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All 630 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies 315 seats in the Italian Senate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 86.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). On the left, the color identifies the coalition which received the most votes in each province. On the right, the color identifies the coalition which won the most seats in respect to each Region. Blue denotes the Centre-right coalition, Red the Progressives and Gray regional parties. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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A snap national general election was held in Italy on 27 March 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right alliance won a large majority in the Chamber, but just missed winning a majority in the Senate. The Italian People's Party, the renamed Christian Democrats, which had dominated Italian politics for almost half a century, was decimated. It took only 29 seats versus 206 for the DC two years earlier-easily the worst defeat a sitting government in Italy has ever suffered, and one of the worst ever suffered by a Western European governing party.
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in Southern Europe.
Silvio Berlusconi is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments.
The Italian People's Party was a Christian-democratic, centrist, and Christian-leftist political party in Italy. The party was a member of the European People's Party (EPP).
A new electoral system was introduced in these elections, after the abolition of the proportional representation established after the end of World War II, by a referendum in 1993.
Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
The new intricate electoral system of Italy, nicknamed the Mattarellum (after Sergio Mattarella, who was the official proponent), provided 75% of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies (the Lower House) as elected by plurality voting system, whereas the remaining 25% was assigned by proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of 4%. The method associated with the Senate was even more complicated: 75% of the seats by uninominal method, and 25% by a special proportional method that in practice assigned the remaining seats to minority parties.
Sergio Mattarella is an Italian politician, lawyer and academic serving as the 12th and current President of Italy since 2015. He was previously Minister for Parliamentary Relations from 1987 to 1989, Minister of Public Education from 1989 to 1990, Deputy Prime Minister of Italy from 1998 to 1999 and Minister of Defence from 1999 to 2001. In 2011, he became an elected judge on the Constitutional Court. On 31 January 2015, he was elected by the Italian Parliament to serve as President of the Italian Republic.
In 1992, the five pro-western governing parties, Christian Democracy, the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Social-Democratic Party, the Italian Republican Party and the Italian Liberal Party, lost much of their electoral strength almost overnight due to a large number of judicial investigations concerning the financial corruption of many of their foremost members. This led to a general expectation that upcoming elections would be won by the Democratic Party of the Left, the heirs to the former Italian Communist Party, and their Alliance of Progressives coalition unless there was an alternative.
Christian Democracy was a Christian democratic political party in Italy.
The Italian Socialist Party was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy. Founded in Genoa in 1892, the PSI dominated the Italian left until after World War II, when it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party. The Socialists came to special prominence in the 1980s, when their leader Bettino Craxi, who had severed the residual ties with the Soviet Union and re-branded the party as liberal-socialist, served as Prime Minister (1983–1987). The PSI was disbanded in 1994 as a result of the Tangentopoli scandals. Prior to World War I, future dictator Benito Mussolini was a member of the PSI.
The Italian Republican Party is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Italy. Founded in 1895, the PRI is the oldest political party still active in Italy.
On 26 January 1994, the media magnate Silvio Berlusconi announced his decision to enter politics, ("enter the field", in his own words) presenting his own political party, Forza Italia, on a platform focused on defeating the Communists . His political aim was to convince the voters of the Pentapartito , (i.e. the usual five governing parties) who were shocked and confused by Mani Pulite scandals, that Forza Italia offered both novelty and the continuation of the pro-western free market policies followed by Italy since the end of the 2nd World War.
Forza Italia was a centre-right political party in Italy with liberal-conservative, Christian-democratic, liberal, social-democratic and populist tendencies. Its leader was Silvio Berlusconi, four times Prime Minister of Italy.
In political and social sciences, communism is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state.
The Pentapartito, commonly shortened to CAF refers to the coalition government of five Italian political parties that formed between June 1981 and April 1991. The coalition comprised the Christian Democracy (DC) party and four secular parties: the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and Italian Republican Party (PRI).
Shortly after he decided to enter the political arena, investigators into the Mani Pulite affair were said to be close to issuing warrants for the arrest of Berlusconi and senior executives of his business group. During his years of political career Berlusconi has repeatedly stated that the Mani Pulite investigations were led by communist prosecutors who wanted to establish a soviet-style government in Italy. [1] [2]
An arena is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, musical performances, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators, and may be covered by a roof. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point, allowing maximum visibility. Arenas are usually designed to accommodate a large number of spectators.
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres east to west across 11 time zones, and over 7,200 kilometres north to south. It had five climate zones: tundra, taiga, steppes, desert and mountains.
In order to win the election Berlusconi formed two separate electoral alliances: Pole of Freedoms (Polo delle Libertà) with the Northern League (Lega Nord) in northern Italian districts, and another, the Pole of Good Government (Polo del Buon Governo), with the post-fascist National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale; heir to the Italian Social Movement) in central and southern regions. [3] In a shrewd pragmatic move, he did not ally with the latter in the North because the League disliked them. As a result, Forza Italia was allied with two parties that were not allied with each other.
Berlusconi launched a massive campaign of electoral advertisements on his three TV networks. He subsequently won the elections, with Forza Italia garnering 21% of the popular vote, the highest percentage of any single party. [4] One of the most significant promises that he made in order to secure victory was that his government would create "one million more jobs".
On the other side, the center-left Alliance of Progressive led by Achille Occhetto, also called the Joyful War Machine, was composed by the two party born from the dissolution of the Italian Communist Party: the Democratic Party of the Left and Communist Refoundation Party. Since the alliance was sure of victory, based his campaign accusing the communicative power of Silvio Berlusconi.
Coalition | Portrait | Name | Most recent position | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pole of Freedoms – Pole of Good Government | Silvio Berlusconi | President of Forza Italia (1994–incumbent) | ||
Alliance of Progressives | Achille Occhetto | Secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left (1991–incumbent) | ||
Pact for Italy | Mariotto Segni | Leader of Segni Pact (1993–incumbent) |
Coalition | Party | Proportional | First-past-the-post | Total seats | +/– | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||||
Pole of Freedoms – Pole of Good Government | Forza Italia–CCD (FI–CCD) | 8,136,135 | 21.01 | 30 | 18,179,279 | 47.21 | 102 | 132 [5] | New | ||
Northern League (LN) | 3,235,248 | 8.36 | 11 | 107 | 118 | +63 | |||||
National Alliance (AN) | 5,214,133 | 13.47 | 23 | 87 | 110 | +76 | |||||
Pannella List (LP) | 1,359,283 | 3.51 | 0 | 6 | 6 | −1 | |||||
Total seats | 64 | 302 | 366 | – | |||||||
Alliance of Progressives | Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) | 7,881,646 | 20.36 | 38 | 12.632,680 | 32.81 | 86 | 124 [6] | +17 | ||
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) | 2,343,946 | 6.05 | 11 | 27 | 38 | +3 | |||||
Democratic Alliance (AD) | 456,114 | 1.18 | 0 | 18 | 18 [7] | New | |||||
Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 849,429 | 2.19 | 0 | 14 | 14 | −78 | |||||
Federation of the Greens (FdV) | 1,047,268 | 2.70 | 0 | 11 | 11 | −5 | |||||
The Network (LR) | 719,841 | 1.86 | 0 | 8 | 8 | −4 | |||||
Total seats | 49 | 164 | 213 | – | |||||||
Pact for Italy | Italian People's Party (PPI) | 4,287,172 | 11.07 | 29 | 6,019,038 | 15.63 | 4 | 33 | −173 | ||
Segni Pact (PS) | 1,811,814 | 4.68 | 13 | 0 | 13 | New | |||||
Total seats | 42 | 4 | 46 | – | |||||||
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 231,842 | 0.60 | 0 | 188,017 | 0.49 | 3 | 3 | ±0 | |||
Southern Action League (LAM) | 59,873 | 0.15 | 0 | 46,820 | 0.13 | 1 | 1 | +1 | |||
Aosta Valley (VdA) | N/A | N/A | 0 | 43,700 | 0.11 | 1 | 1 | ±0 | |||
Total | 630 | – |
Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forza Italia | 8,136,135 | 21.01 | 30 | |
Democratic Party of the Left | 7,881,646 | 20.36 | 38 | |
National Alliance | 5,214,133 | 13.47 | 23 | |
Italian People's Party | 4,287,172 | 11.07 | 29 | |
Northern League | 3,235,248 | 8.36 | 11 | |
Communist Refoundation Party | 2,343,946 | 6.05 | 11 | |
Segni Pact | 1,811,814 | 4.68 | 13 | |
Pannella List | 1,359,283 | 3.51 | 0 | |
Federation of the Greens | 1,047,268 | 2.70 | 0 | |
Italian Socialist Party | 849,429 | 2.19 | 0 | |
The Network | 719,841 | 1.86 | 0 | |
Democratic Alliance | 456,114 | 1.18 | 0 | |
South Tyrolean People's Party | 231,842 | 0.60 | 0 | |
Social Democracy for Freedoms | 179,495 | 0.46 | 0 | |
Program Italy | 151,328 | 0.39 | 0 | |
Lega Alpina Lumbarda | 136,782 | 0.35 | 0 | |
Lega Autonomia Veneta | 103,764 | 0.27 | 0 | |
Southern Action League | 59,873 | 0.15 | 0 | |
Others | 517,780 | 1.34 | 0 | |
Total | 38,720,893 | 100.00 | 155 |
Parties and coalitions | Votes | % | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alliance of Progressives | 12.632,680 | 32.81 | 164 | |
Pole of Freedoms | 8,767,720 | 22.77 | 164 | |
Pact for Italy | 6,019,038 | 15.63 | 4 | |
Pole of Good Government | 5,732,890 | 14.89 | 129 | |
National Alliance | 2,566,848 | 6.67 | 8 | |
Forza Italia | 679,154 | 1.76 | 1 | |
Pannella List | 432,667 | 1.12 | 0 | |
South Tyrolean People's Party | 188,017 | 0.49 | 3 | |
Social Democracy for the Freedoms | 147,493 | 0.38 | 0 | |
Southern Action League | 46,820 | 0.13 | 1 | |
Aosta Valley | 43,700 | 0.11 | 1 | |
Others | 1,247,131 | 3.24 | 0 | |
Total | 38,504,158 | 100.00 | 475 |
Coalition | Party | First-past-the-post | Proportional (Seats) | Total seats | +/– | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | |||||||
Pole of Freedoms – Pole of Good Government | Northern League (LN) | 14,110,705 [8] | 42.66 [9] | 128 | 28 | 60 | +35 | ||
National Alliance (AN) | 48 | +32 | |||||||
Forza Italia (FI) | 35 [10] | New | |||||||
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) | 12 | New | |||||||
Pannella List (LP) | 1 | +1 | |||||||
Total | 156 | – | |||||||
Alliance of Progressives | Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) | 10,881,320 | 32.90 | 96 | 26 | 76 [11] | +12 | ||
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) | 18 | −2 | |||||||
Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 9 | −40 | |||||||
Federation of the Greens (FdV) | 7 | +3 | |||||||
Democratic Alliance (AD) | 6 | New | |||||||
The Network (LR) | 6 | +3 | |||||||
Total seats | 122 | – | |||||||
Pact for Italy (PpI) | 5,519,090 | 16.69 | 3 | 28 | 31 | −76 | |||
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 217,137 | 0.66 | 3 | 0 | 3 | ±0 | |||
Lega Alpina Lumbarda (LAL) | 246,046 | 0.74 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ±0 | |||
Magris List (LM) | 61,400 | 0.19 | 1 | 0 | 1 | New | |||
Aosta Valley (VdA) | 27,493 | 0.08 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ±0 | |||
Pensioners' Party (PP) | 250,637 | 0.76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0 | |||
Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV) | 165,370 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | |||
Federalist Greens (VF) | 100,418 | 0.30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0 | |||
Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) | 88,225 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0 | |||
Natural Law Party (PLN) | 86,579 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Social Democracy for Freedoms | 80,264 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −3 | |||
The League of Angela Bossi | 72,455 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Greens Greens (VV) | 68,218 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0 | |||
Veneto Autonomous Region Movement (MVRA) | 64,149 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0 | |||
Southern Action League (LAM) | 54,395 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0 | |||
League for Piedmont | 49,505 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Others | 931,143 | 2.82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |||
Total | 33,074,549 | 100.00 | 232 | 83 | 315 | – |
On election day, Berlusconi's coalition won a decisive victory over Occhetto's one, becoming the first center-right coalition to win general election since the Second World War. In the popular vote, Berlusconi's coalition outpolled the Alliance of Progressive by over 5.1 million votes. Pole of Freedoms won in the main regions of Italy: in the North the strongest parties were the regionalist Northern League and Forza Italia, which was able to win in all province of Sicily, while in the South National Alliance received more votes. Alliance of Progressive reconfirmed itself in the ex-communist regions in the Center and in the South.
Instead of it had done in the Chamber, Pole of Freedoms failed in winning a majority in the Senate. Although, the Berlusconi I Cabinet obtained a vote of confidence also in the Senate, thanks to the defection of four PPI senators (Vittorio Cecchi Gori, Stefano Cusumano, Luigi Grillo and Tomaso Zanoletti), who decided not to participate in the vote.
The vote of the Senators for life was not decisive, as three (Gianni Agnelli, Francesco Cossiga and Giovanni Leone) voted in favour of the government, three were absent (Carlo Bo, Norberto Bobbio and Amintore Fanfani) and five voted against (Giulio Andreotti, Francesco De Martino, Giovanni Spadolini and Paolo Emilio Taviani and Leo Valiani).
The Senate finally gave Berlusconi 159 votes in favour and 153 against. [12]
Regions where coalition's margin of victory < 5% for the Chamber
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pole of Freedoms | Silvio Berlusconi | 34,534 | 46.3 | ||
Alliance of Progressives | Luigi Spaventa | 29,914 | 40.1 | ||
Segni Pact | Alberto Michelini | 9,566 | 12.8 | ||
Independent | Mirella Cece | 593 | 0.8 | ||
Majority | 4,620 | 6.2 | |||
Turnout | 77,562 | 77.2 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alliance of Progressives | Achille Occhetto | 52,997 | 59.8 | ||
Pole of Freedoms | Pier Ferdinando Casini | 17,925 | 20.2 | ||
National Alliance | Anselmo Ruocco | 7,388 | 8.3 | ||
Segni Pact | Maria Gualandi | 7,133 | 8.0 | ||
Independent | Oliviero Toscani | 3,225 | 3.6 | ||
Majority | 35,072 | 39.6 | |||
Turnout | 91,571 | 95.0 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pole of Freedoms | Carmelo Porcu | 30,623 | 36.1 | ||
Segni Pact | Mariotto Segni | 26,776 | 31.6 | ||
Alliance of Progressives | Gavino Angius | 17,570 | 20.7 | ||
Independent | Giacomo Spissu | 6,952 | 8.2 | ||
Independent | Gavino Sale | 1,185 | 1.4 | ||
Independent | Giovanni Conoci | 966 | 1.1 | ||
Independent | Gianuario Pedoni | 664 | 0.8 | ||
Majority | 3,847 | 4.5 | |||
Turnout | 89,504 | 86.0 | |||
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’AN’s ideological tap-root is still thrust deep into historical Fascism... retaining many Fascist core values
Preceded by 1992 general election | Italian general elections | Succeeded by 1996 general election |