Ischnura gemina

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Ischnura gemina
Ischnura gemina.jpg
Scientific classification
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I. gemina
Binomial name
Ischnura gemina
(Kennedy, 1917)
Synonyms

Celaenura gemina Kennedy, 1917

Ischnura gemina is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae known by the common name San Francisco forktail. It is endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area in California in the United States. This uncommon insect has a total range of less than 500 square miles in the Bay Area, occurring only in greater San Francisco and parts of San Mateo and Marin Counties. [2] This species is "one of the rarest Odonates in the United States." [1]

Contents

Biology

This damselfly is about 2.5 centimeters long. The male is mostly black with blue sides on the thorax and blue dots toward the tip of the abdomen. The female has dull green coloration on the sides of the thorax. [2] This species is similar to Ischnura denticollis , and can be distinguished by the shape of the male genital appendages. The two species are thought to hybridize. [2]

This damselfly is active between March and November, and adults are known to live over 30 days, a relatively long adult life for damselflies. This species occurs in coastal regions of the Bay Area; it is thought that its long life and long flight season are adaptations to the foggy climate of the region. [3]

The natural habitat of the species is the various wetland ecosystems of the San Francisco Bay Area, including seepages and ponds. It can tolerate some disturbance, such as channelization of waterways, as long as there is marshy vegetation cover. The larvae develop in the cover of aquatic plants and the adults feed on other wetland arthropods. [2]

Ecology

Populations of this damselfly have been extirpated due to the destruction and degradation of habitat in the heavily urbanized area where it occurs. It lived in wetland habitat in Glen Canyon Park in the city of San Francisco until these moist spots were fragmented too extensively to support populations. After patches of wetland in the park were restored, the damselfly was reintroduced and persisted for a short while before disappearing once more. Though the reintroduction failed, it provided data about the habitat requirements for the insect. [4]

This had been designated an endangered species on the IUCN Red List because of its very small range, small populations within that range, and extensive destruction of its habitat. It has been downgraded to vulnerable status because it has been located at a few more sites, it has good dispersal ability, and it is relatively resistant to some of the forms of habitat degradation that it faces, such as pollution. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Damselfly</span> Suborder of insects

Damselflies are flying insects of the suborder Zygoptera in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies but are smaller and have slimmer bodies. Most species fold the wings along the body when at rest, unlike dragonflies which hold the wings flat and away from the body. An ancient group, damselflies have existed since at least the Lower Permian beginning about 299 million years ago, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glen Canyon Park</span> Park in San Francisco, California, USA

Glen Canyon Park is a city park in San Francisco, California. It occupies about 70 acres (28 ha) along a deep canyon adjacent to the Glen Park, Diamond Heights, and Miraloma Park neighborhoods. O'Shaughnessy Hollow is a rugged, undeveloped 3.6 acres (1.5 ha) tract of parkland that lies immediately to the west and may be considered an extension of Glen Canyon Park.

<i>Enallagma cyathigerum</i> Species of damselfly

Enallagma cyathigerum is a species found mainly between latitudes 40°N and 72°N; It is widely distributed in the Palearctic, and the Nearctic species Enallagma annexum was at one time considered to be synonymous with it. The species can reach a length of 32 to 35 mm. It is common in many different countries including Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the United States of America, and South Korea. Damselflies are an important link between the health of the aquatic ecosystem and its response to climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Large red damselfly</span> Species of insect

The large red damselfly is a species of damselflies belonging to the family Coenagrionidae. It is native to the western Palearctic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-tailed damselfly</span> Species of damselfly

The blue-tailed damselfly or common bluetail is a damselfly, belonging to the family Coenagrionidae.

<i>Ischnura senegalensis</i> Species of insect

Ischnura senegalensis, also known variously as common bluetail, marsh bluetail, ubiquitous bluetail, African bluetail, and Senegal golden dartlet, is a widespread damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae. It is native from Africa, through the Middle East, to southern and eastern Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citrine forktail</span> Species of damselfly

The citrine forktail is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae.

<i>Ischnura aurora</i> Species of damselfly

Ischnura aurora, the gossamer damselfy or golden dartlet and also known as the aurora bluetail, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae.

<i>Amanipodagrion</i> Genus of damselflies

Amanipodagrion gilliesi is a species of damselfly. Its monotypic genus Amanipodagrion was formerly in the subfamily Argiolestinae of the flatwing damselfly family (Megapodagrionidae). As a result of molecular phylogenetic studies by Bybee et al. in 2021, it is now in its own family, Amanipodagrionidae.

<i>Ischnura</i> Genus of damselflies

Ischnura is a genus of damselflies known as forktails in the family Coenagrionidae. Forktails are distributed worldwide, including various oceanic islands. The males have a forked projection at the tip of the abdomen which gives the group their common name.

<i>Megalagrion leptodemas</i> Species of insect

Megalagrion leptodemas, commonly referred to as the Crimson Hawaiian damselfly, is one of the rarest and most endangered Megalagrion species that is endemic to the island of Oahu in Hawaii. It is currently labeled as endangered by the ESA and critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The general biology of Crimson Hawaiian damselflies is similar to other narrow-winged damselflies. Megalagrion leptodemas used to be found in the mountains of Ko’olau and Wai'anae but is now only found in four watersheds in the Ko’olau Mountains. The species is threatened by habitat loss and non-native species. They have limited habitat and small, scattered populations which can affect their future population stability. Conservation efforts for this species should concentrate on both habitat management and control of invasive species.

<i>Megalagrion nesiotes</i> Species of damselfly

Megalagrion nesiotes is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. Its common name is flying earwig Hawaiian damselfly. In the past, the flying earwig Hawaiian damselfly lived on the islands of Hawaii and Maui, in the U.S. state of Hawaii. Currently, there is only one population left in east Maui. Limited distribution and small population size make this species especially vulnerable to habitat loss and exotic species invasion. The flying earwig Hawaiian damselfly was last found in 2005. Little is known about this species because of the lack of observation. In 2010, the species was federally listed as an endangered species in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rambur's forktail</span> Species of damselfly

Rambur's forktail is a member of the damselfly family Coenagrionidae. Males are green with blue on abdominal segments 8 and 9. Females are orange-red, olive green, or similar to males in coloration. This is the most widespread New World Ischnura, occurring throughout the Americas from the United States to Chile, as well as Hawaii and the Antilles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern forktail</span> Species of damselfly

Eastern forktail is a member of the damselfly family Coenagrionidae.

<i>Ischnura erratica</i> Species of damselfly

Ischnura erratica, the swift forktail, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is native to the Pacific Northwest, ranging from British Columbia to northern California.

Ischnura chingaza is a species of damselfly in the genus Ischnura, of the family Coenagrionidae, endemic to the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. It was first described by Emilio Realpe in 2010.

<i>Ischnura demorsa</i> Species of damselfly

Ischnura demorsa is a damselfly in the genus Ischnura ("forktails"), in the family Coenagrionidae. The species is known generally as the "Mexican forktail". The distribution range of Ischnura demorsa includes Central America and North America.

<i>Ischnura rubilio</i> Species of damselfly

Ischnura rubilio, western golden dartlet, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Indian subcontinent and Iran.

<i>Argia vivida</i> Species of damselfly

Argia vivida, the vivid dancer, is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. This species is commonly found in springs and forests Central America and North America. Argia vivida inhabit areas of diverse temperatures due to thermoregulation. The species is also considered the state insect of Nevada.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Abbott, J.C.; Paulson, D.R. (2018). "Ischnura gemina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T10858A80679620. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T10858A80679620.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 NatureServe. 2017. Ischnura gemina. NatureServe Explorer Version 7.1. Accessed 5 August 2017.
  3. Garrison, R. W. and Hafernik, J. E. (1981). Population structure of the rare damselfly, Ischnura gemina (Kennedy) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Oecologia 48(3) 377-84.
  4. Hannon, E. R. and Hafernik, J. E. (2007). Reintroduction of the rare damselfly Ischnura gemina (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) into an urban California park. Journal of Insect Conservation 11(2) 141-49.