Italian general election, 1994

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Italian general election, 1994

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  1992 27 March 1994 1996  

All 630 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies
315 seats in the Italian Senate
Turnout 86.3%

  Berlusconi94.jpg Achille Occhetto.jpg Mariotto Segni 1994.jpg
Leader Silvio Berlusconi Achille Occhetto Mariotto Segni
Alliance Pole of Freedoms & Good Government Alliance of Progressives Pact for Italy
Leader's seat Rome Centre Bologna West Sassari (lost)
Seats won366 C / 156 S 213 C / 122 S 46 C / 31 S
Coalition vote16,585,516 C
14,110,705 S
13,308,244 C
10,881,320 S
6,098,986 C
5,519,090 S
Percentage42.8% (C)
42.6% (S)
34.3% (C)
32.9% (S)
15.8% (C)
16.7% (S)

Italian 1994 elections.png

Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). On the left, the color identifies the coalition which received the most votes in each province. On the right, the color identifies the coalition which won the most seats in respect to each Region. Blue denotes the Centre-right coalition, Red the Progressives and Gray regional parties.

Prime Minister before election

Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Independent

Elected Prime Minister

Silvio Berlusconi
Forza Italia

A snap national general election was held in Italy on 27 March 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right alliance won a large majority in the Chamber, but just missed winning a majority in the Senate. The Italian People's Party, the renamed Christian Democrats, which had dominated Italian politics for almost half a century, was decimated. It took only 29 seats versus 206 for the DC two years earlier-easily the worst defeat a sitting government in Italy has ever suffered, and one of the worst ever suffered by a Western European governing party.

Italy republic in Southern Europe

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in Southern Europe.

Silvio Berlusconi Italian politician

Silvio Berlusconi is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments.

Italian Peoples Party (1994) Italian political party (1994–2002)

The Italian People's Party was a Christian-democratic, centrist, and Christian-leftist political party in Italy. The party was a member of the European People's Party (EPP).

Contents

New electoral system

A new electoral system was introduced in these elections, after the abolition of the proportional representation established after the end of World War II, by a referendum in 1993.

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.

World War II 1939–1945 global war

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.

The new intricate electoral system of Italy, nicknamed the Mattarellum (after Sergio Mattarella, who was the official proponent), provided 75% of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies (the Lower House) as elected by plurality voting system, whereas the remaining 25% was assigned by proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of 4%. The method associated with the Senate was even more complicated: 75% of the seats by uninominal method, and 25% by a special proportional method that in practice assigned the remaining seats to minority parties.

Sergio Mattarella 12th President of Italy

Sergio Mattarella is an Italian politician, lawyer and academic serving as the 12th and current President of Italy since 2015. He was previously Minister for Parliamentary Relations from 1987 to 1989, Minister of Public Education from 1989 to 1990, Deputy Prime Minister of Italy from 1998 to 1999 and Minister of Defence from 1999 to 2001. In 2011, he became an elected judge on the Constitutional Court. On 31 January 2015, he was elected by the Italian Parliament to serve as President of the Italian Republic.

Historical background

In 1992, the five pro-western governing parties, Christian Democracy, the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Social-Democratic Party, the Italian Republican Party and the Italian Liberal Party, lost much of their electoral strength almost overnight due to a large number of judicial investigations concerning the financial corruption of many of their foremost members. This led to a general expectation that upcoming elections would be won by the Democratic Party of the Left, the heirs to the former Italian Communist Party, and their Alliance of Progressives coalition unless there was an alternative.

Christian Democracy (Italy) Italian political party, founded in 1943 and dissolved in 1994

Christian Democracy was a Christian democratic political party in Italy.

Italian Socialist Party former Italian political party (1892–1994)

The Italian Socialist Party was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy. Founded in Genoa in 1892, the PSI dominated the Italian left until after World War II, when it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party. The Socialists came to special prominence in the 1980s, when their leader Bettino Craxi, who had severed the residual ties with the Soviet Union and re-branded the party as liberal-socialist, served as Prime Minister (1983–1987). The PSI was disbanded in 1994 as a result of the Tangentopoli scandals. Prior to World War I, future dictator Benito Mussolini was a member of the PSI.

Italian Republican Party political party

The Italian Republican Party is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Italy. Founded in 1895, the PRI is the oldest political party still active in Italy.

Berlusconi during a Forza Italia rally. Berlusconi-comizio.jpg
Berlusconi during a Forza Italia rally.

On 26 January 1994, the media magnate Silvio Berlusconi announced his decision to enter politics, ("enter the field", in his own words) presenting his own political party, Forza Italia, on a platform focused on defeating the Communists . His political aim was to convince the voters of the Pentapartito , (i.e. the usual five governing parties) who were shocked and confused by Mani Pulite scandals, that Forza Italia offered both novelty and the continuation of the pro-western free market policies followed by Italy since the end of the 2nd World War.

Forza Italia former Italian political party

Forza Italia was a centre-right political party in Italy with liberal-conservative, Christian-democratic, liberal, social-democratic and populist tendencies. Its leader was Silvio Berlusconi, four times Prime Minister of Italy.

Communism socialist political movement and ideology

In political and social sciences, communism is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state.

The Pentapartito, commonly shortened to CAF refers to the coalition government of five Italian political parties that formed between June 1981 and April 1991. The coalition comprised the Christian Democracy (DC) party and four secular parties: the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and Italian Republican Party (PRI).

Shortly after he decided to enter the political arena, investigators into the Mani Pulite affair were said to be close to issuing warrants for the arrest of Berlusconi and senior executives of his business group. During his years of political career Berlusconi has repeatedly stated that the Mani Pulite investigations were led by communist prosecutors who wanted to establish a soviet-style government in Italy. [1] [2]

Arena enclosed area designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or sporting events

An arena is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, musical performances, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators, and may be covered by a roof. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point, allowing maximum visibility. Arenas are usually designed to accommodate a large number of spectators.

Soviet Union 1922–1991 country in Europe and Asia

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres east to west across 11 time zones, and over 7,200 kilometres north to south. It had five climate zones: tundra, taiga, steppes, desert and mountains.

In order to win the election Berlusconi formed two separate electoral alliances: Pole of Freedoms (Polo delle Libertà) with the Northern League (Lega Nord) in northern Italian districts, and another, the Pole of Good Government (Polo del Buon Governo), with the post-fascist National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale; heir to the Italian Social Movement) in central and southern regions. [3] In a shrewd pragmatic move, he did not ally with the latter in the North because the League disliked them. As a result, Forza Italia was allied with two parties that were not allied with each other.

Berlusconi launched a massive campaign of electoral advertisements on his three TV networks. He subsequently won the elections, with Forza Italia garnering 21% of the popular vote, the highest percentage of any single party. [4] One of the most significant promises that he made in order to secure victory was that his government would create "one million more jobs".

On the other side, the center-left Alliance of Progressive led by Achille Occhetto, also called the Joyful War Machine, was composed by the two party born from the dissolution of the Italian Communist Party: the Democratic Party of the Left and Communist Refoundation Party. Since the alliance was sure of victory, based his campaign accusing the communicative power of Silvio Berlusconi.

Main coalitions and parties

CoalitionPartyMain ideologyLeader
Pole of Freedoms
Pole of Good Government
Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance (AN) Conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Northern League (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
Pannella List (LP) Liberalism Marco Pannella
Union of the Centre (UdC) Liberalism Raffaele Costa
Liberal Democratic Pole (PLD) Liberalism Adriano Teso
Alliance of Progressives Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) Democratic socialism Achille Occhetto
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Communism Fausto Bertinotti
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Franco Corleone
Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Social democracy Ottaviano Del Turco
The Network (LR) Christian left Leoluca Orlando
Democratic Alliance (UD) Social liberalism Willer Bordon
Social Christians (CS) Christian socialism Pierre Carniti
Socialist Rebirth (RS) Social democracy Giorgio Benvenuto
Pact for Italy Italian People's Party (PPI) Christian democracy Mino Martinazzoli
Segni Pact (PS) Centrism Mariotto Segni
Italian Republican Party (PRI) Liberalism Giorgio La Malfa

Main coalitions' leaders

CoalitionPortraitNameMost recent position
Pole of FreedomsPole of Good Government Berlusconi94.jpg Silvio Berlusconi President of Forza Italia
(1994–incumbent)
Alliance of Progressives Achille Occhetto.jpg Achille Occhetto Secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left
(1991–incumbent)
Pact for Italy Mariotto Segni 1994.jpg Mariotto Segni Leader of Segni Pact
(1993–incumbent)

Results for the Chamber of Deputies

Overall results

Summary of the 27 March 1994 Chamber of Deputies election results
Italian Chamber of Deputies, 1994.svg
CoalitionPartyProportionalFirst-past-the-postTotal
seats
+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Pole of Freedoms
Pole of Good Government
Forza ItaliaCCD (FI–CCD)8,136,13521.013018,179,27947.21102132 [5] New
Northern League (LN)3,235,2488.3611107118+63
National Alliance (AN)5,214,13313.472387110+76
Pannella List (LP)1,359,2833.51066−1
Total seats64302366
Alliance of Progressives Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)7,881,64620.363812.632,68032.8186124 [6] +17
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)2,343,9466.05112738+3
Democratic Alliance (AD)456,1141.1801818 [7] New
Italian Socialist Party (PSI)849,4292.1901414−78
Federation of the Greens (FdV)1,047,2682.7001111−5
The Network (LR)719,8411.86088−4
Total seats49164213
Pact for Italy Italian People's Party (PPI)4,287,17211.07296,019,03815.63433−173
Segni Pact (PS)1,811,8144.6813013New
Total seats42446
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)231,8420.600188,0170.4933±0
Southern Action League (LAM)59,8730.15046,8200.1311+1
Aosta Valley (VdA)N/AN/A043,7000.1111±0
Total630

Proportional

PartyVotes%Seats
Forza Italia 8,136,13521.0130
Democratic Party of the Left 7,881,64620.3638
National Alliance 5,214,13313.4723
Italian People's Party 4,287,17211.0729
Northern League 3,235,2488.3611
Communist Refoundation Party 2,343,9466.0511
Segni Pact 1,811,8144.6813
Pannella List 1,359,2833.510
Federation of the Greens 1,047,2682.700
Italian Socialist Party 849,4292.190
The Network 719,8411.860
Democratic Alliance 456,1141.180
South Tyrolean People's Party 231,8420.600
Social Democracy for Freedoms 179,4950.460
Program Italy151,3280.390
Lega Alpina Lumbarda 136,7820.350
Lega Autonomia Veneta 103,7640.270
Southern Action League 59,8730.150
Others517,7801.340
Total38,720,893100.00155
Popular vote (Proportional)
FICCD
21.01%
PDS
20.36%
AN
13.47%
PPI
11.07%
LN
8.36%
PRC
6.05%
Segni
4.68%
Pannella
3.51%
FdV
2.70%
PSI
2.19%
La Rete
1.86%
AD
1.18%
Others
3.56%

First-past-the-post

Parties and coalitionsVotes%Seats
Alliance of Progressives 12.632,68032.81164
Pole of Freedoms 8,767,72022.77164
Pact for Italy 6,019,03815.634
Pole of Good Government 5,732,89014.89129
National Alliance 2,566,8486.678
Forza Italia 679,1541.761
Pannella List 432,6671.120
South Tyrolean People's Party 188,0170.493
Social Democracy for the Freedoms 147,4930.380
Southern Action League 46,8200.131
Aosta Valley 43,7000.111
Others1,247,1313.240
Total38,504,158100.00475
Popular vote (First-past-the-post)
PdLPdBG
37.66%
AdP
32.81%
PpI
15.63%
AN
6.67%
FI
1.76%
Pannella
1.12%
Others
4.35%

Results for the Senate of the Republic

Summary of the 27 March 1994 Senate of the Republic election results
Italian Senate, 1994.svg
CoalitionPartyFirst-past-the-postProportional
(Seats)
Total
seats
+/–
Votes%Seats
Pole of Freedoms
Pole of Good Government
Northern League (LN)14,110,705 [8] 42.66 [9] 1282860+35
National Alliance (AN)48+32
Forza Italia (FI)35 [10] New
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD)12New
Pannella List (LP)1+1
Total156
Alliance of Progressives Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)10,881,32032.90962676 [11] +12
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)18−2
Italian Socialist Party (PSI)9−40
Federation of the Greens (FdV)7+3
Democratic Alliance (AD)6New
The Network (LR)6+3
Total seats122
Pact for Italy (PpI)5,519,09016.6932831−76
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)217,1370.66303±0
Lega Alpina Lumbarda (LAL)246,0460.74011±0
Magris List (LM)61,4000.19101New
Aosta Valley (VdA)27,4930.08101±0
Pensioners' Party (PP)250,6370.76000±0
Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV)165,3700.50000−1
Federalist Greens (VF)100,4180.30000±0
Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az)88,2250.27000±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)86,5790.26000New
Social Democracy for Freedoms 80,2640.24000−3
The League of Angela Bossi 72,4550.22000New
Greens Greens (VV)68,2180.21000±0
Veneto Autonomous Region Movement (MVRA)64,1490.19000±0
Southern Action League (LAM)54,3950.16000±0
League for Piedmont 49,5050.15000New
Others931,1432.82000
Total33,074,549100.0023283315
Popular vote
PdLPdBG
33.61%
AdP
32.90%
PpI
16.69%
AN
6.28%
Pannella
2.32%
Others
8.20%

Results

On election day, Berlusconi's coalition won a decisive victory over Occhetto's one, becoming the first center-right coalition to win general election since the Second World War. In the popular vote, Berlusconi's coalition outpolled the Alliance of Progressive by over 5.1 million votes. Pole of Freedoms won in the main regions of Italy: in the North the strongest parties were the regionalist Northern League and Forza Italia, which was able to win in all province of Sicily, while in the South National Alliance received more votes. Alliance of Progressive reconfirmed itself in the ex-communist regions in the Center and in the South.

Instead of it had done in the Chamber, Pole of Freedoms failed in winning a majority in the Senate. Although, the Berlusconi I Cabinet obtained a vote of confidence also in the Senate, thanks to the defection of four PPI senators (Vittorio Cecchi Gori, Stefano Cusumano, Luigi Grillo and Tomaso Zanoletti), who decided not to participate in the vote.

The vote of the Senators for life was not decisive, as three (Gianni Agnelli, Francesco Cossiga and Giovanni Leone) voted in favour of the government, three were absent (Carlo Bo, Norberto Bobbio and Amintore Fanfani) and five voted against (Giulio Andreotti, Francesco De Martino, Giovanni Spadolini and Paolo Emilio Taviani and Leo Valiani).

The Senate finally gave Berlusconi 159 votes in favour and 153 against. [12]

Close regions

Regions where coalition's margin of victory < 5% for the Chamber

  1. Molise, 1.5%
  2. Campania, 2.1%
  3. Lazio, 2.5%
  4. Liguria, 3.6%

Leaders' races

General Election 1994: Rome Centre
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Pole of Freedoms Silvio Berlusconi 34,53446.3
Alliance of Progressives Luigi Spaventa29,91440.1
Segni Pact Alberto Michelini9,56612.8
Independent Mirella Cece5930.8
Majority4,6206.2
Turnout 77,56277.2
General Election 1994: Bologna West
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Alliance of Progressives Achille Occhetto 52,99759.8
Pole of Freedoms Pier Ferdinando Casini 17,92520.2
National Alliance Anselmo Ruocco7,3888.3
Segni Pact Maria Gualandi7,1338.0
Independent Oliviero Toscani3,2253.6
Majority35,07239.6
Turnout 91,57195.0
General Election 1994: Sassari
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Pole of Freedoms Carmelo Porcu30,62336.1
Segni Pact Mariotto Segni 26,77631.6
Alliance of Progressives Gavino Angius17,57020.7
Independent Giacomo Spissu6,9528.2
Independent Gavino Sale1,1851.4
Independent Giovanni Conoci9661.1
Independent Gianuario Pedoni6640.8
Majority3,8474.5
Turnout 89,50486.0

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References

  1. "As Italy Votes, Golden Career Of Berlusconi Is at Crossroads". Wall Street Journal. 30 March 2006.
  2. "Italian Election, The Prelude". The American. 1 April 2006.
  3. Griffin, Roger (1996). "The 'Post-Fascism' of the Alleanza Nazionale: A Case Study in Ideological Morphology". Journal of Political. Ideologies. 1 (2): 123–145. doi:10.1080/13569319608420733. ’AN’s ideological tap-root is still thrust deep into historical Fascism... retaining many Fascist core values
  4. "Elezioni della Camera dei Deputati del 27 Marzo 1994" (in Italian). Italian Chamber of Deputies. Archived from the original on 2009-06-12.
  5. Including 27 deputies of the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD), 4 deputies of the Union of the Centre (UdC) and 2 deputies of the Liberal Democratic Pole (PLD)
  6. Including 8 deputies of the Social Christians (CS)
  7. Including 6 deputies of the Republican Left (SR), one deputy of Socialist Rebirth (RS) and one deputy of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI)
  8. 6,570,468 votes for the Pole of Freedoms (in the Northern Italy), 4,544,573 votes for the Pole of Good Government (in the Southern Italy), 2,077,934 votes for National Alliance (in the Northern Italy), 767,765 votes for the Pannella List and 149,965 votes for Forza Italia–CCD (in Abruzzo)
  9. 19.87% of the votes for the Pole of Freedoms, 13.74% of the votes for the Pole of Good Government, 6.28% of the votes for National Alliance, 2.32% of the votes for the Pannella List and 0.45% of the votes for Forza Italia–CCD
  10. Including 2 senators of the Union of the Centre (UdC)
  11. Including 6 senators of the Social Christians (CS) and 2 senators of the Labour Federation (FL)
  12. Il Sole 24 Ore - Nel 1994 decisivi per Berlusconi tre senatori a vita.
Preceded by
1992 general election
Italian general elections Succeeded by
1996 general election