. [6] The cost of running a team in the sport has increased dramatically in recent years and this situation has not proved sustainable. From 2009 onwards, Formula One has committed itself to dramatic reductions in expenditure. [7]

1950s

Five times World Champion Juan-Manuel Fangio driving a Mercedes-Benz W196 (from 1954 to 1955) in 1986. Fangio-MB-W196-3lMotor-1986.jpg
Five times World Champion Juan-Manuel Fangio driving a Mercedes-Benz W196 (from 1954 to 1955) in 1986.

Although Formula One races had been taking place since 1948, it was not until 1950 that the World Championship was established. [8] Safety was almost a non-issue [9] in the first 10 years of racing and technological progress was extremely slow compared to modern standards. All of the circuits that Formula One raced on in the 1950s had no safety features; the general mentality was that death was an acceptable risk for winning races, and as a result very few regulations were changed during this period.

1948–1953
Engine specs set at 1500 cc maximum size for engines with a compressor (supercharger or turbocharger) or 4500 cc for naturally aspirated engines. No weight limit. [10] Note that in 1952 and 1953, the World Drivers' Championship was run to Formula Two regulations (maximum capacity of 750 cc for engines with a compressor or 2000 cc for naturally aspirated engines), but the Formula One regulations remained unchanged, and numerous non-championship Formula One races were held during this period. Also for 1952, crash helmets were made compulsory; but these helmets were made with dubious materials and looked like medium-sized dinner bowls.
1954
Engine specs amended to allow 750 cc maximum engine size with a compressor or 2500 cc for a naturally aspirated engine. No weight limit. [10]
1958
The use of commercial petrol became compulsory and alcohol-based racing fuels were banned. [11]

1960s

The Cooper T66 which raced during the 1963 and 1964 seasons. Cooper T66 Donington paddock.jpg
The Cooper T66 which raced during the 1963 and 1964 seasons.
Mexico's Pedro Rodriguez driving the BRM P133 in 1968. Rodriguez, Pedro - BRM 1968.jpg
Mexico's Pedro Rodríguez driving the BRM P133 in 1968.

The 1960s began the way the previous decade had ended for Formula One's rule book with relatively few changes made. However, with the advent of a new breed of innovative and forward thinking designers like Colin Chapman [12] and the beginnings of drivers lobbying for safer racing conditions, [13] the number of rule changes made began to accelerate as the decade came to a close. [14] [15]

1960
Regulations unchanged from 1959 (maximum engine capacity of 750 cc for a compressed engine or 2500 cc for naturally aspirated engines. No weight restrictions). [14]
1961–1965
Engine specs amended to a naturally aspirated engine of between 1300 cc and 1500 cc, no compressors allowed, minimum weight set at 450 kg, open wheels mandated, [16] pump fuel only, automatic starter, roll bar required, double braking system mandatory, standardised seatbelt anchorage, fire protection for fuel tanks, fillers and breathers, FIA begin to organise safety inspections (previously done by local authorities), protective helmet and overalls obligatory, flag signalling code established. [14]
1966–1969
Engine specs amended to a 1500 cc engine with a compressor or a 3000 cc naturally aspirated engine allowed, minimum weight set at 500 kg, electrical circuit breaker, reverse gear, oil catch tank, a rollbar 5 cm above driver's head, two-part extinguisher system and cockpit designed for quick evacuation all made mandatory, all aerodynamic features must be immobile (thereby banning air brakes) and fixed to a sprung part of the car, maximum bodywork height and width restrictions ban the use of dangerous high wings, recommendations made on seat harnesses, fire-resistant clothing and shatterproof visors. [14] Straw bales were banned from being used as safety barriers in response to Lorenzo Bandini's fatal accident in Monaco in 1967.

1970s

Peter Gethin driving the 1971 McLaren M19A. 1971 Peter Gethin, McLaren.jpg
Peter Gethin driving the 1971 McLaren M19A.
The 'ground effect' Lotus 78 pictured in 1977. 2005 A1GP Brands Hatch Katsuake Kubota Lotus 78.jpg
The 'ground effect' Lotus 78 pictured in 1977.

The speed of Formula One cars had increased dramatically since 1950 but the standard of safety at race meetings had not followed suit. Deaths were still common, and there were many factors at play to blame. Many of the drivers felt that the danger level involved in the sport was unnecessarily high despite the changes in the rules that had been implemented by the end of the 1960s. [13] The drivers' crusade for improved safety was led in the 1970s by Jackie Stewart. [17] After the needless and avoidable death of Ronnie Peterson [18] at the Italian Grand Prix in 1978, the sport finally made the wholesale changes needed to bring it up towards the modern standards of safety which it enjoys today. [19] The 1970s was the last decade that Formula One raced at truly long circuits (i.e. with lap times close to or over 3 minutes); and going into the decade, Formula One still raced at the 5-mile Charade circuit, the 8.7-mile Spa-Francorchamps circuit and the 14.2-mile Nürburgring Nordschleife. Although all of the aforementioned circuits were improved with safety features, by 1977 Charade, Spa and the Nürburgring were all no longer on the calendar all for the same general reason- safety concerns. Safer circuits such as Paul Ricard, Zolder and Hockenheimring were built with safety features installed; and at the end of the decade Formula One had become a safer sport, although it was still dangerous. Ground effect, a technology that was able to create huge amounts of downforce with inverted aerofoils mounted on the sides of the car, was discovered and developed by Colin Chapman and his Lotus team in the mid 70s, and the technology was perfected with the dominant Type 79. All the other teams followed suit, and the performance of the cars skyrocketed over a period of 2 years. [20]

1970
Minimum weight set at 530 kg, safety bladder fuel cell tanks introduced, report published on track standards, recommended straw bales be banned, double guard rails in place, 3-metre grass verges, spectators to be kept a minimum of 3 metres behind guard railings, barrier between pit lane and track as well as track width, surface and gradient recommendations and mandatory FIA inspections of track facilities. [15]
1971
Role responsibilities and mandatory equipment list set out for race supervisors, marshals, and signalers. Drivers must be evacuated from cockpit in less than five seconds. All race distances must be under 200 miles (320 km). [15]
1972
Minimum weight increased to 550 kg, safety foam in fuel tanks, no magnesium sheeting to be less than 3 mm thick, 15w red rear light mandatory, head rest required, minimum cockpit dimensions, combined electrical cut off and extinguisher external handle required, fuel tanks to meet FIA specifications, six-point harness required, circuit safety criteria set down, driver's code of conduct released. [15]
1973
Numbers now assigned to drivers. The #1 number is assigned to the reigning World Champion. Minimum weight increased to 575 kg, crushable structure around fuel tanks mandatory, no chrome plating of suspension parts allowed (to avoid hydrogen embrittlement), [21] drivers required to carry medical card and submit to medical examination before they are able to race, catch fencing and rescue equipment mandatory at races, starting grid dimensions standardised, fire service regulations established. [15]
1974
Self-sealing fuel lines mandatory, sand traps added to catch fencing as safety features at circuits, 2x2 staggered starting grid with 12 metres allowed per car. [15]
1975
Marshal's posts to be provided with service roads for ease of access, FIA standard set for fire resistant clothing. [15]
1976
Airboxes on the top of cars are banned, and the cooling of engines through similar means is heavily limited. "Safety structures" around dashboard and pedals implemented. After Niki Lauda's near-fatal accident at a nearly inaccessible point at the treacherous 14.2 mi (22.8 km) Nürburgring in West Germany, the circuit was taken off the 1977 calendar after having been on the calendar for all but 4 seasons of Formula One up to 1976. [15]
1977
Pedal box safety structures more adequately defined, gravel traps defined more adequately, helmets must be made to FIA approved standards. [15]
1978
Brabham's BT46B 'fan car' deemed illegal and banned [22] after its first (and only) appearance of the season where it won at the Swedish Grand Prix, [23] bulkhead behind driver and front roll bar defined, licence qualification criteria set for all drivers, all grid slots allocated 14 metres per car. [15] Following a request from Lotus, a single centrally mounted fuel tank between the driver and engine is permitted. Previously, no more than 80 litres of fuel in a single tank is allowed, meaning most cars required 3 separate fuel tanks, usually 2 bag tanks either side of the driver's cockpit and another fuel tank behind him. However, this requires multiple fuel lines for the various tanks, and it is the shearing of the fuel lines in impacts that causes the fires of Jo Siffert, Roger Williamson and Niki Lauda. Therefore, the central single fuel tank pioneered by Lotus becomes accepted as a safer option to stop fuel lines from side impacts being sheared and igniting.
1979
Medical air required to be piped into drivers helmet in the event of an accident, bigger cockpit opening, two mirrors and better fire extinguisher on board cars required, FIA appointed, professional, permanent race starter mandatory. [15]

1980s

1981 World Champion Nelson Piquet at that season's race at Monaco in his ground-effect Brabham BT49C. Piquetmonaco.jpg
1981 World Champion Nelson Piquet at that season's race at Monaco in his ground-effect Brabham BT49C.
Eventual triple World Champion Ayrton Senna at the 1988 Canadian Grand Prix in his McLaren MP4/4, powered by a Honda turbocharged engine. Ayrton Senna 1988 Canada.jpg
Eventual triple World Champion Ayrton Senna at the 1988 Canadian Grand Prix in his McLaren MP4/4, powered by a Honda turbocharged engine.

With the raft of safety improvements as a result of Peterson's fatal crash being implemented during the late 70s and early 80s Formula One overall became much safer despite the deaths of Patrick Depailler in 1980 and Gilles Villeneuve & Riccardo Paletti in 1982. [19] The huge amounts of downforce created by ground effect became increasingly dangerous as years went on, and aside from the fatal accidents mentioned above, a number of drivers crashed heavily enough for their careers to be brought to an end, and the technology was banned outright at the start of the 1983 season. These safety changes coupled with the much stronger carbon fibre replacing aluminium as the material of choice for chassis construction meant there was not a single driver fatality at a race meeting for the rest of the decade. [24] However one factor threatening to undo all this progress was the almost exponential power increases being extracted from turbocharged engines. Renault proved in 1980 that turbocharging was the way to go to success, with their very dominant performances in qualifying in almost every race, especially on fast and high-altitude circuits, where the thinner air did not affect the turbocharged engines. With power output doubling in less than 10 years and figures in excess of 1,400  bhp (1,000  kW ; 1,400  PS ) talked about by engine manufacturers, from 1986 onwards the FIA's primary goal was to rein in the turbo engines before finally banning them altogether at the end of the 1988 season. [25] Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone and ex-March team owner Max Mosley set new organizational standards for Formula One, something they had been working on since 1972. All the races are now more organized by Formula One Management instead of circuit organizers doing their own things; such as setting specific times for when races, practice sessions and qualifying sessions are to start, and teams must commit to all of however many races are in a season, in order to assure sponsors that their advertising will be seen by television cameras, which was also an enterprise set up by Ecclestone and Mosley. This effectively transformed the sport into the multibillion-dollar business it is today.

1980
Permanent medical facility required at all tracks, these facilities must be staffed by FIA approved medics, fast response car mandatory at all races, minimum weight for F1 car set at 575 kg. [26]
1981
The new Formula One World Championship is officially established by Formula One Management, an organization headed by Britons Bernie Ecclestone and Max Mosley. Through the teams' and the FIA's signing of the 1st Concorde Agreement concocted by Ecclestone and Mosley, they officially set newly organized standards, such as no more sequences of races being run over a period of seven months, and practice and qualifying sessions and the races being started at official times. The series is now an official business operating by its own operational standards while adhering to regulations set by the FIA; all of the circuit organizers must comply to these standards and regulations. This includes private entries of other makes of car disallowed. Any team entering any official championship Formula One race must enter their own cars and all teams have to commit to the number of races scheduled each season. Although the teams have to make their own cars, they are still allowed to purchase engines and gearboxes from independent manufacturers. Flexible side skirts banned to reduce downforce created by ground effect, mandatory ground clearance of 6 cm required to limit ground effect further, Lotus twin chassis type 88 outlawed, [27] pit lane minimum width set at 10 metres, survival cell extending to the front of the driver's feet introduced to improve driver survivability in the event of an accident, minimum weight of car set at 585 kg. [26]
1982
Rotary engines, diesel engines, gas turbine engines and sarich orbital engines all banned as part of the Concorde Agreement, [28] rigid skirts legalised and ride height restrictions removed as FIA admit that policing a ban is not possible whilst many teams are using hydraulic suspension systems to alter ride heights and circumvent the rules, [29] minimum weight of car set at 580 kg. [26]
1983
Ground effect outlawed completely for the beginning of the 1983 season. [29] all cars return to a flat undertray, four wheel drive banned along with cars with more than four wheels, [30] minimum weight set at 540 kg. [26]
1984
In race refuelling outlawed, fuel tank required to be in centre of car, between driver and engine, maximum fuel capacity allowed on cars set at 220 litres per race to try and reduce the output of turbo engines, drivers required to have FIA super licence before they can compete in F1, concrete retaining walls permitted alongside guard rails. [26]
1985
Rear-wing size limits set in place. All cars now subject to a frontal crash test to be deemed race worthy. [26]
1986
Catch-fencing banned, permanent FIA medical service inspector and medevac helicopter mandatory at race meetings, after needless death of Elio de Angelis in testing. All F1 test sessions to be completed under full race meeting safety conditions, engine capacity 1500 cc with compressor (i.e. naturally aspirated engines prohibited), maximum fuel consumption reduced to 195 litres per race. [26]
1987
Boost pressure capped at 4.0 bars to limit turbo power, minimum weight of cars set at 500 kg. Naturally aspirated engines are permitted again, with a maximum capacity of 3500 cc and no fuel limit. Grid slots allocated 16 metres per car. [26] FIA announce that from 1989 onwards turbos will be banned and to encourage teams to switch, two additional championships are introduced, which are open to non-turbo teams only: the Jim Clark Cup for drivers, and the Colin Chapman Trophy for constructors. These one-off championships are won by Jonathan Palmer and by Tyrrell-Ford respectively.
1988
Boost pressure further reduced to a maximum of 2.5 bars to limit the power output of the turbo engines in their final year (until 2014), maximum fuel consumption of turbo cars reduced to 150 litres per race. In any design the driver's feet must not extend beyond the front wheel axle, static crash test of survival cell and fuel cell mandatory, minimum weight of cars increased to 540 kg. [26]
1989
Turbocharged engines banned completely, [25] naturally aspirated engines of 3500 cc in size and 8 to 12 cylinders the only engines permitted, overhead air intakes allowed again, fuel restrictions removed, all track side guard rails must be a minimum of 1 metre in height and the pit wall must be a minimum of 1 m 35 cm in height, all drivers subject to anti doping testing as per IOC guidelines. [26]

1990s

The 1992 Williams FW14B was one of the most technologically advanced Formula One cars of all time. Williams FW14B.jpg
The 1992 Williams FW14B was one of the most technologically advanced Formula One cars of all time.
Rubens Barrichello driving for the short lived but successful Stewart Grand Prix team. Rubens Barrichello 1999 Canada.jpg
Rubens Barrichello driving for the short lived but successful Stewart Grand Prix team.

Despite several near misses (particularly during the turbo era) Formula One had managed to go almost 12 whole years without a single fatality at a race meeting. [24] The strength of the carbon fibre chassis being used and the fortunate escapes of many drivers involved in high speed accidents during this period made many people inside the sport believe that death was a thing of the past in Formula One. [19] This attitude was made to look foolish when the FIA hastily banned virtually all of the performance enhancing electronic technology that the teams had become dependent on for the start of the 1994 season. [32] This made many of that year's cars nervy and edgy to drive. [33] With more horsepower than 1993 but with less in car stability [34] some observers at the time (most notably Ayrton Senna) stated that they believed 1994 would "be a season with lots of accidents". [35]

Near-fatal accidents of JJ Lehto and Jean Alesi during pre-season and in season testing were both to prove Senna right. This was climaxed by the catastrophic 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, with Brazilian Rubens Barrichello being severely injured during a heavy crash in a Friday practice session. This set the stage for the disastrous events of the rest of the weekend, which led to the deaths of Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger and Senna himself; all three accidents on consecutive days. The sweeping changes [33] that the FIA implemented post-Imola proved to be almost as rash as the ones at the end of 1993 and nearly claimed the life of Pedro Lamy in a testing accident. [36] The cause of the accident was put down as rear wing failure as a result of the FIA rushing through new rules including one reducing the size of the rear diffuser which reduced the number of anchoring points the attached rear wing assembly could use. To its credit the FIA learned from the mistakes of 1994 and much more consideration and forward thinking was put into changes made to the rules from there onwards. By the close of the decade a measure of the impact on the sport that the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix has had was that for the first time in its history, safety had become Formula One's number one concern. [37]

1990
Large mirrors and quick release steering wheel made mandatory, all marshals and medical staff must practice driver extrication exercises. [38]
1991
Front wing narrowed from 150 cm (59 in) to 140 cm (55 in). Rear overhang reduced from 60 cm (24 in) to 50 cm (20 in). More stringent testing of survival cell by FIA including seat belts, fuel tanks and rollbar. Points scoring system overhauled, win now secures 10 points and all results to count instead of best 11 scores. [38]
1992
Yet more exhaustive testing of survival cell including rear impact testing, height of kerbing lowered, minimum width of pit lane increased to 12 m (39 ft), pit lane entry chicane mandatory, safety car introduced. [38]
1993
Rear tyre width reduced from 18 inches (457 mm) to 15 inches (381 mm) to reduce the grip and so the speed of the cars, overall car width reduced from 220 cm to 200 cm. Rear wing height reduced from 100 cm to 90 cm, distance of front end plates from flat bottom increased from 25 to 40 mm (0.98 to 1.57 in), [38] head rest area increased from 80 to 400 cm2 (12 to 62 in2). Continuously variable transmission (CVT) banned before ever appearing at a race. [39] End of race crowd control measures implemented, 50 km/h speed lane restriction during free practice. Fuel used restricted to that available to the general public. [40] Drivers limited to 12 laps each in both qualifying sessions; [41] maximum number of cars on the grid set at 25 cars (later increased to 26 from German Grand Prix onwards)
1994
Ban on electronic driver aids such as active suspension, [32] traction control, [34] launch control, ABS, and (without ever appearing in a race) four-wheel steering [42] at the beginning of the season, mid race refuelling allowed for the first time since 1983, [43] pit crews now required to wear fireproof racing suits in conjunction with return of refuelling, [44] post-Imola sweeping changes introduced to slow cars down, starting from the Monaco race onwards, a pit lane speed limit is put in place; between the Spanish Grand Prix and the German Grand Prix, additional changes are phased in and include a reduction in the height of the rear wing of 10 cm, an increase in the height of the front wing, no front wing trailing assemblies to extend behind front wheel, a 10 mm wooden plank fitted to the under tray (permitted to be worn by no more than 1 mm by the race end), a ban on high rear wing assemblies extending ahead of the rear axle line to sidestep the wing height restrictions, depressurising the engine airbox to reduce power, minimum headrest thickness 75 mm (3.0 in) introduced, more stringent fire extinguisher regulations and driver helmet criteria implemented, a pit lane speed restriction of 80 km/h (50 mph) in practice and 120 km/h (75 mph) in race conditions introduced, also the parade lap was to be completed behind safety car (abandoned from Imola onwards), pit spectator area to be fire shielded, 27 corners identified as very high risk and as a result changes to circuit layouts implemented to remove or modify these parts of the track. After Imola, pit lane speed limit is implemented. [38]
1995
A reduction in engine capacity from 3,500 to 3,000 cc (214 to 183 cu in) to further slow cars, longer and higher cockpit openings to reduce chance of impact with driver's head in the event of an accident, survival cell side impact tests introduced, obligatory automatic neutral selection when engine stops, increase in length chassis must extend beyond driver's feet from 15 to 30 cm (5.9 to 11.8 in), frontal impact test speed increased from 11 m/s to 12 m/s, kerbs made smoother, pit wall debris shield installed, 3 inch safety straps mandatory, super licence criteria and fuel restrictions made more stringent (i.e. special racing fuels - previously an exotic mixture of benzenes and toluenes, are banned; only those with similar characteristics to everyday unleaded petrol are permitted). [38]
1996
Increased cockpit protection around the driver's head. Front wing end plates to be no more than 10 mm thick to reduce damage to tyres of another car in the event of collision, all harness release levers must point downwards, to qualify for a race all cars must now be within 107% of pole time, car numbers now allocated on the basis of previous seasons performance, Friday qualifying abandoned but number of free practice sessions increased from two to three and number of laps allocated each day increased from 23 to 30, standardisation of all FIA safety cars and medical cars, more fire drills for marshals, starting procedure improved, data storage unit to be mounted within survival cell. [38]
1997
Test tracks now require FIA approval and supervision, kerbing standardised, bolted tyre wall construction obligatory, cars to carry FIA ADR (accident data recorder) to analyse success of implemented safety measures, FIA approval required for all chief medical officers and medical centres, safety car made more powerful and may now be used for wet weather starts, accident intervention plan revised. [38]
1998
Narrow track era begins in Formula One, width of car reduced from 2 metres to 1.8 metres with teams now running rubber with 14 mm grooves [45] in, 4 on the rear and 3 on the front, to reduce the speed of the cars, asymmetric braking banned, [46] X-wings banned mid-season, single fuel bladder mandatory, refuelling connector must be covered, cockpit dimensions increased, side impact test now to use 100% more energy, tyre barrier effectiveness increased, pit lane must now have 100 m of straight running before first pit garage, increased use of pit lane lights alongside flags. [38]
1999
Number of grooves on front tyres increased from three to four, flexible wings banned, [47] [48] pit lane shielding standardised, some run off areas to have asphalt instead of sand traps, at least four medical intervention cars and an FIA doctor car required, ADR required to be in operation during testing, wheels must be tethered to car to reduce the risk of launched components during an accident, rear and lateral headrest assembly made one piece and quick release, engine oil breathers must vent into engine air intake, extractable driver's seat mandatory, frontal impact test speed increased to 13 m/s. [38]

2000s

Seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher on his way to victory at the 2002 French Grand Prix in that season's all-conquering Ferrari F2002. Mschumacher 2002.jpg
Seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher on his way to victory at the 2002 French Grand Prix in that season's all-conquering Ferrari F2002.
Lewis Hamilton won the 2008 title in only his second season. He is pictured here driving the McLaren MP4-23 at that year's season opener in Australia. Lewis hamilton - 2008 Melb GP.jpg
Lewis Hamilton won the 2008 title in only his second season. He is pictured here driving the McLaren MP4-23 at that year's season opener in Australia.

By the end of the 1990s safety standards had risen dramatically for the second time in 20 years. [49] The deaths of marshals in both 2000 and 2001 after being struck by wheels after accidents at the Italian and Australian Grand Prix respectively showed that the sport will never be completely safe. However, on the whole, the sport was in much better shape safety-wise than it had been before. Save for the introduction of HANS (head and neck support) system in 2003 there have been no major safety improvements in the sport since the turn of the millennium, [3] until the introduction of the halo in 2018.

Most of the changes that the FIA have implemented to the regulations in the nine seasons since the year 2000 have been aimed at trimming speed off the cars and, later in the decade, at reducing the costs involved in Formula One. [50] These have risen by a factor of between three and four for the top teams like Ferrari and McLaren. This sudden increase in budgets has largely been down to the influx of big-spending car manufacturers setting up teams in the sport since Mercedes paved the way by buying 40% of the McLaren team.

By 2008, with the global credit crunch turning into a full-blown global recession, many of the car manufacturers (whose sales have been hit hard by the economic crisis) can no longer afford the huge amounts of money they are investing in the sport. [51] The gravity of the situation was realised when Honda suddenly withdrew its participation at the end of the 2008 season, later confirming to have sold the team, specifically blaming the world economic crisis. [52] With Toyota and BMW also withdrawing from the sport at the end of the following year, the remaining manufacturers along with the FIA agreed changes to the rules over the next seasons to bring about dramatic cost savings in an effort to save the sport from collapsing under the weight of its own costs. [53]

2000
Engines mandated to be V10 displacing no more than 3000cc, [54] red flag procedure changed where races stopped after two laps but before three-quarters race distance had been completed would be restarted with the cars lining up on the grid in the order they were at the end of the penultimate lap before the lap during which the red flag was shown (only the race order and number of laps completed were taken into account for the new race, time differences between the cars were voided; the distance of the new race was the number of laps remaining from the original races, minus three laps); [55] use of cooled fuel banned mid-season. [56]
2001
Traction control allowed again from the Spanish Grand Prix, as the FIA admit they are unable to police whether teams are using the system effectively to gain a competitive advantage, [57] use of beryllium alloys in chassis or engine construction banned. [58] Fully-automatic transmissions and launch control are also allowed again from the 2001 Spanish Grand Prix. Larger cockpit entry template and survival cell. Rear wings must have no more than 3 elements.
2002
Team orders banned mid-season after Rubens Barrichello hands victory to Michael Schumacher at final corner of the Austrian Grand Prix. [59] Electronic power steering banned. [60]
2003
Bi-directional telemetry banned [61] HANS (Head And Neck Support) system mandatory, change to point scoring system, points now being awarded down to 8th place, actual points scored now to run 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 from 1st to 8th place, testing allowed on a Friday of a race meeting in exchange for a reduction of testing mileage allowed outside of the Grand Prix calendar to make it more affordable for smaller teams, changes to qualifying session with only one flying lap now allowed for grid position with the 107% rule no longer applied, cars may not be refuelled between final qualifying and the race start. [50]
2004
Engines required to last a whole race meeting, any engine change to result in 10 place grid penalty, minimum weight set at 605 kg during qualifying and at no less than 600 kg at all other times (including driver and fuel), pit lane speed limited to 100 km/h at all times, each driver must select his wet and dry weather tyre compounds before the start of the race, the minimum size of the engine cover and rear wing endplates increased to maximise advertising space, multi-element rear wings banned and two-element wings mandated, launch control banned again for the second time, along with fully-automatic transmissions. Rear overhang increased from 50 cm (20 in) to 60 cm (24 in), reverting the change from 1991. [50]
2005
Rear diffuser size reduced to limit downforce, all engines now required to last two race weekends, qualifying format changed to two aggregate times from Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning to count towards grid positions (this format lasted until the European GP when qualifying reverted to a driver's fastest single lap to count from Saturday afternoon qualifying), further changes to dimensions of front and rear wings and nose of car to make overtaking easier, restriction on tyre changes during qualifying and the race itself, if a driver stalls on the grid after the parade lap the other cars will now complete a second lap whilst the stalled vehicle is removed, in the event of a red flag the two-hour race clock will no longer freeze between race sessions. [50]
2006
Only 14 sets of tyres allowed all weekend (seven dry, four wets and three extreme wets), in race tyre changing permitted again, qualifying format changed to three 15-minute shoot outs where the slowest cars are eliminated in the first two sessions leaving the 10 quickest to start with a clean slate and to go for pole position, the final session was reduced from 20 to 15 minutes from the French Grand Prix onwards, Saturday free practice increased from 45 minutes to an hour in length. [50] Engine capacity was limited to 2400 cc and a V8 engine was introduced in an attempt to reduce horsepower (although teams were allowed to run a rev restricted V10 for an interim period if no engine under the new regulations was available to them), restriction in the use of non-ferrous materials in engine construction along with limiting the number of valves per cylinder to four, all engines must be of a 'V' configuration and at an angle of 90 degrees,
2007
Tuned mass damper system banned, [62] rev-limit of 19,000 rpm introduced, rear wing structure strengthened to prevent flexing, increased strength required from rear crash structure, single tyre supplier (Bridgestone) after withdrawal of Michelin, revised tyre regulations mean drivers must use both hard and soft compound tyre during the course of race (soft compound tyres are identified by a white stripe in one of the front tyre grooves), engine development frozen until the end of 2008 to cut costs, further restrictions to regulations means no teams may run a 3rd car on Friday, both sessions on Friday extended to 90 minutes in length, engine changes on first day of practice no longer subject to grid place penalty, pit lane restrictions during any period the safety car is on the track, annual testing limited to 30,000 km to reduce costs. [50]
2008
Traction control banned for the second and final time by means of all teams using a standard electronic control unit (ECU) to eliminate the possibility of teams concealing the technology within their own engine management systems, strict limits placed on the amount of CFD and wind tunnel testing allowed each year. [50] [63]
2009
Banning of almost all aerodynamic devices other than front and rear wing, slick tyres allowed once more (keeping to narrow track dimensions), the limit of eight race/qualifying engines for the whole season (every new engine above this eight results in 10-place grid penalty), rev-limit decreased to 18,000 rpm, reduction of rear wing width from 1000 mm to 750 mm and an increase in height from 800 mm to 950 mm, reduction in the ground clearance of front wing from 150 mm to 50 mm and an increase in width from 1400 mm to 1800 mm, rear diffuser to be longer and higher, variable front aerodynamic devices permitted (with limited in-car control by the driver) and the introduction of KERS (kinetic energy recovery system) to store some of the energy generated under braking and convert it into a temporary horsepower increase of around 80 bhp that can be used 6.6 seconds per lap by the drivers for overtaking. [64] Pit lane is no longer closed when safety car is deployed. A ban on testing during the season was also introduced.

2010s

Previous regulation changes at the tail end of the first decade of the new millennium aimed at improving the show had largely proven to be a failure. With cost escalation now largely under control thanks to recently implemented budget caps[ citation needed ] and safety standards at an all-time high, the sport's focus for the new decade is around continuing to improve the race spectacle. Alongside this however is the medium term objective of making the sport more environmentally aware, both in an effort to secure its future in times of dwindling fossil fuel reserves, but also to bring in new sponsors put off by the sport's image of conspicuous consumption.

2010
Drastic cost-cutting measures are introduced. In-race refuelling ban returns, [65] as a result fuel can be added to any F1 car after qualifying, but Q3 drivers must start the race with the tyres they set their fastest Q3 time with. The same 8 engine limit is maintained despite the increase to 19 races over the course of the season [65] (with a rev limiter set at 18,000 rpm to assist in this), [65] front tyre width reduced from 270 mm (11 in) to 245 mm (9.6 in) and an agreement with teams about reducing the number of staff employed. 3 new teams mean 7 drivers are now dropped from Q1 and Q2. Scoring system changed to allow the first ten cars to receive points: 25, 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1. Backmarkers no longer able to unlap themselves behind the Safety Car. Teams unanimously agree not to use KERS for the 2010 season in order to allow all teams time to be able to develop and perfect their own systems.
2011
The double-diffuser concept is banned, with teams requiring the use of simple, single-piece diffusers. The "F-duct" system pioneered by McLaren is banned (in conjunction with banning shark fins from being connected to the rear wing). Adjustable front wings have also been banned. Gearboxes must last for 5 race weekends, but for the season each driver has one penalty free (a.k.a. a "joker") gearbox change at their disposal. Driver adjustable rear wing, known as DRS (drag reduction system) introduced to help overtaking. Can be freely used in practice and qualifying, but in the race only when within 1 second of the next car by the detection zone, and only activated in the activation zone. DRS wing must immediately close under braking, and DRS is de-activated in the first 2 laps of each race, plus when a track is declared wet. 107% qualifying rule re-introduced following concerns about new teams pace. Teams agree to re-introduce KERS, with minimum car weight increasing by twenty kilograms to offset the weight of the KERS device. Sporting regulations amended to clear up last-lap safety car and qualifying in-lap procedures. [66] Drivers are also warned to be examples of road safety when driving in public following Lewis Hamilton being pulled over following the 2010 Australian Grand Prix; FIA President Jean Todt suggests a policy similar to the NFL Personal Conduct code for suspension or revocation of racing licences. Ban on team orders lifted (although FIA can use disrepute clause for misuse of it).
2012
Exhaust tailpipes raised after dispute regarding off-blown diffusers [67] at the 2011 British Grand Prix, car noses reprofiled. [68] Reactive ride systems, [69] "exotic" engine maps, [70] and use of heliums on air guns (to change tyres) [71] banned. Cars must be cleared from all crash tests before pre-season testing. [72] Races capped to four hours (including red flags) following the long red flag during the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix. [73] In-season testing allowed again at the circuit the FIA or teams (upon agreement) choose (Mugello Circuit in case of 2012). [74] Backmarkers able to unlap themselves behind the Safety Car.
2013
Further cost-cutting measures introduced, [75] DRS restricted to the designated zones during free practice and qualifying, [76] mid-season testing discontinued once more, "modesty panels" introduced to compensate for the previous year's front nose reprofilling, [77] double-DRS (pioneered by Mercedes) banned, [78] minimum weight increased to 642 kg (1,415 lb).
2014
New car formula of turbocharged V6 engines with 1600cc capacity and 8-speed gearbox introduced, [79] which must now last at least 4,000 km (2,500 mi) before being replaced [80] and have the KERS (now known as ERS-K) integrated into it. [81] New penalty points system introduced, teams must nominate eight gear ratios ahead of the first race, rear beam wings and false camera mountings banned, top 10 drivers must now start the race on the tyres they set their best Q2 time on, in-season testing returns, car nose further reprofiled. A new car number system where the driver is able to choose their own numbers for the duration of their career is also adopted. Double points awarded for the final race of the season.
2015
Further nose redesign, drivers restricted further to four engines per year, mid-season significant driver helmet design changes banned, double points no longer awarded for the final race, cars proceed to the pit lane instead of staying on the grid in event of a red flag.
2016
Drivers allowed to use five engines per year as number of races is 21. Drivers qualifying for FIA Super Licence must be at least eighteen years old and have scored 40 super licence points in recognised feeder series.
2017
Car width increased from 1800 mm to 2000 mm (reversing 1998 change). Front tyre width increased from 245 mm to 305 mm; rear tyre width increased from 325 mm to 405 mm. [82] Car minimum weight increased to 728 kg (1,605 lb), front wings made wider at 1,800 mm (70.9 in). Teams restricted to four engines per year irrespective of number of races, engine token system abandoned, power unit suppliers now obliged to supply any team without any power unit contract. Shark fins are brought back and T-wings introduced through loophole. Barge board sizes also increased.
The "halo" cockpit protection device--seen here on a Ferrari SF16-H during testing in 2016--was introduced in 2018. Sebastian Vettel - Ferrari - Halo (32290942113).jpg
The "halo" cockpit protection device—seen here on a Ferrari SF16-H during testing in 2016—was introduced in 2018.
2018
Drivers were restricted to only three engines per year, [83] despite the fact that the number of races was increased to 21. The shark fins and T-Wings have been banned again. [84] After much debate and testing, the halo cockpit protection device was mandated in all FIA open-wheel championships. [85]
2019
The front wing was simplified, 200 mm (7.9 in) wider, 20 mm (0.79 in) higher, and moved 25 mm (0.98 in) further forward. The rear wing was made 100 mm (3.9 in) wider and 20 mm (0.79 in) higher, with a 20 mm (0.79 in) larger DRS opening to improve DRS, reduce dirty air and promote more overtaking. Winglets were removed from brake ducts. [86] Maximum fuel capacity was increased from 105 kg (231 lb) to 110 kg (240 lb) to minimise the need for drivers to conserve fuel during a race. Car's weight no longer includes driver's weight. Bonus point awarded to driver and constructor who sets race fastest lap for the first time since 1959, but the driver must finish in a points scoring position to receive the bonus point.

2020s

Cars from the 2021 and 2022 Formula One seasons
FIA F1 Austria 2021 Nr. 44 Hamilton (side).jpg
Lewis Hamilton's Mercedes W12 at the 2021 Austrian Grand Prix.
2022 Miami GP - Red Bull RB18 of Sergio Perez.jpg
Sergio Pérez's Red Bull RB18 at the 2022 Miami Grand Prix.
Between the 2021 and 2022 seasons, major changes were made to the regulations to allow the usage of ground effect within the cars themselves. As such, a major change to the cars' aerodynamics and designs was mandated. A further change will occur in 2026.

The 2020s saw the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which curtailed major sports events across the world, including Formula One and related feeder events. The 2020 Australian Grand Prix was cancelled minutes prior to the first practice session. The pandemic led to restrictions concerning car development; while the 2020 cars would be reused for the following season, the FIA implemented a token system that could be exchanged for new car components for the 2021 season (McLaren was granted special permission to change the engine for the 2021 season from the Renault power unit to Mercedes units). Postponement and outright cancellation of several races intended to be held occurred, and new regulations intended to be introduced during the 2021 season was postponed to the following year. Formula One would return with a shorter race calendar in Austria for the running of the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, most races during the 2020 and 2021 seasons were held behind closed doors or with reduced crowd capacity; by the 2021 French Grand Prix, however, crowd participation had returned, and by 2023, most COVID-19 safety protocols were relaxed.

2020
Teams allowed one additional MGU-K replacement. [87] [88] Free practice sessions now count towards Super Licence points, requiring at least 100 km (62 mi) without infractions to receive one, with a limit of ten Super Licence points across a three-season period from free practice sessions. [89] The last 50 mm (2.0 in) of the front wings must not contain any metals as a puncture prevention measure; from 2020 Italian Grand Prix drivers must use the same engine mode in both qualifying and race, thereby banning engine "party modes". [90]
2021
A budget cap of $145 million was introduced. [91] [92] The dual-axis steering (DAS) system pioneered by Mercedes has been banned. [93] [94] Teams agreed to use 2020 cars in 2021 with development being done on token basis as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic disrupting car development. [95] Cars are under parc fermé conditions following the end of free practice three instead of qualifying.
2022
The 2022 Formula One season marked the biggest change to the cars in recent times. Initially meant to be introduced for the 2021 season but with the COVID-19 pandemic pushing it back a year, ground effect within Formula One cars has been reintroduced. Ground effect had been outlawed since the 1983 season. [96] With this, the car's underbody is now the main source of aerodynamic grip, eliminating the need for bargeboards. [97] [98] The front wing and endplates have been simplified, and rear wings are now wider and mounted higher. The amount of aerodynamic updates that can be introduced into the car within an entire season was restricted to cut costs. [99] The wheel diameter was increased from 13 inches (33 cm) to 18 inches (46 cm). [100] Following controversy from the shortened 2021 Belgian Grand Prix, which saw one lap (the entire race) being run behind the safety car amidst torrential rain, the points system concerning unfinished races was altered. Should a race be suspended due to any reason, less points are awarded depending on a percentage criteria of completed race distance. [101] [102] [103] The safety car procedure was altered following the controversy surrounding the final lap of the 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. The safety car will now be drawn in a lap after the instruction for lapped cars to unlap themselves is broadcast, [104] and the wording of the regulations was altered to clarify that "all" cars must unlap themselves, not "any". [105] Q2 tyre rule (in place since 2014) is scrapped, allowing the top 10 drivers from qualifying a free choice of starting tyre for the race.
2023
Minor changes to the cars were introduced. Following reports of excessive porpoising during the 2022 season, the FIA enforced a slight change to aerodynamics. Lateral floor deflection tests also became more stringent. [106] The roll hoop on top of the halo now requires a rounded top in response to Zhou Guanyu's crash at the 2022 British Grand Prix, as to prevent it from digging into the ground on rollovers. [107] The points awarding system was changed once again after controversy surrounding the shortened 2022 Japanese Grand Prix, which ran 28 out of 53 laps; races that do not reach the 75 percent distance are awarded shortened race points regardless of whether a race finishes under red or green flag conditions. Previously, half points were awarded only if a shortened race finishes under red flag conditions. In response to the controversy surrounding the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix, Pirelli full wet tyres have been introduced; these tyres were meant to be introduced during the curtailed 2023 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, [108] so these tyres did not see use until the 2023 Monaco Grand Prix, where teams, amidst incoming rain, put drivers on the new compound. This new compound does not require conventional tyre warmers. [109] [110]
2024
Development of 2026 cars is outlawed until 2025. [111] Following concerns regarding the extreme heat experienced during the 2023 Qatar Grand Prix, teams will be allowed to install a scoop to the car. This scoop is intended to cool down the driver and the surrounding cockpit area. [112] [113] The structure of sprint weekends were modified once again: the weekend begins with a single practice session and sprint qualifying on Friday, then on Saturday, the sprint itself is held. Qualifying begins after the sprint, and then on Sunday, the race is held. [114] Two parc fermé periods are observed during a sprint weekend; the first encompassing both sprint events, and the other following qualification and then the Grand Prix itself. [115] DRS is allowed after one lap of a race start, safety car restart, or red flag restart. [116] Teams can now use up to four power units before taking a grid drop penalty. [117]
2025
Teams are now allowed to develop 2026 cars. [111] The fastest lap point, reintroduced in 2019, is abolished. [118] [119] The minimum driver weight allowance has been increased 80 kilograms (176.4 lb) to 82 kilograms (180.8 lb), and as such the overall minimum weight limit of the car without fuel was also increased from 798 kilograms (1,759 lb) to 800 kilograms (1,764 lb). [120] During free practice, young drivers will be fielded up to two times per season per car, and increase from the existing rule that only permits a team to field a young driver once per season per car. Restrictions revolving around the testing of previous-season cars (TPC) are tightened: a twenty-day limit will be imposed, testing would only occur on tracks that have featured in the calendar within the last year, as long the test does not accur within sixty days of a Formula One race, and drivers currently competing in the championship are now restricted to covering a maximum of 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) over four days of testing. [121]
2026
The 2026 Formula One season marks the second major change to the cars within four years. An overhauled car design is set to debut for the 2026 season. Cars are now shorter and lighter in an attempt to make them much more nimble. [122] Aerodynamics are overhauled, harnessing active aerodynamics: two modes will be made available to drivers - a "Z-mode" for high downforce, and an "X-mode" with low drag available on straights. This effectively replaces the drag reduction system on the cars. [123]

See also

Related Research Articles

Formula One, commonly known as Formula 1 or F1, is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been one of the world's premier forms of motorsport since its inaugural running in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules all participants' cars must follow. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix. Grands Prix take place in multiple countries and continents on either purpose-built circuits or closed roads.

The numerous Formula One regulations, made and enforced by the FIA, have changed dramatically since the first Formula One World Championship in 1950. There are two main types of regulations; technical and sporting. Technical regulations are related to car specifications, such as the chassis or the engine. Meanwhile, sporting regulations involve race procedures and set rules that pertain to the sport as a whole. This article covers the current state of F1 technical and sporting regulations, as well as the history of the technical regulations since 1950.

A Formula One car or F1 car is a single-seat, open-cockpit, open-wheel formula racing car used to compete in Formula One racing events. It has substantial front and rear wings, large wheels, and a turbocharged engine positioned behind the driver. The cars are constructed of carbon fibre and other composite materials for durability and are built to withstand high impact forces and considerable g forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 Formula One World Championship</span> 49th season of FIA Formula One motor racing

The 1995 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 49th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1995 Formula One World Championship for Drivers and the 1995 Formula One World Championship for Constructors, which were contested concurrently over a seventeen-race series that commenced on 26 March and ended on 12 November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Formula One World Championship</span> 61st season of the FIA Formula One World Championship

The 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 64th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. Red Bull Racing won its maiden Constructors' Championship with a 1–2 finish in Brazil, while Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel won the Drivers' Championship after winning the final race of the season in Abu Dhabi. In doing so, Vettel became the youngest World Drivers' Champion in the 61-year history of the championship. Vettel's victory in the championship came after a dramatic season finale at Abu Dhabi where three other drivers could also have won the championship – Vettel's Red Bull Racing teammate Mark Webber, Ferrari's Fernando Alonso and McLaren's Lewis Hamilton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Formula One World Championship</span> 62nd season of the FIA Formula One World Championship

The 2011 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 65th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The original calendar for the 2011 Formula One World Championship consisted of twenty rounds, including the inaugural running of the Indian Grand Prix before the cancellation of the Bahrain Grand Prix. Pirelli returned to the sport as tyre supplier for all teams, taking over from Bridgestone, marking their return to Formula One for the first time since the 1991 season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Formula One World Championship</span> 63rd season of the FIA Formula One World Championship

The 2012 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 66th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 63rd FIA Formula One World Championship, a motor racing series for Formula One cars, recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) – the governing body of motorsport – as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The championship was contested over twenty rounds, which started in Australia on 18 March and ended in Brazil on 25 November. The 2012 season saw the return of the United States Grand Prix, which was held at the Circuit of the Americas, a purpose-built circuit in Austin, Texas. After being cancelled in 2011 due to civil protests, the Bahrain Grand Prix also returned to the calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Malaysian Grand Prix</span> 2nd round of the 2012 Formula One season

The 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 25 March 2012 at the Sepang International Circuit in Selangor, Malaysia. It was the fourteenth running of the Malaysian Grand Prix as a round of the Formula One World Championship, and the thirty-second time the event has been held. The 56-lap race was the second round of the 2012 Formula One season and was won by Ferrari driver Fernando Alonso. Sergio Pérez of the Sauber team finished the race in second position, and McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton completed the podium with third place after starting in pole position.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Singapore Grand Prix</span> 14th round of the 2012 Formula One season

The 2012 Singapore Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race that took place at the Marina Bay Street Circuit in Marina Bay, Singapore on 23 September 2012 as the fourteenth round of the 2012 season. The race was the thirteenth time that a Singapore Grand Prix has been held, and the fifth time it was a round of the Formula One World Championship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 Formula One World Championship</span> 64th season of the FIA Formula One World Championship

The 2013 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 67th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 64th FIA Formula One World Championship, a motor racing series for Formula One cars, recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) – the governing body of motorsport – as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Eleven teams and twenty-three drivers contested the nineteen Grands Prix that made up the calendar for the 2013 season, with the winning driver being crowned the World Drivers' Champion and the winning team the World Constructors' Champions. The season started in Australia on 17 March 2013 and ended in Brazil on 24 November 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lotus E20</span> Formula One racing car

The Lotus E20 is a Formula One racing car designed and produced by the Enstone-based Lotus F1 Team for the 2012 Formula One season. The chassis was designed by James Allison, Naoki Tokunaga, Martin Tolliday and Dirk de Beer with Renault continuing to supply engines. The E20 was the twentieth Formula One car to be designed at Enstone since 1992, and was named in tribute to the contribution made by the facility and its personnel in their twenty-year history. The car was also the first from Enstone to carry the Lotus name, since the team ceased using the Renault name following their renaming from Lotus Renault GP at the end of 2011. The car, which was launched by the team on its website on 5 February 2012, was driven by 2007 World Drivers' Champion Kimi Räikkönen and reigning GP2 Series champion Romain Grosjean, both of whom returned to Formula One after a two-year absence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marussia MR02</span> Formula One motor racing car

The Marussia MR02 is a Formula One racing car designed under the leadership of Marussia's Technical Director Pat Symonds. It made its competitive debut in the 2013 Formula One season where it was driven by debutant drivers Max Chilton and Jules Bianchi, who replaced Luiz Razia, the team's original choice for the seat. The car was launched at the Circuito de Jerez on 5 February, making the MR02 the first car that Marussia has completed in time to start winter testing. As of the 2024 Formula One season, the Marussia MR02 is the last F1 car to be powered by an engine designed by Cosworth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 German Grand Prix</span> Motor car race

The 2014 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race that took place on 20 July 2014. After being held at the Nürburgring GP-Strecke in 2013, the race returned to the Hockenheimring near Hockenheim in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, which last held the race in 2012. It was the tenth round of the 2014 Formula One season, and marked the 75th running of the German Grand Prix, and the 61st time the race has been run as a round of the Formula One World Championship. The race was won by local driver Nico Rosberg who started from pole. The event was noted for a poor fan turnout.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Russian Grand Prix</span> Formula One motor race held in 2014

The 2014 Russian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 12 October 2014. The fifty-three lap race was held at the Sochi Autodrom, a brand new circuit built on the site of the 2014 Winter Olympics in the city of Sochi in Krasnodar Krai, Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">McLaren MP4-30</span> 2015 Formula One racing car

The McLaren MP4-30 was a Formula One racing car designed by Tim Goss and Neil Oatley for McLaren to compete in the 2015 Formula One season. The car was driven by 2005 and 2006 World Drivers' Champion Fernando Alonso, who returned to McLaren eight years after he last drove for the team and 2009 World Champion Jenson Button. Kevin Magnussen, who drove for the team in 2014, temporarily stood in for Alonso after a test accident. Additional testing and development work was carried out by Magnussen, Stoffel Vandoorne and Oliver Turvey. The car was the first built by McLaren since the MP4/7A—which contested the 1992 season—to be powered by a Honda engine, known as the RA615H, after McLaren ended their twenty-year partnership with Mercedes at the end of the 2014 season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Formula One World Championship</span> 68th season of FIA Formula One World Championship

The 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 71st season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 68th Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Teams and drivers competed in twenty Grands Prix—starting in Australia on 26 March and ending in Abu Dhabi on 26 November—for the World Drivers' and World Constructors' championships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Formula One World Championship</span> 65th season of FIA Formula One World Championship

The 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 68th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 65th Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars, recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The season commenced in Australia on 16 March and concluded in Abu Dhabi on 23 November. In the nineteen Grands Prix of the season, a total of eleven teams and twenty-four drivers competed for the World Drivers' and World Constructors' championships. The season was the first Formula One season since 1994 to see an accident with fatal consequences as Jules Bianchi died on 17 July 2015 after spending nine months in a coma following a crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FIA Formula 2 Championship</span> Single-seater racing championship

The FIA Formula 2 Championship is a second-tier single-seater championship organized by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Held on racing circuits, the championship was introduced in 2017, following the rebranding of the long-term Formula One feeder series GP2. The series' original founders were Flavio Briatore and current managing director Bruno Michel. It is the last step on the FIA Global Pathway from Karting to Formula One. While it is not absolutely necessary to do so, most current F1 drivers have participated in either Formula 2 or GP2 before graduating to Formula One.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Belgian Grand Prix</span> 12th round of the 2021 Formula One World Championship

The 2021 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 29 August 2021 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. It was the 12th round of the 2021 Formula One World Championship. The race was also the 77th overall running of the Belgian Grand Prix, the 66th time the event was run as part of the Formula One World Championship, and the 54th World Championship Belgian Grand Prix held at the Spa circuit. The race was won by Max Verstappen, ahead of George Russell and Lewis Hamilton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Formula One World Championship</span> 73rd season of Formula One

The 2022 FIA Formula One World Championship was a motor racing championship for Formula One cars, which was the 73rd running of the Formula One World Championship. It is recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), the governing body of international motorsport, as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The championship was contested over twenty-two Grands Prix, which were held around the world, and ended earlier than in recent years to avoid overlapping with the FIFA World Cup.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "About FIA". FIA. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  2. ↑ "A History of Safety in Formula One". formulaone.com. Formula One Management. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 "General". f1technical.net. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  4. ↑ Wright, Peter (2001). Formula One Technology. SAE International Books. ISBN   978-0-7680-0234-8.
  5. 1 2 "FIA Regulations". f1technical.net. 6 May 2003. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  6. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (12 December 2008). "FIA reveals radical cost-cutting measures". Autosport. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  7. ↑ Parkes, Ian (13 December 2008). "Mosley: Budget cuts are first step to saving Formula One". scotsman.com. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  8. ↑ Jones, Bruce (1994). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One. Carlton Books. ISBN   1-85613-208-0.
  9. ↑ "Newspaper Analysis: The Times newspaper reporting of fatalities 1950–97". rh-pr.co.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2008.[ dead link ]
  10. 1 2 "Formula One era: 1950–1959". f1technical.net. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  11. ↑ "50 Years of Technical Development in Formula One: The Fifties". atlasf1.autosport.com. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  12. ↑ Stater, Brian (13 December 2002). "Dark clouds taint Lotus founder Colin Chapman". London: Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  13. 1 2 "Safety in Formula One Motor Racing from 1950: Timeline". rh-pr.co.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2008.[ dead link ]
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Formula One era: 1960–1969". f1technical.net. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Formula One era: 1970–1979". f1technical.net. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  16. ↑ "On the New Grand Prix Formula". Motor Sport : 25. December 1958. Point 6 says that the driver's cockpit shall be open at the top and that the wheels of the car shall remain uncovered. On this point I differ with the F.I.A. very strongly. for aerodynamics applied to the racing car are an obvious line of development and have been the subject of numerous interesting, though not convincing, experiments by most of the leading Grand Prix designers. The new rule is plain enough, but I disagree with it, and no doubt will many other people. On the other hand, those people intent on making racing safe have good reason in demanding open cockpits, for I doubt whether Moss could have got out of the experimental Vanwall in a hurry during the Monza practice this year, and you never know when you might want to leave in a hurry. As far as enclosure of the wheels is concerned, the banning of this will ensure that the cars continue to look like racing cars as we know them traditionally, and there are many people who like a racing car to look like one, even if it is an unscientific design.
  17. ↑ "Jackie Stewart". Dennis David and Family. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  18. ↑ "Peterson, Ronnie". F1complete. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  19. 1 2 3 Watkins, Sid (1996). Life at the Limit. Macmillan Books. ISBN   0-330-35139-7.
  20. ↑ Vergeer, Koen (2003). Formula 1 Fanatic. Bloomsbury Books. ISBN   0-7475-6842-1.
  21. ↑ Jim Stengel's McRae GM-1 Formula 5000 Race Car, Number 59
  22. ↑ Collantine, Keith (22 February 2007). "Banned! Brabham-Alfa Romeo BT46B 'Fan Car'". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  23. ↑ Spurgeon, Brad (22 May 2005). "Bending Rules, and Paying a Price". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  24. 1 2 "All Formula One Deaths". F1complete. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  25. 1 2 Collantine, Keith (29 March 2007). "Banned! Turbos". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "F1 rules and stats 1980-1989". f1technical.net. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  27. ↑ Collantine, Keith (1 February 2007). "Banned! Lotus-Cosworth 88 & 88B". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  28. ↑ Jones, Mark Alan. "The F1 FAQ". atlasf1.autosport.com. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  29. 1 2 Collantine, Keith (7 June 2007). "Banned! Ground effect". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  30. ↑ Collantine, Keith (1 March 2007). "Banned! Six-wheelers". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  31. ↑ "The changing face of F1". BBC News. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  32. 1 2 Collantine, Keith (17 May 2007). "Banned! Active Suspension". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  33. 1 2 "May 1994". tamdan.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  34. 1 2 Collantine, Keith (12 April 2007). "Banned! Traction control". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  35. ↑ Rubython, Tom (2006). The Life of Senna. Books Business F1. ISBN   0-9546857-3-3.
  36. ↑ "Lotus". F1complete. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  37. ↑ Watkins, Sid (2001). Life Beyond the Limit. Macmillan Books. ISBN   0-333-90188-6.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "F1 rules and stats 1990-1999". f1technical.net. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  39. ↑ Collantine, Keith (3 May 2007). "Banned! Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  40. ↑ Collantine, Keith (15 February 2007). "Banned! Rocket Fuel". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  41. ↑ Hilton, Christopher, Ayrton Senna: The Whole Story (Haynes Publishing, 2004). ISBN   978-1-84425-096-7
  42. ↑ Collantine, Keith (22 March 2007). "Banned! Four wheel steering". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  43. ↑ "4.8 Is mid-race re-fueling allowed?". stason.org. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  44. ↑ "History of F1: 1990s". Formula One. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  45. ↑ Collantine, Keith (15 March 2007). "Banned! Slicks". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  46. ↑ Collantine, Keith (24 May 2007). "Banned! McLaren's rear brake pedal". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  47. ↑ Collantine, Keith (5 April 2007). "Banned! X-wings". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  48. ↑ Collantine, Keith (25 January 2007). "Banned! - Flexi-wings". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  49. ↑ "Staying safe in Formula One". f1technical.net. September 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Formula One era: 2000–2009". f1technical.net. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  51. ↑ "F1 and the credit crunch". ITV. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  52. ↑ "Global crisis ends Honda F1 era". BBC News. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  53. ↑ Austin, Simon (12 December 2008). "The battle to save Formula One". BBC News. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  54. ↑ "WORLD MOTOR SPORT COUNCIL MEETING – JANUARY 15, 2000" (PDF). fia.com. 15 January 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
  55. ↑ "2000 FIA Formula One World Championship Sporting Regulations". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). 24 January 2000. Archived from the original on 24 August 2000. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  56. ↑ "Cooled fuel to be banned". Formula1.com. Formula1.com Limited. 7 September 2000. Archived from the original on 3 June 2001. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  57. ↑ Foxall, James (22 November 2007). "F1 rule changes". Auto Express. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  58. ↑ Collantine, Keith (8 February 2007). "Banned! - Beryllium". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  59. ↑ "www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=44391". Archived from the original on 2 November 2008.
  60. ↑ "Delivering An Evolving High-End Technology To Niche Customers And Meeting Changing Regulations". moog.co.uk. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  61. ↑ "Telemetry gathering at WilliamsF1". 13 November 2003. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  62. ↑ Collantine, Keith (31 May 2007). "Banned! Tuned mass dampers". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  63. ↑ "FIA announce dramatic cost-cutting measures". formula1.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  64. ↑ Autosport November 2006 Issue
  65. 1 2 3 "FIA confirms radical cost-cutting plans". Formula1.com. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009.
  66. ↑ Collantine, Keith (24 June 2010). "World Motor Sport Council clarifies rules after Schumacher and Hamilton incidents". F1 Fanatic. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  67. ↑ "Exhausts to be raised for 2012". gpupdate.net. GPUpdate. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  68. ↑ Scarborough, Craig (27 October 2011). "2012: Nose height Regulations". ScarbsF1. WordPress. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  69. ↑ "BBC Sport - FIA ban new technical innovation developed by Lotus and Ferrari". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC Sport. 21 January 2012.
  70. ↑ Allen, James (20 October 2011). "Radical changes to engine maps for 2012 give power back to designers". James Allen on F1. James Allen. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  71. ↑ Rencken, Dieter. "Why Geneva meeting matters for F1". Autosport.com (subscription required). Haymarket Publications.
  72. ↑ Elizalde, Pablo (7 December 2011). "FIA announces new sporting rules for 2012 Formula 1 season". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications . Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  73. ↑ Collantine, Keith (7 December 2011). "Four-hour time limit among new 2012 rules". F1 Fanatic. Keith Collantine. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  74. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (28 August 2011). "Formula 1 teams pick Mugello for 2012's new mid-season test". Autosport . Haymarket Publications . Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  75. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (15 June 2012). "FIA sets deadline to vote on cost-control measures in Formula 1". Autosport.com. Haymarket Publications . Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  76. ↑ Benson, Andrew (15 November 2012). "Free use of DRS device banned in practice and qualifying for 2013". BBC F1. BBC . Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  77. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (27 September 2012). "FIA approves plan to hide stepped noses". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications . Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  78. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (31 July 2012). "Formula 1 teams agree to ban double DRS for 2013". Autosport.com. Haymarket Publications . Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  79. ↑ Strang, Simon (29 June 2011). "FIA rubber-stamps new 1.6-litre V6 engine plans to be introduced in 2014". Autosport . Haymarket Publications . Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  80. ↑ Allen, James (11 January 2013). "A glimpse into how F1 will change in 2014". James Allen on F1. James Allen. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  81. ↑ Scarborough, Craig (9 July 2013). "Formula 1's updated 2014 technical regulations: analysis". Autosport.com. Haymarket Publications . Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  82. ↑ "2017 season changes". formula1.com. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  83. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (6 December 2017). "F1 won't change three-engine rule for 2018 - FIA's Jean Todt". Autosport.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  84. ↑ Barretto, Lawrence (24 November 2017). "Shark fins won't make 2018 F1 return". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  85. ↑ "Halo protection system to be introduced for 2018". Formula1.com. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  86. ↑ "F1 Rules & Regulations: What's new for 2019?". www.formula1.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  87. ↑ Cooper, Adam (30 August 2019). "F1 teams agree MGU-K allocation-limit increase with 2020's 22 races". Autosport.com. Motorsport Network. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  88. ↑ "F1 Rules & Regulations: What's new for 2020?". Formula1.com. 8 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  89. ↑ Mitchell, Scott. "Practice sessions will count towards F1 superlicence points" . Autosport.com. Motorsport Network. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  90. ↑ "F1's new engine mode rules: What impact will it have at Italian GP?". Sky Sports. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  91. ↑ "F1 teams agree to reduce 2021 budget cap". 6 April 2020. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  92. ↑ "F1 plans immediate reduction in new budget cap, reveals Brawn". formula1.com. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  93. ↑ Benson, Andrew (31 March 2020). "Formula 1: Mercedes revolutionary 'DAS' steering remains banned for 2021". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  94. ↑ "Mercedes confident 'dual-axis steering' system for 2020 within F1 rules". BBC Sport. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  95. ↑ Mitchell, Scott (2 June 2020). "Six key questions about F1's new token system answered". The Race. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  96. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (17 July 2019). "F1 commits to reintroducing ground effect aero concept with '21 rules" . Autosport. Motorsport Network. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  97. ↑ Coch, Mat (19 July 2019). "F1 rubbishes cookie cutter 2021 design concerns". speedcafe.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  98. ↑ "Tech Tuesday: What's been banned under the 2021 rules". Formula One. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  99. ↑ "F1's 2021 rule changes: 10 things you need to know". Autosport. Motorsport Network. November 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2019– via YouTube.
  100. ↑ Kalinauckas, Alex (17 January 2020). "Pirelli reveals initial 18-inch F2 tyre feedback". Autosport. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  101. ↑ "F1 Commission approves changes to Sporting Regulations regarding points for shortened races". Formula One. 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  102. ↑ "FIA make changes to Safety Car rules ahead of 2022 F1 season start". Formula One. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  103. ↑ "2022 Formula One sporting regulations" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 19 July 2022. Articles 6.4-6.5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  104. ↑ Smith, Luke. "FIA makes rule tweak to streamline F1 safety car restart process". Autosport. Motorsport Network. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  105. ↑ Collantine, Keith (15 March 2022). "FIA changes F1 rule on lapped cars overtaking Safety Car after Abu Dhabi row". RaceFans. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  106. ↑ Somerfield, Matt (20 July 2022). "How 2023 F1 floor changes will help limit porpoising issues". Motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  107. ↑ "FIA World Motor Sport Council approves power unit regulations for 2026". Formula1.com. 16 August 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  108. ↑ Cooper, Adam (22 February 2023). "F1 to introduce new wet tyres from Imola that don't need warmers". Autosport. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  109. ↑ Cooper, Adam (20 June 2023). "Pirelli mystified as F1 teams reject chance to race blanket-free inters". Autosport. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  110. ↑ "New tyres, wet weather bodykit testing and DRS zone changes discussed in first F1 Commission meeting of 2023" . Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  111. 1 2 "F1 2026 development ban leads suite of changes". The Race. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  112. ↑ "F1 approves plans for sprint format revamp for 2024; Tyre blanket ban abandoned". www.motorsport.com. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  113. ↑ "2024 Formula One Technical Regulations" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  114. ↑ Boxall-Legge, Jake (5 February 2024). "F1 sprint race weekend format set for reshuffle in 2024". Motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  115. ↑ "Five F1 Changes To Watch Out For in 2024". Mercedes AMG. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  116. ↑ Suttill, Josh (5 February 2024). "New F1 sprint format + DRS and engine limit tweaks announced". The Race. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  117. ↑ "Formula 1 Commission Meeting 05.02.2024 – Media Statement". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  118. ↑ "2025 Formula One Sporting Regulations – Issue 2" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  119. ↑ "F1 fastest-lap point to be dropped from 2025 season in change to regulations for next year". Sky Sports . 17 October 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  120. ↑ Collantine, Keith (23 July 2024). "New points system rejected, minimum weight rising to 800kg in 2025". RaceFans. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  121. ↑ "F1 teams face first cap on testing of past cars from 2025". RaceFans.net. 18 October 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  122. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (6 June 2024). "Revealed: First images of F1's new 2026 car concept". Autosport.
  123. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (6 June 2024). "How F1's new active aero will work in 2026". Autosport.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.