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Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat that is generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power.
A fossil fuel power station is a thermal power station which burns a fossil fuel, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, to produce electricity. Fossil fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating gas engine. All plants use the energy extracted from the expansion of a hot gas, either steam or combustion gases. Although different energy conversion methods exist, all thermal power station conversion methods have their efficiency limited by the Carnot efficiency and therefore produce waste heat.
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. The company ranked as the 141st largest company in the United States in 2024 – its highest-ever placement on the Fortune 500 list.
FirstEnergy Corp. is a privately owned electric utility headquartered in Akron, Ohio. It was established when Ohio Edison merged with Centerior Energy in 1997. Its subsidiaries and affiliates are involved in the distribution, transmission, and generation of electricity, as well as energy management and other energy-related services. Its ten electric utility operating companies comprise one of the United States' largest investor-owned utilities, based on serving 6 million customers within a 65,000-square-mile (170,000 km2) area of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and New York. Its generation subsidiaries control more than 16,000 megawatts of capacity, and its distribution lines span over 194,000 miles. In 2018, FirstEnergy ranked 219 on the Fortune 500 list of the largest public corporations in the United States by revenue.
A coal-fired power station or coal power plant is a thermal power station which burns coal to generate electricity. Worldwide there are over 2,400 coal-fired power stations, totaling over 2,130 gigawatts capacity. They generate about a third of the world's electricity, but cause many illnesses and the most early deaths, mainly from air pollution. World installed capacity doubled from 2000 to 2023 and increased 2% in 2023.
Raichur Thermal Power Station (RTPS) is a coal-fired electric power station located at Yadlapur D(Shaktinagar) in the Raichur district of the state of Karnataka, India. It is operated by the Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) and was the first thermal power plant to be set up in the state. The power station was commissioned during various periods from 1985 and it accounts for about 70% of the total electricity generated in Karnataka.
Teesside Energy from Waste plant is a municipal waste incinerator and waste-to-energy power station, which provides 29.2 megawatts (MW) of electricity for the National Grid by burning 390,000 tonnes of household and commercial waste a year. It is located on the River Tees at Haverton Hill, east of Billingham in North East England. Developed and built by NEM, a subsidiary of Northumbrian Water, the initial plant replaced the Portrack Incinerator and opened in 1998. Subsequently, the facility became part of SITA, now Suez.
Aitken Spence PLC is a Sri Lankan blue chip conglomerate with operations in South Asia, Middle East, Africa and Pacific. Listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange since 1983, it has major interests in hotels, travel, maritime services and logistics. The group also has a significant presence in printing, plantation, power generation, financial services, IT, Business Process Outsourcing/Knowledge Process Outsourcing sector, elevator agency services, garments, and property development.
An ash pond, also called a coal ash basin or surface impoundment, is an engineered structure used at coal-fired power stations for the disposal of two types of coal combustion products: bottom ash and fly ash. The pond is used as a landfill to prevent the release of ash into the atmosphere. Although the use of ash ponds in combination with air pollution controls decreases the amount of airborne pollutants, the structures pose serious health risks for the surrounding environment.
The electricity sector in Sri Lanka has a national grid which is primarily powered by hydroelectric power and thermal power, with sources such as photovoltaics and wind power in early stages of deployment. Although potential sites are being identified, other power sources such as geothermal, nuclear, solar thermal and wave power are not used in the power generation process for the national grid.
Plasma gasification is in commercial use as a waste-to-energy system that converts municipal solid waste, tires, hazardous waste, and sewage sludge into synthesis gas (syngas) containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide that can be used to generate power. Municipal-scale waste disposal plasma arc facilities have been in operation in Japan and China since 2002. No commercial implementations in Europe and North America have succeeded so far. The technology is characterized by the potential of very high level of destruction of the incoming waste, but low or negative net energy production and high operational costs.
The Uppudaluwa Wind Farm is a 10.5 MW wind farm owned by PowerGen Lanka (Private) Limited in Uppudaluwa, Puttalam, Sri Lanka.
The Western Region Megapolis is an urban planning, zoning, and development area stretching from Negombo in the north to Beruwala in the south. It is designed to create a megapolis in Sri Lanka's Western Province by 2030.
The Moragolla Dam is a planned hydroelectric dam in Moragolla, Sri Lanka. The dam is to be 35 m (115 ft) high and is planned to create the 1,980,000 m3 (70,000,000 cu ft) Moragolla Reservoir with a maximum supply level at 548 m (1,798 ft) MSL. Upon completion, the Moragolla Power Station would have a gross installed capacity of 30 megawatts from two francis turbines, capable of generating approximately 85 GWh annually.
The Aitken Spence Power Station is a municipal solid waste-fired thermal power station currently under construction at Muthurajawela, Sri Lanka. It was originally planned to be built at Meethotamulla, the site of a large solid waste landfill which was under international media spotlight after the 2017 Meethotamulla garbage landslide which killed over 30 people. The power station will operate approximately 7500 hours a year, utilizing the 700 metric tons (1,500,000 lb) of fresh waste from the Colombo Municipal Council area, daily. The power station in being built together with the KCHT Power Station.
The Colombo South Waste Processing Facility is a municipal solid waste-fired thermal power station currently under construction at a 10-acre (40,000 m2) site in Karadiyana, Sri Lanka. Together with the KCHT Power Station, it is one of two projects that won the bid by the Urban Development Authority, from a pool of 121 bidders. Construction of the facility began on 23 August 2017 with a completion slated for mid-2019. The estimated cost of the project is approximately US$91 million.
The Laugfs Solar Power Station is a 20-megawatt photovoltaic power station built 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Hambantota, in the Hambantota District of Sri Lanka. It is the single largest solar power station in the country. Construction of the Rs. 5 billion power station was ceremonially inaugurated on 18 February 2016, and completed in October 2016.
WindForce PLC is the largest renewable energy private sector company in Sri Lanka. The company was incorporated in 2010 and in 2021 was listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange. The company commission, construct and operate power plants and generate power through wind, solar and hydropower.
Kakamega Waste To Energy Plant, also Kakamega Solid Waste Power Station, is a 10 MW (13,000 hp) solid waste-fired thermal power plant under development in Kenya. VR Holding AB, a Swedish energy company, has been awarded the concession contract to design, finance, construct, operate and maintain the power station. As raw material, the power station is designed to use solid waste gathered from homes, businesses and industries in Kakamega County and neighboring counties in south-western Kenya, including the counties of Bungoma, Busia, Homa Bay, Trans Nzoia, Vihiga and others.
References
- 1 2 "Two waste-to-energy plants to get off the ground today". Daily FT. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ↑ "Sri Lanka to kick off solid waste plants with USD193 mln investment". Lanka Business Online . 10 August 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.