Steering wheel

Last updated

Passenger car steering wheels from different periods Steering wheels from different periods.jpg
Passenger car steering wheels from different periods
Steering wheel and front wheels of a farm tractor Gratass dashbord.JPG
Steering wheel and front wheels of a farm tractor
Steering wheel in a VDL Bova bus VDL Bova Magiq MHD 148-460 - cockpit.jpg
Steering wheel in a VDL Bova bus
Steering wheel in a Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz 3.jpg
Steering wheel in a Mercedes-Benz

A steering wheel (also called a driving wheel, a hand wheel, or simply wheel) is a type of steering control in vehicles.

Contents

Steering wheels are used in most modern land vehicles, including all mass-production automobiles, buses, light and heavy trucks, as well as tractors. The steering wheel is the part of the steering system that is manipulated by the driver; the rest of the steering system responds to such driver inputs. This can be through direct mechanical contact as in recirculating ball or rack and pinion steering gears, without or with the assistance of hydraulic power steering, HPS, or as in some modern production cars with the assistance of computer-controlled motors, known as electric power steering.

History

1913 Ford Model T Speedster with rigid steering column and four-spoke wooden steering wheel 1913 Ford Model T Speedster dashboard.JPG
1913 Ford Model T Speedster with rigid steering column and four-spoke wooden steering wheel

Near the start of the 18th century, a large number of sea vessels appeared using the ship's wheel design, but historians are unclear when that approach to steering was first used. [1] The first automobiles were steered with a tiller, but in 1894, Alfred Vacheron took part in the Paris–Rouen race with a Panhard 4 hp model which he had fitted with a steering wheel. [2] That is believed to be one of the earliest employments of the principle. [3]

From 1898, the Panhard et Levassor cars were equipped as standard with steering wheels. Charles Rolls introduced the first car in Britain fitted with a steering wheel when he imported a 6 hp Panhard from France in 1898. [4] Arthur Constantin Krebs replaced the tiller with an inclined steering wheel for the Panhard car he designed for the 1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris race which ran 7–13 July 1898. [5]

In 1898, Thomas B. Jeffery and his son, Charles T. Jeffery, developed two advanced experimental cars featuring a front-mounted engine, as well as a steering wheel that was mounted on the left-hand side. [6] However, the early automaker adopted a more "conventional" rear-engine and tiller-steering layout for its first mass-produced Ramblers in 1902. [6] The following year, the Rambler Model E was largely unchanged, except that it came equipped with a tiller early in the year, but with a steering wheel by the end of 1903. [7] By 1904, all Ramblers featured steering wheels. [8] Within a decade, the steering wheel had entirely replaced the tiller in automobiles.

At the insistence of Thomas B. Jeffery, the position of the driver was also moved to the left-hand side of the car during the 1903 Rambler production. [9] Most other car makers began offering cars with left-hand drive in 1910. [10] Soon after, most cars in the U.S. converted to left hand drive. [11]

Passenger cars

1974 Citroen DS single spoke safety steering wheel 1974 Citroen D-Special dashboard.jpg
1974 Citroën DS single spoke safety steering wheel
Adjustable three-spoke steering wheel on a collapsible column in an AMC Matador from the 1970s 1976 AMC Matador coupe cocoa fl-sw.jpg
Adjustable three-spoke steering wheel on a collapsible column in an AMC Matador from the 1970s
A RHD mounted wheel with airbag, as well as audio and cruise control buttons 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2 MY11) Limited 4WD wagon (2011-03-31).jpg
A RHD mounted wheel with airbag, as well as audio and cruise control buttons

Steering wheels for passenger automobiles are generally circular and are mounted to the steering column by a hub connected to the outer ring of the steering wheel by one or more spokes (single spoke wheels being a rather rare exception). Other types of vehicles may use the circular design, a butterfly shape, or some other shape. In countries where cars must drive on the left side of the road, the steering wheel is typically on the right side of the car (right-hand drive or RHD); the converse applies in countries where cars drive on the right side of the road (left-hand drive or LHD).

In addition to its use in steering, the steering wheel is the usual location for a button to activate the car's horn. Modern automobiles may have other controls, such as cruise control, audio system, and telephone controls, as well as paddle-shifters, built into the steering wheel to minimize the extent to which the driver must take their hands off the wheel.

The steering wheels were rigid and mounted on non-collapsible steering columns. This arrangement increased the risk of impaling the driver in case of a severe crash. The first collapsible steering column was invented in 1934 but was never successfully marketed. [12] By 1956, Ford came out with a safety steering wheel that was set high above the post with spokes that would flex, [13] but the column was still rigid. In 1968, United States regulations (FMVSS Standard No. 204) were implemented concerning the acceptable rearward movement of the steering wheel in case of crash. [14] Collapsible steering columns were required to meet that standard. Before this invention, the Citroën DS incorporated a curved and off-center single spoke steering wheel designed to deflect the driver away from the steering column in case of a crash. [15]

Power steering gives the driver an easier means by which the steering of a car can be accomplished. Modern power steering has almost universally relied on a hydraulic system, although electrical systems are steadily replacing this technology. Mechanical power steering systems were introduced, such as on 1953 Studebakers. [16] However, hydraulically assisted systems have prevailed.

While other methods of steering passenger cars have resulted from experiments, for example the "wrist-twist" steering of the 1965 Mercury Park Lane concept car was controlled by two 5-inch (127 mm) rings, [17] none have yet been deployed as successfully as the conventional large steering wheel.

Passenger automobile regulations implemented by the U.S. Department of Transportation required the locking of steering wheel rotation (or transmission locked in "park") to hinder motor vehicle theft; in most vehicles, this is accomplished when the ignition key is removed from the ignition lock. See steering lock. [18]

Other designs

1958 Plymouth Savoy showing two-spoke steering wheel with horn ring, and aftermarket brodie knob, or steering wheel spinner 1958 Plymouth Savoy 4-door i.jpg
1958 Plymouth Savoy showing two-spoke steering wheel with horn ring, and aftermarket brodie knob, or steering wheel spinner
Cheerful steering wheel cover on a two-spoke Volkswagen Beetle steering wheel Vochol17MAP.jpg
Cheerful steering wheel cover on a two-spoke Volkswagen Beetle steering wheel

The driver's seat, and therefore the steering wheel, is centrally located on certain high-performance sports cars, such as the McLaren F1, and in the majority of single-seat racing cars.

As drivers may have their hands on the steering wheel for hours at a time these are designed with ergonomics in mind. However, the most important concern is that the driver can effectively convey torque to the steering system; this is especially important in vehicles without power steering or in the rare event of a loss of steering assist. A typical design for circular steering wheels is a steel or magnesium rim with a plastic or rubberized grip molded over and around it. Some drivers purchase vinyl or textile steering wheel covers to enhance grip or comfort, or simply as decoration. Another device used to make steering easier is the brodie knob.

A similar device in aircraft is the yoke. Water vessels not steered from a stern-mounted tiller are directed with the ship's wheel, which may have inspired the concept of the steering wheel. The steering wheel is better than other user interfaces and has persisted because driving requires precise feedback that only comes from a large interface. [19]

Early Formula One cars used steering wheels taken directly from road cars. They were normally made from wood (necessitating the use of driving gloves), and in the absence of packaging constraints, they tended to be made as large a diameter as possible, to reduce the effort needed to turn. As cars grew progressively lower and cockpits narrower throughout the 1960s and 1970s, steering wheels became smaller, so as to fit into the more compact space available. [20]

Spokes in steering wheel

Banjo steering wheel in 1956 DKW Monza DKW Monza von innen.jpg
Banjo steering wheel in 1956 DKW Monza

The number of spokes in the steering wheel has continuously changed. Most early cars had four-spoke steering wheels. [21]

A Banjo steering wheel was an option in early automobiles. [22] They predate power steering. The wire spokes were a buffer or absorber between the driver's hands and the drum of the road. Most were 3- or 4-spokes made of four or five wires in each spoke, hence the name "Banjo".

Adjustable steering wheels

2012 Honda EV-STER "Twin Lever Steering" Honda EV-STER twin-lever steering 2012 Tokyo Auto Salon.jpg
2012 Honda EV-STER "Twin Lever Steering"
Ford Thunderbird steering column "swung" to right Ford Thunderbird (1964-66) (18743387216).jpg
Ford Thunderbird steering column "swung" to right
Quick release hub and the detached steering wheel on the floor, used mainly in race cars 1974 AMC Matador grand national int.jpg
Quick release hub and the detached steering wheel on the floor, used mainly in race cars

Tilt wheel

The original tilt wheel was developed by Edward James Lobdell in the early 1900s. [23] A 7-position tilt wheel was introduced by the Saginaw Division of General Motors in 1963 for all passenger car divisions except Chevrolet which received the tilt wheel in 1964. [24] This tilt wheel was also supplied to the other US automakers (except Ford). [25] Originally a luxury option on cars, the tilt function helps to adjust the steering wheel by moving the wheel through an arc in an up and down motion. Tilt Steering Wheels rely upon a ratchet joint located in the steering column just below the steering wheel. By disengaging the ratchet lock, the wheel can be adjusted upward or downward while the steering column remains stationary below the joint. Some designs place the pivot slightly forward along the column, allowing for a fair amount of vertical movement of the steering wheel with little actual tilt, while other designs place the pivot almost inside the steering wheel, allowing adjustment of the angle of the steering wheel with almost no change in its height.

Adjustable steering column

In contrast, an adjustable steering column allows steering wheel height to be adjusted with only a small, useful change in tilt. Most of these systems work with compression locks or electric motors instead of ratchet mechanisms; the latter may be capable of moving to a memorized position when a given driver uses the car, or of moving up and forward for entry or exit.

Telescope wheel

Many pre-war British cars offered telescoping steering wheels that required loosening a locknut prior to adjustment, many using the Douglas ASW (Adjustable Steering Wheel). [23] [26] In 1949, the Jaguar XK120 introduced a new steering wheel supplied by Bluemel that was driver-adjustable by simply loosening a sleeve around the column by hand. [27] The 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird had a similar design with 3 inches (76 mm) of total travel. [28] [29] In 1956, the travel was restricted to 2 inches (51 mm). A patent was filed regarding a telescoping steering wheel in July 1942 by Bernard Maurer of the Saginaw Steering Gear Division of General Motors (now Nexteer Automotive), but GM would not offer a telescoping wheel of their own until the debut of the optional telescopic wheel offered on the 1965 Corvette and Corvair, and the optional tilt/telescope wheel on 1965 Cadillacs. The GM column was released by twisting a locking ring surrounding the center hub, and offered a 3-inch (76 mm) range of adjustment.

Swing-away steering wheel

Introduced on the 1961 Ford Thunderbird, and made available on other Ford products throughout the 1960s, the Swing-away steering wheel allowed the steering wheel to move 9 inches (229 mm) to the right when the transmission selector was in Park, so as to make driver exit and entry easier. [23] [30]

Tilt-away steering wheel

Introduced by Ford in 1967 after updates to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards requirements. Though it was an update to the swing-away steering wheel, which did not meet updated safety standards, it offers limited movement but added convenience due to the automatic pop-over function over its predecessor. [31]

Quick release hub steering wheel

Some steering wheels can be mounted on a detachable hub a.k.a. a quick-release hub. The steering wheel can then be removed without the use of tools, simply by pressing a button. The system is much used in narrow-spaced racing cars, to facilitate the driver getting in and out, and in other cars as well, as an anti-theft device. [32] The quick-release connector is often brand-specific, with some makes being interchangeable. The most common mounting pattern is 6×70 mm, [33] which denotes a bolt circle pattern with six bolts placed along a circle 70 mm in diameter. [34] Other examples of common bolt patterns are 3×1.75 in (44.45 mm), 5×2.75 in (69.85 mm), 6×74 mm and 6×2.75 in (69.85 mm). [33] The quick release itself is often proprietary.[ citation needed ]

Usage

The steering wheel should be used with strategic movements of the hand and wrist in spinning motions. Caution and care should be used to ensure the safety of the extremities. The constant motions used must be performed with caution. "Proper posture of the hand-arm system while using hand tools is very important. As a rule, the wrist should not be bent, but must be kept straight to avoid overexertion of such tissues like tendons and tendon sheaths and compression of nerves and blood vessels." [35]

The act of turning the steering wheel while the vehicle is stationary is called dry steering. It is generally advised to avoid dry steering as it puts a strain on the steering mechanism and causes undue wear of the tires.

Buttons and controls on the steering wheel

A 2009 Formula One car's steering wheel has buttons and knobs to control various functions as well as gauges and other important items normally found on a dashboard Toyota steering wheel.jpg
A 2009 Formula One car's steering wheel has buttons and knobs to control various functions as well as gauges and other important items normally found on a dashboard

The first button added to the steering wheel was a switch to activate the car's electric horn. Traditionally located on the steering wheel hub or center pad, the horn switch was sometimes placed on the spokes or activated via a decorative horn ring which obviated the necessity to move a hand away from the rim. Electrical connections are made via a slip ring. A further development, the Rim Blow steering wheel, integrated the horn switch into the steering wheel rim.

In 1966, Ford offered the Highway Pilot Speed Control Option, [36] with steering wheel pad-mounted rocker switches, on its Thunderbird. Uniquely, the Thunderbird also lightly applied the brakes and illuminated the stop lamps when the Retard was continuously depressed with the cruise control on, but not engaged.

In 1974, Lincoln added two rocker switches on the steering wheel to activate various cruise control functions on the Continental and Continental Mark IV. [37] In 1988, Pontiac offered a steering wheel with 12 buttons controlling various audio functions on the Trans-Am, [38] 6000 STE and Bonneville.

1989 Pontiac Grand Prix SE Steering Wheel 1989 Pontiac Grand Prix SE Steering Wheel.jpg
1989 Pontiac Grand Prix SE Steering Wheel

In the 1990s, a proliferation of new buttons began to appear on automobile steering wheels. Remote or alternate adjustments could include vehicle audio, telephone, and voice control navigation. Often scroll wheels or buttons are used to set volume levels or page through menus, change radio stations or audio tracks. These controls can use universal interfaces, [39] wired or wirelessly.

Gaming imitations

A video game steering wheel for the PlayStation 2 console Logitech-Driving-Force-PS3.jpg
A video game steering wheel for the PlayStation 2 console

Game controllers are available for arcade cabinets, personal computers, and console games that are designed to look and feel like a steering wheel and intended for use in racing games. An early example is the Telstar Arcade, which featured a wheel in 1977 for use in the Road Race game that came packaged with it [40] . Some modern gaming wheels employ force feedback to simulate the tactile feedback a real driver feels from a steering wheel, as well as buttons to allow for more inputs.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-lock braking system</span> Safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and land vehicles

An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses. ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up during braking, thereby maintaining tractive contact with the road surface and allowing the driver to maintain more control over the vehicle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steering</span> The control of the direction of motion of vehicles and other objects

Steering is the control of the direction of locomotion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMC Pacer</span> Compact car produced by American Motors Corporation

The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buick Riviera</span> Motor vehicle

The Buick Riviera is a personal luxury car that was marketed by Buick from 1963 to 1999, with the exception of the 1994 model year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oldsmobile Toronado</span> Motor vehicle

The Oldsmobile Toronado is a personal luxury car manufactured and marketed by the Oldsmobile division of General Motors from 1966 to 1992 over four generations. The Toronado was noted for its transaxle version of GM's Turbo-Hydramatic transmission, making it the first U.S.-produced front-wheel drive automobile since the demise of the Cord 810/812 in 1937.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercury Cougar</span> Ford Motor Company car model

Mercury Cougar is a nameplate applied to a diverse series of automobiles sold by the Mercury division of Ford from 1967 until 1997 and from 1999 through 2002 model years. While the nameplate is associated with two-door coupes, at various times during its production, the Cougar was also marketed as a convertible, four-door sedan, station wagon, and a hatchback.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lincoln Continental</span> American luxury car

The Lincoln Continental is a series of mid-sized and full-sized luxury cars produced between 1939 and 2020 by Lincoln, a division of the American automaker Ford Motor Company. The model line was introduced following the construction of a personal vehicle for Edsel Ford, who commissioned a coachbuilt 1939 Lincoln-Zephyr convertible, developed as a vacation vehicle to attract potential Lincoln buyers. In what would give the model line its name, the exterior was given European "continental" styling elements, including a rear-mounted spare tire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiller</span> Lever used to steer a vehicle, typically on boats

A tiller or till is a lever used to steer a vehicle. The mechanism is primarily used in watercraft, where it is attached to an outboard motor, rudder post or stock to provide leverage in the form of torque for the helmsman to turn the rudder. A tiller may also be used in vehicles outside of water, and was seen in early automobiles.

Power steering is a system for reducing a driver's effort to turn a steering wheel of a motor vehicle, by using a power source to assist steering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power seat</span> Electrically-adjustable vehicle seat

A power seat in an automobile is a seat in a passenger compartment that can be adjusted using a button, switch or joystick and a set of small electric motors. Most cars with this feature have controls for the driver's seat only, though almost all luxury cars also have power controls for the front passenger seat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the automobile</span>

Development of the automobile started in 1672 with the invention of the first steam-powered vehicle, which led to the creation of the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation, built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Inventors began to branch out at the start of the 19th century, creating the de Rivaz engine, one of the first internal combustion engines, and an early electric motor. Samuel Brown later tested the first industrially applied internal combustion engine in 1826.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMC Matador</span> Large-sized car model produced by American Motors Corporation

The AMC Matador is a series of American automobiles that were manufactured and marketed by American Motors Corporation (AMC) across two generations, 1971–1973 (mid-size) and 1974–1978 (full-size), in two-door hardtop and coupe versions, as well as in four-door sedan and station wagon body styles.

Air suspension is a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. Unlike hydropneumatic suspension, which offers many similar features, air suspension does not use pressurized liquid, but pressurized air. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CLEVER</span>

The CLEVER is a type of tilting three-wheeled motor vehicle that was developed in a collaboration between the University of Bath, BMW and a number of other partners from across Europe. CLEVER is designed as an alternative to conventional means of personal urban transport. The narrow body endows it with some of the manoeuvrability and congestion avoiding capability of a motorcycle, whilst offering comparable weather and impact protection to a car. Carbon emissions are reduced as a function of low weight and a small frontal area. The narrow track width requires that CLEVER tilts into corners to maintain stability; thus it is fitted with a Direct Tilt Control (DTC) system that uses hydraulic actuators linking the cabin to the non-tilting rear engine module.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Budd XR-400</span> Motor vehicle

The XR-400 was a fully operational concept car. A "sporty" youth-oriented convertible was built in 1962 by the Budd Company, an independent body builder in Detroit, Michigan, for evaluation by the fourth largest U.S. automaker at the time, American Motors Corporation (AMC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Thunderbird (first generation)</span> Motor vehicle

The first generation of the Ford Thunderbird is a two-seat convertible produced by Ford for the 1955 to 1957 model year, the first 2-seat Ford since 1938. It was developed in response to the 1953 Motorama display at the New York Auto Show, which showed the Chevrolet Corvette. The Corvette in turn was developed in response to the popularity of European sports cars among Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Thunderbird (third generation)</span> Motor vehicle

The third generation of the Ford Thunderbird is a personal luxury car produced by Ford for the 1961 to 1963 model years. It featured new and much sleeker styling than the second generation models. Sales were strong, if not quite up to record-breaking 1960, at 73,051 including 10,516 convertibles. A new, larger 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE-series V8 was the only engine available. The Thunderbird was 1961's Indianapolis 500 pace car, and featured prominently in US President John F. Kennedy's inaugural parade, probably aided by the appointment of Ford executive Robert McNamara as Secretary of Defense.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chevrolet van</span> Motor vehicle

The Chevrolet Van or Chevy Van is a range of vans that was manufactured by General Motors from the 1964 to 1996 model years. Introduced as the successor for the rear-engine Corvair Corvan/Greenbrier, the model line also replaced the panel van configuration of the Chevrolet Suburban. The vehicle was sold both in passenger van and cargo van configurations as well as a cutaway van chassis that served as the basis for a variety of custom applications.

Rétrospectives Automobiles Miniatures was a French manufacturing company that made diecast scale model collector vehicles mostly of classic French automobiles in 1:43 scale. The acronym was seen on packaging without the periods between the letters of the acronym, but on some of the vehicle bases with the punctuation. "J.M.K." was a further acronym that stood for the three founding members of the company: M. Jarry, Henri Malartre and M. Koch. Though the models were often known simply as RAMI, the full name of the company was RAMI by J.M.K.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Car controls</span> Car parts used to control the vehicle

Car controls are the components in automobiles and other powered road vehicles, such as trucks and buses, used for driving and parking.

References

  1. ↑ "Ship Steering Wheel History". Articlesfactory.com. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  2. ↑ Greathouse, John (2008). "Reinvent The Wheel – A Nonstandard Look at Standards". infoChachkie. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  3. ↑ Duncan, H.O. (1927). The World on Wheels - Volume I. Paris. pp. 456–457, picture of the Vacheron-Car on p. 457.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ↑ "C S Rolls sitting in the first car in Britain fitted with wheel steering, 1898". Science & Society Picture Library. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  5. ↑ "Albums photos de Krebs: Voitures de course: N° 7 - 8 CV 4 cylindres, Paris - Amsterdam, 1898". Rbmn.free.fr. 10 March 2000. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  6. 1 2 Binder, Al (1 December 2003). "Rear View Mirror". Ward's AutoWorld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  7. ↑ Hyde, Charles K. (2009). Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors. Wayne State University Press. p. 12. ISBN   978-0-8143-3446-1.
  8. ↑ "The Swift Rambler Family". The World's Work. Vol. 8. 1904. pp. 5218–9. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  9. ↑ Gottlieb, Robert J. (1977). "Nash 600 coupe". Motor Trend. Vol. 29. p. 109. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  10. ↑ Madden, W. C. (2002). Haynes-Apperson and America's first practical automobile: a history. McFarland. p. 56. ISBN   978-0-7864-1397-3 . Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  11. ↑ Oldham, Scott; Lamm, Michael (May 1996). "Happy 100th!". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 173, no. 5. p. 49. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  12. ↑ "Steering Wheel Folds in Crash". Popular Science. November 1934. p. 32.
  13. ↑ "1956 Ford Fairlane brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  14. ↑ "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations". Nhtsa.dot.gov. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  15. ↑ Torchinsky, Jason (4 January 2022). "These Are The Reasons Why Citroën Used That Weird One-Spoke Steering Wheel". Jalopnik. G/O Media . Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  16. ↑ Griswold, Wesley S. (February 1953). "Engine Helps Steer '53 Studebaker". Popular Science. 162 (2): 114–117, 244.
  17. ↑ Markovich, Alex (April 1965). "Look, Ma-No Wheel!". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 123, no. 4. pp. 91–93.
  18. ↑ "Standard No. 114; Theft protection and rollaway prevention". U.S. Department of Transportation. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  19. ↑ Gitlin, Jonathan M. (25 June 2014). "Why you'll never drive your car with a joystick". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  20. ↑ "Steering wheel". Formula 1. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  21. ↑ Porázik, Juraj; Oravec, Ján (1985). Old time classic cars, 1885-1940. Arco Publishing. p. 16. ISBN   9780668063074 . Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  22. ↑ Breitenstein, Jeff (2004). Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary: A-Bombs to Zoomies. MotorBooks International. p. 19. ISBN   9781610592352 . Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  23. 1 2 3 "Tilt Steering Wheel". automotivemileposts.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  24. ↑ Gunnell, John (2005). American Cars of the 1960s: A Decade of Diversity. Krause Publications. p. 10. ISBN   9780896891319 . Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  25. ↑ Whipple, Jim (October 1964). "Detroit Report". Popular Science. Vol. 185, no. 4. p. 58. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  26. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ↑ "Specifications" . Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  28. ↑ "1955 Ford Thunderbird folder". Oldcarbrochures.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  29. ↑ "1956 Ford Thunderbird brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  30. ↑ "History of Ford Swing-Away, Tilt-Away, and Tilt Steering Wheels". automotivemileposts.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  31. ↑ King, Matthew. "Types of Adjustable Steering Wheels". Forever Sharp Steering Wheels. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018.
  32. ↑ Quick release hub steering wheel | Raptor Steering Wheels
  33. 1 2 [https://nlmotoring.com/how-tos/steering-wheel-bolt-patterns-explained/ Steering Wheel Bolt Patterns Explained
  34. ↑ Demon Tweeks Steering Wheel Guide | Demon Tweeks Blog
  35. ↑ Kroemer, Karl; Kroemer, Henrike; Kroemer-Elbert, Katrin (2001). ErgonomicsHow to Design for Ease and Efficiency (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN   0-13-752478-1.
  36. ↑ "1966 Ford Thunderbird Highway Pilot Speed Control Option". automotivemileposts.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  37. ↑ "1974 Lincoln Continental Brochure". oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  38. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ↑ "DIY for Steering Wheel Removal and Steering Wheel Audio Control Unit Install - Page 6 -". My350z.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  40. ↑ "Pong-Story : Coleco Telstar Arcade". www.pong-story.com. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.