Honduran general election, 2009

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Honduran general election, 2009
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  Pepe Lobo 2010-01-27.jpg
Nominee Porfirio Lobo Sosa Elvin Santos
Party National Liberal
Popular vote1,212,846816,874
Percentage56.56%38.1%
President before election

Roberto Micheletti
Liberal

Elected President

Porfirio Lobo Sosa
National

The Honduran general election, 2009 (Spanish : Elecciones generales de Honduras de 2009) was held in Honduras on November 29, 2009, including presidential, parliamentary and local elections. [1] [2] Voters went to the polls to elect:

Spanish language Romance language

Spanish or Castilian is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in the Americas and Spain. It is a global language and the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese.

Honduras republic in Central America

Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. In the past, it was sometimes referred to as "Spanish Honduras" to differentiate it from British Honduras, which later became modern-day Belize. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.

Contents

President of Honduras head of state and head of government of Honduras

The President of Honduras officially known as the President of the Republic of Honduras, is the head of state and head of government of Honduras, and the Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. According to the 1982 Constitution of Honduras, the Government of Honduras consists of three branches: Executive, Legislative and Judicial. The President is the head of the Executive branch, their primary duty being to "Execute and enforce the Constitution, treaties and conventions, laws and other legal dispositions." The President is directly elected for a four year term.

National Congress of Honduras parliament

The National Congress is the legislative branch of the government of Honduras.

The possibility of having a "fourth ballot box" (Spanish: cuarta urna) at the 29 November election regarding the convocation of a National Constituent Assembly [3] constituted a major element of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.

The cuarta urna or fourth ballot box referendum was a plan by Honduran president Manuel Zelaya to run a non-binding referendum to consult the public regarding the administration of a second, binding referendum to convoke a constitutional assembly. The referendum was planned to run concurrently with the November 2009 presidential, congressional, and mayoral elections. Some Hondurans opposed the plan, including many politicians from the two largest parties. When Zelaya pushed ahead with plans for this referendum on whether to include a fourth ballot box, the Supreme Court issued a warrant for his arrest and the army expelled him from the country in a June 28 coup d'etat, precipitating the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.

A constituent assembly or constitutional assembly is a body or assembly of popularly elected representatives composed for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitutional-type document. The constituent assembly is a subset of a constitutional convention elected entirely by popular vote; that is, all constituent assemblies are constitutional conventions, but a constitutional convention is not necessarily a constituent assembly. As the fundamental document constituting a state, a constitution cannot normally be modified or amended by the state's normal legislative procedures; instead a constitutional convention or a constituent assembly, the rules for which are normally laid down in the constitution, must be set up. A constituent assembly is usually set up for its specific purpose, which it carries out in a relatively short time, after which the assembly is dissolved. A constituent assembly is a form of representative democracy.

Campaigning

Preceding the planned November elections, the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis (ouster of president Manuel Zelaya) occurred, bringing the legitimacy of the elections into doubt. [4] [5] [6] [7]

2009 Honduran constitutional crisis

The 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis was a political dispute over plans to either rewrite the Constitution of Honduras or write a new one.

Manuel Zelaya President of Honduras

José Manuel Zelaya Rosales is a Honduran politician who was President of Honduras from 27 January 2006 until 28 June 2009. He is the eldest son of a wealthy businessman, and inherited his father's nickname "Mel". Before entering politics he was involved in his family's logging and timber businesses.

Campaigning by candidates took place for the three months prior to 29 November in the context of conflict between the de facto government, the de jure government, and resistance to the de facto government, mostly coordinated by the National Resistance Front.

Nearly one month of this campaign period was covered by the Micheletti de facto government Decree PCM-M-016-2009, signed on 22 September 2009 and rescinded on 19 October 2009. [8] The decree suspended five constitutional rights: personal liberty (Article 69), freedom of expression (Article 72), freedom of movement (Article 81), habeas corpus (Article 84) and freedom of association. [9]

Constitution of Honduras

The Political Constitution of the Republic of Honduras was approved on 11 January 1982, published on 20 January 1982, amended by the National Congress of Honduras 26 times from 1984 to 2005, and 10 interpretations by Congress were made from 1982 to 2005. It is Honduras' twelfth constitution since independence in 1838. Previous charters were adopted in 1839, 1848, 1865, 1873, 1880, 1894, 1906, 1924, 1936, 1957 and 1965.

Freedom of movement, mobility rights, or the right to travel is a human rights concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the territory of a country, and to leave the country and return to it. The right includes not only visiting places, but changing the place where the individual resides or works.

Habeas corpus is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

Hundreds of candidates, including presidential candidate Carlos H. Reyes, renounced their candidacy citing skepticism that the same military that overthrew the elected president could be trusted to run a free and fair election five months later. [10]

Election day

Over thirty thousand security personnel were involved in running the election, including 12,000 military, 14,000 police officers and 5000 reservists. [11] Mayors were requested by the army to provide lists of "enemies" (Spanish: enemigos) of the electoral process in order to "neutralise" them (Spanish: neutralizarlos). [11]

Amnesty International protested to the Honduran de facto government about violations of habeas corpus on 28 and 29 November. [12] One of the people who were disappeared was Jensys Mario Umanzor Gutierrez, last seen in police detention early on the morning of 30 November. Amnesty International (AI) stated that no courts, including the Supreme Court, were available to receive a petition for habeas corpus. AI also referred to two men arrested under terrorism charges and beaten, and 14 minors detained under decree PCM-M-016-2009 [8] for gathering in groups of more than four persons, and later freed without charges. [12] AI also said that human rights organizations in Honduras "suffered attacks and acts of intimidation". [12]

On election day, police and military suppressed an anti-election rally in San Pedro Sula, with reports of one death plus injuries and arrests. [13] [ unreliable source? ] There were also reports that employees of government agencies and private businesses were being told that they would be fired if they did not vote. [14] [ unreliable source? ]

The European Parliament did not send observers. [15] However, observers were sent by the centrist European People's Party, who reported a "high degree of civic maturity and exemplar democratic behaviour" during the elections. [16]

Presidential election

The candidates of the two main political parties were former presidential candidate Porfirio Lobo Sosa of the National Party and former vice-president Elvin Santos of the Liberal Party. The trade unionist [17] Garifuna leader Bernard Martínez Valerio was the Innovation and Unity Party (PINU) candidate. [18] Martínez was the first black presidential candidate in the history of Honduras, according to PINU. [17] Another trade union leader, Carlos Humberto Reyes, one of the coordinators of the Frente Nacional de Resistencia Contra el Golpe de Estado en Honduras, was an independent candidate for the election [19] [20] but formally withdrew in order not to legitimise the coup d'état and what he and his supporters perceived would be fraudulent elections. [21] [22]

The table below shows all six continuing and withdrawn candidates, in the order published by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. [23]

Honduras
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This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Honduras
CandidateParty/Independent
Porfirio Lobo Sosa National Party
Bernard Martínez Innovation and Unity Party-Social-Democracy (PINU)
Felicito Ávila Christian Democrat Party (CD)
Elvin Santos Liberal Party
César Ham Democratic Unification Party (PUD)
Carlos H. Reyes Independent (withdrew 9 November on grounds of alleged election illegitimacy and fraud) [21] [22] [24]

Pre-election polls

A pre-election poll held 23–29 August 2009 by COIMER & OP showed a relative majority (41%) who would not declare a voting preference or would not vote in favour of any of the six candidates. [25] By mid-October this had dropped to a minority (29%) according to a CID-Gallup poll. [26] Porfirio Lobo's support increased from 28% in August to 37% in October, and Elvin Santos' support increased from 14% to 21%. According to the two polls, Carlos H. Reyes' support dropped from 12% to 6%, while the other three candidates increased from 1–2% support in August to 2–3% in October. [25] A popularity rating question in the COIMER & OP August poll, concerning positive, average and negative opinions towards presidential candidates and other prominent people, found that Porfirio Lobo had more negative than positive popularity (34% versus 30%), as did Elvin Santos (45% versus 19%) and the de facto President Roberto Micheletti (56% versus 16%) and César Ham (20% versus 16%). Carlos H. Reyes had more positive than negative ratings (25% versus 14%), as did de jure President Manuel Zelaya (45% versus 26%). [25]

polling organisation, [ref]datepoll detailscandidate
Porfirio Lobo Bernard Martínez Felicito Ávila Elvin Santos César Ham Carlos Reyes (withdrew 9 Nov) [21] [22] [24] (other response)
CID-Gallup [26] [27] 13–19 October 2009national; 1420 people37%2%2%21%3%6%29%
COIMER & OP [25] 23–29 August 2009national; 1470 people28%1%1%14%2%12%41%
CID-Gallup [28] 30 June–4 July 2009national; 1204 people42%––37%–––

Results

Porfirio Lobo Sosa, popularly known as Pepe Lobo, of the opposition conservative National Party was elected to succeed Micheletti. Early reports gave Lobo over 50% of the popular vote, with Elvin Santos the closest opponent with around 35%. [29] While some regional nations did not accept the election as valid, others including the United States have supported its legitimacy. [30] While exiled President Manuel Zelaya called for a boycott of the election, turnout ranged from around 30% in poorer areas to 70% in more wealthy communities. Lobo previously served in the Honduran Congress. He has hinted that charges against Zelaya will be dropped. [31]

President

CandidatePartyVotes%Result
Porfirio Lobo Sosa PN 1,212,846 [32] 56.56President
Elvin Santos PL 816,87438.10
Bernard Martínez PINU 39,9501.86
Felicito Ávila PDC 38,3911.79
César Ham PUD 36,3991.70
Valid votes1,980,724100.00
Null votes92,5344.03
Blank votes61,0862.66
Total votes2,298,080100.00
Registered voters~4.6 million [33] [34] ~50% turnout

Despite few outside legal observers, the International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute were there as American observers. The IRI supported the projections of 61% from the interim government and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. [35] The NDI has so far not commented on their projection of the vote turnout, however have commented on an independent, local Honduran observer part-funded by USAID, [36] the Hagamos Democracia who put the turnout on 48%. The NDI commented that they had a low margin of error on what percentage of the votes were allocated to the candidates as they had successfully projected the vote's outcome: 56 percent for Lobo and 38 percent for Santos. He also said a 48 percent turnout would be consistent with a trend of increasing abstention in Honduras. Turnout was 55 percent in the 2005 election that brought Zelaya to office, 10 percentage points lower than in the previous election. [37] Official turnout was revised down to 49%, a figure consistent with the TSE's own internal figures on election day but over which it had preferred to announce the entirely unfounded but rather more politically convenient 61%, as was caught on video at the time. [38] 49% incidentally, is also a decline on the 55% 2005 election turnout. [39]

National Congress

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
National Party 8,561,57753.3771+16
Liberal Party 4,937,99530.7845–17
Innovation and Unity Party 1,031,2186.433+1
Christian Democratic Party 782,5514.885+1
Democratic Unification Party 723,7444.514–1
Independent People's Progressive Movement3,5450.020–
Total16,040,6301001280
Valid votes2,146,01293.30
Invalid/blank votes154,0446.70
Total2,300,056100
Registered voters/turnout
Source: TSE, IFES
Popular vote
PNH
 
53.37%
PLH
 
30.78%
PINU
 
6.43%
DC
 
4.88%
PUD
 
4.51%
Others
 
0.02%
Parliament seats
PNH
 
55.47%
PLH
 
35.16%
DC
 
3.91%
PUD
 
3.13%
PINU
 
2.34%

Controversy

Organisations and individuals in Honduras, including the National Resistance Front against the coup d'État in Honduras, [40] Marvin Ponce of the Democratic Unification Party, [40] and Bertha Oliva of Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras, [41] and internationally, including Mercosur, [4] President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina [4] and the Union of South American Nations, [5] said that elections held on 29 November under Micheletti would not be recognized.

Honduras

Hundreds of people made a noisy drive-by protest in Tegucigalpa on 1 December to symbolise their rejection of the elections and to highlight that the turnout estimates of over 60% were inaccurate. [42] Zelaya's aide Carlos Reina called for the elections to be cancelled. [42]

In early November 2009, Dagoberto Suazo of the National Resistance Front against the coup d'État in Honduras asked for the international community to continue to refuse to recognise the planned 29 November elections. [40] Marvin Ponce, a member of Congress from the Democratic Unification Party, said that it was not possible to hold the elections in the aftermath of the coup d'état. [40] Bertha Oliva of COFADEH criticised the United States government for stating that Honduras could hold "free elections in less than three weeks" when "Hondurans [were being] subjected to arbitrary arrest, the closure of independent media, police beatings, torture and even killings by security forces". [41] Oliva claimed that it was not possible to have an election campaign when the right to freedom of assembly, freedom of movement and press freedom were absent. She called for elections to be delayed until at least three months after human rights and democracy are restored. [41]

On 6 November 2009, following the failure of Micheletti and Zelaya to together create a "unity cabinet", Zelaya called for a boycott of the 29 November election. [43]

On 9 November 2009, following a national meeting of leaders of the National Resistance Front against the coup d'état, presidential candidate Carlos H. Reyes declared the withdrawal of his candidacy, on the grounds of not legitimising the coup d'état and fraudulent elections. [21] [22] [24] At the time of Reyes' withdrawal, the Honduran newspapers El Tiempo and La Tribuna showed Reyes' right hand in a plaster cast [21] [22] due to an injury sustained during his 30 July beating by Honduran security forces under the control of the de facto Micheletti government. [19] [20] At least 30–40 candidates from various parties and independent candidates, including at least one National Party candidate, Mario Medrano in San Manuel, Cortés, also withdraw in protest. [44] Mario Medrano stated that he withdrew his candidature in order not to legitimise the coup d'état, that this was independent of party membership, and that anyone elected could be removed [if the coup d'état remained legitimate]. [44]

Canadian investigative journalist Jesse Freeston released a series of three videos before and after the elections them of being "coup laundering". In the final video, "Honduran Elections Exposed", Freeston separately interviews two members of the Honduran Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The engineer in charge of the count says that 49% of Hondurans had turned out to vote. Meanwhile, the spokesman for the tribunal told Freeston that roughly 65% had turned out. Freeston concludes that nobody knows how many Hondurans turned out, since all four major international election observers (UN, EU, Carter Center, and OAS) all refused to participate. [45] The videos also exposed the police attack on an anti-election protest in San Pedro Sula, the arrest of a man for possession of anti-election posters in Tegucigalpa, a letter the military sent to all the mayors in Honduras seeking contact information of anyone involved in the National People's Resistance Front, the shutting down of anti-coup media outlets Radio Globo and Canal 36, and the targeted assassinations of anti-coup community organizers. [46]

International

International response to the 2009 Honduran elections Honduras Countries recognizing the elections Countries not recognizing the elections No response. International response to the Honduran election.svg
International response to the 2009 Honduran elections
  Honduras
  Countries recognizing the elections
  Countries not recognizing the elections
  No response.

Mercosur declared on 24 July 2009 that it would not recognise the results of the planned November elections or any other elections organised under Micheletti. [4] President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina stated, "We must condemn any benevolent coup attempt, that is, when through a civilian-military coup legitimate authorities are ousted followed by attempts to legalize the situation by calling new elections. This would be the death kiss for the OAS democratic charter and turning the Mercosur democratic charter in mere fiction". [4] On 10 August, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) also declared that it would not recognise the results of elections held while the de facto Micheletti government remained in power. [5] On 17 August, President Felipe Calderón of Mexico, together with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, made a similar statement. [6] On September 3, the US State Department issued a statement revoking all non-humanitarian assistance to Honduras and said, of the November 29 elections "At this moment, we would not be able to support the outcome of the scheduled elections". [7]

The U.S. has since changed position and announced that it will recognize the results of the election as a part of the San Jose-Tegucigalpa Accord. [47] Prior to the elections, the OAS advanced a resolution that would have refused to recognize its results. [48] Initially, the U.S. administration pushed for the return of Zelaya, however, subsequently back-tracked on a threat not to recognize the election. [49] The OAS resolution was ultimately blocked by the United States. [48] The U.S. State Department rejected appeals by other Organization of American States (OAS) member nations to condemn what many perceived to be a fraudulent election and, instead, declared the contest "free, fair and transparent.” [50] The International Republican Institute, an organization linked to the United States Republican Party, also declared the elections had been "free of violence and overt acts of intimidation". [49] The victory of Porfirio Lobo Sosa was quickly recognized by the United States, which increased military and police aid to the government, despite much of Latin America continuing to view him as an illegal pretender to the Honduran presidency. [51]

In the days preceding the elections, Israel, Italy, Colombia, Panama, Peru, Germany, Costa Rica and Japan also announced their intentions to recognize the results of the elections. [52] [53] [ unreliable source? ] [54] [55]

On 30 November at the 19th Ibero-American Summit in Estoril, Portugal the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela announced they would not recognize the elections whereas Colombia, Costa Rica and Panama said that they would. [56] On 8 December the five Mercosur member states once again ratified their decision of not recognizing the election of Porfirio Lobo. [57]

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References

  1. ↑ http://www.adn.es/politica/20090529/NWS-0073-Autoridad-Honduras-noviembre-electoral-eleccion.html
  2. ↑ http://electionguide.org/country.php?ID=97
  3. ↑ "Honduras: busca reforma constitucional". BBC Spanish. 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mercosur warns it rejects any attempt to call new elections in Honduras". Mercopress. 2009-07-25. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  5. 1 2 3 "Union of South American Nations rejects elections under Honduran de facto regime". Guelph Mercury/AP/The Canadian Press. 2009-08-10. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  6. 1 2 "State Visit to Brazil by Mexican President Felipe Calderón". government of Mexico. 2009-08-17. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  7. 1 2 US State Department (2009-09-03). "Termination of Assistance and Other Measures Affecting the De Facto Regime in Honduras". US State Department. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  8. 1 2 Rosenberg, Mica; Gustavo Palencia (2009-10-19). "Honduras de facto leader lifts ban on media, protests". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2009-10-19. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  9. ↑ Ordaz, Pablo (2009-09-28). "Micheletti ordena el cierre de los medios de comunicación afines a Zelaya" (in Spanish). El País. Archived from the original on 2009-10-19. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  10. ↑ "Carta de renuncia de Carlos H. Reyes". Vos el Soberano. November 9, 2009.
  11. 1 2 "El signo de la represión". El Tiempo (Honduras). November 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  12. 1 2 3 "Authorities Must Reveal Identities and Whereabouts of People Detained Today". Amnesty International USA. 2009-11-30. Archived from the original on 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  13. ↑ Jesse Freeston. "An Election Validated by Blood and Repression". The Real News Network. December 2, 2009.
  14. ↑ Schepers, Emile (2009-11-30). "Honduras election raises questions on turnout, international recognition". People's World. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  15. ↑ Political situation in Honduras with a view to the elections on 29 November 2009 (debate). European Parliament, Wednesday, 11 November 2009 - Brussels
  16. ↑ El Grupo PPE reconoce plena legitimidad a las elecciones de Honduras. EPP Group in the European Parliament
  17. 1 2 Innovation and Unity Party (2009-02-23). "Sindicalista Bernard Martínez primer candidato presidencial negro en Honduras". Innovation and Unity Party. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  18. ↑ "Bernard Martínez". La Tribuna. 2009-07-20. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  19. 1 2 "International Mission denounces the brutal repression of pacific demonstrations". Agencia Latinoamerica de Información. 2009-07-30. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  20. 1 2 "Defying threats, Zelaya supporters continue protests". La Prensa. 2009-07-31. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Carlos H. Reyes anuncia su retiro de los comicios" (in Spanish). El Tiempo (Honduras). 2009-11-08. Archived from the original on 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "Carlos H. Reyes oficializa su renuncia" (in Spanish). La Tribuna. 2009-11-09. Archived from the original on 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  23. ↑ "Publicación del voto despeja incógnitas" (in Spanish). Tiempo. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  24. 1 2 3 Honduras: piden boicotear las elecciones
  25. 1 2 3 4 "Estudio de Opinión Pública – Nivel Nacional" (PDF) (in Spanish). COIMER & OP (Consultores en Investigación de Mercados y Opinión Pública). 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  26. 1 2 "El opositor Porfirio Lobo aventaja en 16 puntos al oficialista en Honduras, según una encuesta". Casamerica. 2009-10-27. Archived from the original on 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  27. ↑ "Lobo 16 puntos arriba a 32 días de comicios" (in Spanish). La Prensa (Honduras). 2009-10-26. Archived from the original on 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
  28. ↑ "Hondurans Would Back Lobo Sosa for President". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  29. ↑ http://www.yucatan.com.mx/noticia.asp?cx=99$1410000000$4200384&f=20091130
  30. ↑ "Porfirio Lobo Elected President In Honduras". Huffington Post. 2009-11-30.
  31. ↑ Honduras elects Porfirio Lobo as new president
  32. ↑ Results As of December 20, 2009 according to http://www.tse.hn
  33. ↑ "Cierres de campañas serán en Tegucigalpa" (in Spanish). El Tiempo (Honduras). November 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  34. ↑ "Censados 4.6 millones" (in Spanish). La Prensa (Honduras). 2009-09-09. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  35. ↑ http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/01/embassy-row-97085632/
  36. ↑ http://voselsoberano.com/v1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2999:elecciones-honduras-exclusiva-entrevista-a-hagamos-democracia--audio&catid=1:noticias-generales
  37. ↑ https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg_ngUiZboxQbYj5_DPwD9CAR1G00
  38. ↑
  39. ↑ "Honduras revises down participation in disputed polls". AFP via France24. 2009-12-04. Retrieved 2009-12-05.[ permanent dead link ]
  40. 1 2 3 4 "Pro-Zelaya organization issues ultimatum for Zelaya's restitution". Xinhua News Agency. 2009-11-06. Archived from the original on 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  41. 1 2 3 "Honduras' Most Prominent Human Rights Expert Calls on Obama Administration to Denounce "Grave Human Rights Violations"". Center for Economic and Policy Research. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  42. 1 2 "Zelaya calls for Latin America leaders to reject polls". Inform Technologies Inc./Agence France Presse. 2009-12-02. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  43. ↑ Carroll, Rory (2009-11-06). "Power-sharing deal in Honduras collapses as Zelaya demands to lead". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  44. 1 2 "Renuncian importantes dirigentes del liberalismo". El Tiempo (Honduras). November 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-11-28. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  45. ↑ Jesse Freeston. "TRNN Exclusive: Honduran elections exposed". The Real News Network. December 6, 2009.
  46. ↑ Jesse Freeston. "Honduras: Elections as Coup Laundering". The Real News Network. November 28, 2009.
  47. ↑ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/11/2009112843327135878.html
  48. 1 2 Politics, Stephen Zunes Professor of; Francisco, Coordinator of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of San (19 June 2016). "The U.S. Role In The Honduras Coup And Subsequent Violence" . Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  49. 1 2 Sheridan, Mary Beth (1 December 2009). "U.S. and some allies at odds over Honduras presidential election" . Retrieved 16 December 2016– via washingtonpost.com.
  50. ↑ Fang2015-07-06T17:01:07+00:00, Lee FangLee. "During Honduras Crisis, Clinton Suggested Back Channel With Lobbyist Lanny Davis" . Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  51. ↑ "In Honduras, a Mess Made in the U.S." The New York Times. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  52. ↑ http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Elecciones%20Generales%202009%20del%2001%20de%20octubre%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/11/28/Noticias/Israel-apoya-las-elecciones-de-Honduras
  53. ↑ http://www.commondreams.org/view/2009/11/27-3
  54. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  55. ↑ http://www.laprensahn.com/index.php/content/view/full/359368/
  56. ↑ http://es.noticias.yahoo.com/12/20091130/twl-intenso-debate-sobre-honduras-en-la-bc4ee44.html
  57. ↑ http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/afondo/nota.php?ckl=63293&cc=167
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