Italian general election, 1865

Italian general election, 1865
All 443 seats to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy
Prime Minister before election; Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora ; Historical Right	Elected Prime Minister ; Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora ; Historical Right

Last updated April 10, 2019

General elections were held in Italy on 22 October 1865, with a second round of voting on 29 October.^[1] It was the second one in the history of Italy.

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,340 km² (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in Southern Europe.

Electoral campaign

The Historical Right was led by the former Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, a long-time general who fought during the Italian unification.

The Right group, later called Historical Right by historians to distinguish it from the right-wing groups of the 20th century, was an Italian parliamentary group during the second half of the 19th century. Since 1876, the Historical Right constituted the Constitutional opposition toward the left governments. Since 1882, its members were usually labeled as Constitutionals or Liberal-Conservatives, especially during the leadership of Rudinì and Sonnino. Few prime ministers after 1852 were party men; instead they accepted support where they could find it, and even the governments of the Historical Right during the 1860s included leftists.

Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, 1. Cavaliere La Marmora was an Italian general and statesman. His older brothers include soldier and naturalist Alberto della Marmora and Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora, founder of the branch of the Italian army now called the Bersaglieri.

Italian unification, also known as the Risorgimento, was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. The process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

On the other hand, the bloc of the Historical Left was led by Urbano Rattazzi, a liberal politician who was between the founders of the Italian left-wing parliamentary group.

The Left group, later called Historical Left by historians to distinguish it from the left-wing groups of the 20th century, was a liberal and reformist parliamentary group in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. The members of the Left were also known as Democrats or Ministerials. Differently by his Right counterpart, the Left was the result of coalition who represented Northern and Southern middle class, urban bourgeoisie, small businessmen, journalists and academics. It also supported a right to vote and the public school for all children. Moreover, the party was against the high taxation's policies promoted by the Right. Since the 1890s, the Left showed conservative tendencies, breaking strikes and protests and promoting a colonialist policy in Africa.

Urbano Pio Francesco Rattazzi was an Italian statesman, and along with the Count of Cavour, one of Italy's founding fathers.

In opposition to the two main blocs there were a third party known as The Extreme, a far-left coalition, under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary and a key figure of the Unification.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy, and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.

On 22 and 29 October, only 504,263 men of a total population of around 23 million were entitled to vote.^[2] Right-wing candidates emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament with around 41% of the 443 seats.^[3] They were largely aristocrats representing rentiers from the north of the country, and held moderate political views including loyalty to the crown and low government spending;^[4] the general La Marmora was appointed Prime Minister by the king Victor Emmanuel II.

Rentier capitalism is a Marxist term currently used to describe the belief in economic practices of monopolization of access to any kind of property, and gaining significant amounts of profit without contribution to society. The origins of the term are unclear; it is often said to be used in Marxism, yet the very combination of words rentier and capitalism was never used by Karl Marx himself.

Parties and leaders

	Ideology	Leader
Historical Right	Conservatism, Monarchism	Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
Historical Left	Liberalism, Centrism	Urbano Rattazzi
Historical Far Left	Republicanism, Radicalism	Giuseppe Mazzini

Results

← Summary of October 1865 Chamber of Deputies election results →
Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/−

	Historical Right	114,208^{[lower-alpha 1]}	42.0	183	−159
	Historical Left	98,708^{[lower-alpha 1]}	36.3	156	+94
	Historical Far Left	13,242^{[lower-alpha 1]}	4.9	15	+1
	Independents	45,792^{[lower-alpha 1]}	16.8	89	–
Invalid/blank votes		12,888	–	–	–
Total		271,923	100	443	±0
Registered voters/turnout		504,263	53.9	–	–
Source: Corriere della Sera

1 2 3 4 Estimate

Popular vote

Historical Right			42.0%
Historical Left			36.3%
Independent			16.8%
Historical Far Left			4.9%

Parliamentary seats

Historical Right			41.2%
Historical Left			35.2%
Independent			20.1%
Historical Far Left			3.5%

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References

↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
↑ Nohlen & Stöver, p1049
↑ Nohlen & Stöver, p1082
↑ Nohlen & Stöver, p1028

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[fn1-5] 1 2 3 4 Estimate

[NS-1] Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7

[2] Nohlen & Stöver, p1049

[3] Nohlen & Stöver, p1082

[4] Nohlen & Stöver, p1028

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