Inocybaceae

Last updated

Inocybaceae
Inocybe lanuginosa - Lindsey.jpg
Inocybe lanuginosa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Inocybaceae
Jülich (1981)
Type genus
Inocybe
(Fr.) Fr. (1863)
Genera

Auritella
Inocybe
Inosperma
Mallocybe
Nothocybe
Pseudosperma
Tubariomyces

Contents

The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales, the largest order of mushroom-forming fungi. [1] It is one of the larger families within Agaricales (gilled mushrooms). [2] This family exhibits an ectomycorrhizal ecology. [1] [3] Members of this family have a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate areas. [4]

Taxonomy

The type genus of the Inocybaceae, Inocybe , was originally described by Fries in 1821, as a 'tribe' within a broad mushroom genus, Agaricus . [1] In 1863, Fries elevated Inocybe to generic rank. [1]

Inocybe, had traditionally been placed within the family Cortinariaceae. [5] [6] Despite this, Dutch taxonomist Walter Jülich placed the genus in its own family, the Inocybaceae. [7] Later, the Cortinariaceae were shown to be polyphyletic. [8] [9] Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of RPB1, RPB2 and nLSU-rDNA regions from a variety of Inocybe and related taxa would support Jülich's recognition of Inocybe at the family level. [10] In their Dictionary of the Fungi, Kirk et al. (2008) [11] did not distinguish between Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but rather merged them into one family they called Inocybaceae. The literature has since then split up the classification given by Kirk et al. (2008) [11] not only into Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but also Tubariaceae [12] [13] [14] and Chromocyphellaceae. [15]

Inocybaceae has only become an independent family somewhat recently. The family is now split into 7 different clades, all recognized with generic rank: Auritella, Inocybe sensu stricto, Inosperma, Mallocybe, Nothocybe, Pseudosperma, and Tubariomyces [16] . It is estimated that Inocybe (the largest genus within Inocybaceae) contains ca. 1050 species; Pseudosperma with ca. 70 species; Mallocybe with more than 55 species; Inosperma containing 70+ known species; and Auritella, Nothocybe, and Tubariomyces containing an unknown number of species, but estimated to be in rather small numbers. [16]

In a 2019 molecular study, Matheny and colleagues used six gene phylogenetic analyses to determine relationships within the family. They recovered Nothocybe as sister to Inocybe, while members of Inocybe section Rimosae formed a lineage that diverged from the ancestor of the preceding two, and hence reclassified it as a genus Pseudosperma. Another branch gives rise to four lineages - the genus Auritella , what was Inocybe subgenus Mallocybe (now Mallocybe [17] ), Tubariomyces , and Inosperma (previously Inocybe subgenus Inosperma). [18]

Distribution

The Inocybaceae are widespread in north temperate regions, but also found in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. Members of this family have also been encountered in Africa, Australia, the neotropics, New Zealand, the north temperate zone, the paleotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, and the south temperate zone. [19]

Ecology

Members of Inocybaceae are ectomycorrhizal, which is a specialized form of symbyosis with plants generally thought to be mutually beneficial. It is estimated that they can form mycorrhiza with at least 23 plant families. [18] Most species tend to prefer calcareous to neutrally-rich soils, and are often found at the edges of paths, roads, parks, or other urban habitats. [16] Some authors reinforce that members of this family would generally prefer more calcareous soils and notes that this trait is well conserved. [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agaricales</span> Order of mushrooms

The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics, but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are closely related and some belong in other orders, such as the Russulales and Boletales. Conversely, DNA research has also shown that many non-agarics, including some of the clavarioid fungi and gasteroid fungi belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families, more than 400 genera, and over 25,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. Species in the Agaricales range from the familiar Agaricus bisporus and the deadly Amanita virosa to the coral-like Clavaria zollingeri and bracket-like Fistulina hepatica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strophariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariaceae have red-brown to dark brown spore prints, while the spores themselves are smooth and have an apical germ pore. These agarics are also characterized by having a cutis-type pileipellis. Ecologically, all species in this group are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The family was circumscribed in 1946 by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marasmiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Marasmiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Basidiocarps are most frequently agarics, but occasionally cyphelloid. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contained 54 genera and 1590 species, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has led to a more restricted family concept, so that the Marasmiaceae included just 13 genera, and some 1205 species. It was reduced further down in 2020, to 10 genera and about 700 species.

<i>Inocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Inocybe is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of Inocybe are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptation to different trees and perhaps even local environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hygrophoraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics, including Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species, DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 34 genera and over 1000 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymenogastraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hymenogastraceae is a family of fungi in the order Agaricales with both agaric and false-truffle shaped fruitbodies. Formerly, prior to molecular analyses, the family was restricted to the false-truffle genera. The mushroom genus Psilocybe in the Hymenogastraceae is now restricted to the hallucinogenic species while nonhallucinogenic former species are largely in the genus Deconica classified in the Strophariaceae.

<i>Phaeocollybia</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeocollybia is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenogastraceae. They are characterized by producing fruit bodies (mushrooms) with umbonate caps and rough brown spores. The genus is widely distributed, and contains about 50 species. They are known for a long stipe which continues down into the ground, known as a rooting stipe or pseudorhiza formed as the fruitbody grows up from the subterranean colonized roots well below the organic soil layer. The genus is primarily mycorrhizal but may also be somewhat parasitic on forest trees.

<i>Pholiota</i> Genus of mushrooms

Pholiota is a genus of small to medium-sized, fleshy mushrooms in the family Strophariaceae. They are saprobes that typically live on wood. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and contains about 150 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycenaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Mycenaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the family contains 10 genera and 705 species. This is one of several families that were separated from the Tricholomataceae as a result of phylogenetic analyses. Taxa in the Mycenaceae are saprobic, have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found in almost all ecological zones. The family was circumscribed by Caspar van Overeem in 1926.

<i>Pseudoomphalina</i> Genus of fungi

Pseudoomphalina is a genus of fungi in the placed in the family Tricholomataceae for convenience. The genus contains six species that are widespread in northern temperate areas. Pseudoomphalina was circumscribed by Rolf Singer in 1956. Pseudoomphalina was found to be paraphyletic to Neohygrophorus in a molecular phylogenetics study and since Pseudoomphalina is an older name, Neohygrophyorus was synonymized with it. The type species of Neohygrophorus was Neohygrophorus angelesianus, now Pseudoomphalina angelesiana. In earlier classifications based on anatomy prior to DNA sequence-based classifications, its unusual combination of features led taxonomists to independently create two subgenera in two genera: Hygrophorus subg. Pseudohygrophorus and Clitocybe subg. Mutabiles; the latter based on Neohygrophorus angelesianus but described under a new species name which is now placed in synonymy, Clitocybe mutabilis. All species of Pseudoomphalina are united by the presence of clamp-connections in their hyphae, an interwoven gill trama and amyloid spores. Pseudoomphalina angelesiana possesses grey-violaceous pigments that turn red in alkali solutions and lacks filiform, hyphal sterile elements in its hymenium and stipitipellis. These were features used to distinguish it from Pseudoomphalina as a genus, but Pseudoomphalina umbrinopurpurascens possesses these same pigments and the filiform elements of Pseudoomphalina. Molecular phylogenetics studies have also found some former species of Pseudoomphalina to belong in other genera. Pseudoomphalina pachyphylla was moved to its own genus, Pseudolaccaria, and Pseudoomphalina clusiliformis was synonymized with it. Pseudoomphalina flavoaurantia and Pseudoomphalina lignicola were found to belong in Clitocybula. Phylogenetically, Pseudoomphalina is in a tricholomatoid clade but not in the Tricholomataceae.

Auritella is a genus of fungi in the family Inocybaceae. The genus contains seven species found in temperate Australia and tropical Africa. The genus was circumscribed in a 2006 publication by Brandon Matheny and Neil Bougher. The original publication, however, was later discovered to be invalid because they were unintentionally described as provisional names instead of new names. The authors properly published the genus later that year.

Episphaeria is a genus of fungus in the Agaricales. The genus is monotypic, and contains the single rare species Episphaeria fraxinicola, found in Europe. Its familial position is not known with certainty. The tiny fruit bodies of the fungus resemble minute, white cups that grow scattered or in groups on the bark of ash trees.

<i>Flammulaster</i> Genus of fungi

Flammulaster is a genus of agaricoid fungi in the family Tubariaceae. It was formerly thought to belong in the family Inocybaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains 20 species. Flammulaster was circumscribed by American mycologist Franklin Sumner Earle in 1909.

<i>Phaeomarasmius</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeomarasmius is a genus of fungi in the family Tubariaceae. It was formerly thought to belong in the family Inocybaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains about 20 species.

<i>Tubaria</i> Genus of fungi in the order Agaricales

Tubaria is a genus of fungi in the family Tubariaceae. The genus is widely distributed, especially in temperate regions. Tubaria was originally named as a subgenus of Agaricus by Worthington George Smith in 1870. Claude Casimir Gillet promoted it to generic status in 1876. The mushrooms produced by species in this genus are small- to medium-sized with caps ranging in color from pale pinkish-brown to reddish-brown, and often with remnants of the partial veil adhering to the margin. Mushrooms fruit on rotting wood, or, less frequently, in the soil. There are no species in the genus that are recommended for consumption.

<i>Inosperma cookei</i> Species of fungus

Inosperma cookei, commonly known as the straw fibrecap, is a species of mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. It was first described in 1892 by Giacomo Bresadola, and is named in honour of Mordecai Cubitt Cooke. The species is found in Europe, Asia, and North America. It produces small mushrooms of an ochre colour, with a prominent umbo, fibres on the cap and a distinctive bulb at the base of the stem. It grows from soil in mixed woodland, and is encountered in summer and autumn, though is not common. Ecologically, it feeds through use of ectomycorrhiza. Inosperma cookei has been described as both toxic and non-toxic, but either way, is not advised for consumption.

<i>Bogbodia</i> Genus of fungi

Bogbodia is a bog-inhabiting agaric fungal genus that colonizes peat and Sphagnum and produces tan-colored fruit bodies. The only species in the genus is Bogbodia uda. Characteristically it forms chrysocystidia and rather large, finely roughened, violaceous basidiospores each with a poorly defined germ pore. The genus differs from Hypholoma which has smaller, smooth basidiospores and typically have cespitose fruit bodies and decay wood. Phylogenetically, Bogbodia is distinct from Hypholoma, Pholiota, and Leratiomyces.

<i>Flammula</i> Genus of fungi

Flammula is a dark brown-spored genus of mushrooms that cause a decay of trees, on whose bases they often fruit, forming clusters of yellowish brown mushrooms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tubariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Tubariaceae is a family of basidiomycete fungi described by Alfredo Vizzini in 2008.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Matheny, P. Brandon (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the Inocybaceae" (PDF). McIlvainea. 18 (1): 11–21 – via mycopedia.ch.
  2. 1 2 Ryberg, Martin; Larsson, Ellen; Jacobsson, Stig (2010-05-01). "An evolutionary perspective on morphological and ecological characters in the mushroom family Inocybaceae (Agaricomycotina, Fungi)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (2): 431–442. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.011. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   20170738.
  3. ↑ Ryberg, Martin; Nilsson, R. Henrik; Kristiansson, Erik; Töpel, Mats; Jacobsson, Stig; Larsson, Ellen (2008-02-18). "Mining metadata from unidentified ITS sequences in GenBank: A case study in Inocybe (Basidiomycota)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 50. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-50 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   2275786 . PMID   18282272.
  4. ↑ Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 176. ISBN   978-0-85199-827-5.
  5. ↑ Singer, Rolf (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN   978-3-87429-254-2.
  6. ↑ Bisby, Guy Richard; Ainsworth, G. C.; Kirk, P. M.; Aptroot, André (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi / by P. M. Kirk... [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot... [et al.] Oxon, UK: CAB International. p. 255. ISBN   978-0-85199-377-5.
  7. ↑ Jülich W. (1982). Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Mycologia 85. Cramer, Vaduz. 485 pp.
  8. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences". Systematic Biology. 49 (2): 278–305. doi:10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278. PMID   12118409.
  9. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID   12099793.
  10. ↑ Matheny PB (2005). "Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.014. PMID   15737578.
  11. 1 2 Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 340. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  12. ↑ Vizzini A (2008). "Novitates. Tubariaceae fam. nov". Rivista di Micologia. 51: 174.
  13. ↑ Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Tang ZL, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2006). "Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview". Mycologia. 98 (6): 982–995. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. PMID   17486974.[ permanent dead link ]
  14. ↑ Matheny PB, Moreau PA, Vizzini A, Harrower E, De Haan A, Contu M, Curti M (2015). "Crassisporium and Romagnesiella: two new genera of dark-spored Agaricales" (PDF). Systematics and Biodiversity. 13 (1): 28–41. doi:10.1080/14772000.2014.967823. hdl: 2318/152675 . S2CID   53694501.
  15. ↑ Petersen G, Knudsen H, Seberg O (2010). "Alignment, clade robustness and fungal phylogenetics — Crepidotaceae and sister families revisited". Cladistics. 26 (1): 62–71. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00279.x. PMID   34875756. S2CID   84495351.
  16. 1 2 3 CSIZMÁR, M.; CSEH, P.; DIMA, B.; ASSAMERE, A.; ORLÓCI, L.; BRATEK, Z. (2023). "Contribution to the Taxonomic Knowledge of the Family Inocybaceae in Budapest, Hungary". Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 21 (1): 409–420. doi: 10.15666/aeer/2101_409420 . ISSN   1589-1623.
  17. ↑ Hu, Jian-Hua; Yu, Wen-Jie; Deng, Lun-Sha; Fan, Yu-Guang; Bau, Tolgor; Tang, Li-Ping; Lin, Wen-Fei; Deng, Chun-Ying (2023-01-27). "The detection of major clades and new species of Mallocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) from China with elongate cheilocystidia". Mycological Progress. 22 (2): 15. doi:10.1007/s11557-022-01854-5. ISSN   1861-8952. S2CID   256277591.
  18. 1 2 Matheny, P. Brandon; Hobbs, Alicia M.; Esteve-Raventós, Fernando (2020). "Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony". Mycologia. 112 (1): 83–120. doi:10.1080/00275514.2019.1668906. PMID   31846596. S2CID   209407151.
  19. ↑ Matheny, P. Brandon; Aime, M. Catherine; Bougher, Neale L.; Buyck, Bart; Desjardin, Dennis E.; Horak, Egon; Kropp, Bradley R.; Lodge, D. Jean; Soytong, Kasem; Trappe, James M.; Hibbett, David S. (11 March 2009). "Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (4): 577–592. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02055.x . S2CID   85164367.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.