Killing of animals

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The slaughtered swine (1652) by Barent Fabricius; a depiction of a killed animal Barent Fabritius 002.jpg
The slaughtered swine (1652) by Barent Fabricius; a depiction of a killed animal

The killing of animals is animal euthanasia (for pain relief), animal sacrifice (for a deity), animal slaughter (for food), hunting (for food, for sport, for fur and other animal products, etc.), blood sports, roadkill (by accident) or self-defense.

Contents

Animal euthanasia

Animal euthanasia (euthanasia from Greek: εὐθανασία; "good death") is the act of putting an animal to death or allowing it to die by withholding extreme medical measures. This is often done for domesticated livestock and house pets.

Animal sacrifice

Hinduism

A water buffalo about to be sacrificed by a villager in the Durga Puja festival Immolation Sacrifice, Mouh Boli, Durga Puja.jpg
A water buffalo about to be sacrificed by a villager in the Durga Puja festival

In Assam and West Bengal states of India and Nepal some Hindu temples sacrifice goats and chickens. Occasionally water buffalos are also sacrificed. Temples following Shakti school of Hinduism are the ones where sacrifice usually takes place. There are many village temples in Tamil Nadu where this kind of sacrifice takes place. [1] [2] Many animals are sacrificed during the three-day-long Gadhimai festival in Nepal. In 2009 it was speculated that more than 250,000 animals were killed [3] In 2014, 100,000 animals were sacrificed which was a decrease from previous numbers. [4] Animals range from buffalo to rats have been sacrificed. The temple authorities enacted a ban on animal sacrifice in 2015. [5]

Indo-European

Horse sacrifice

Many Indo-European religious branches show evidence for horse sacrifice, and comparative mythology suggests that they derive from a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) ritual.

Islam

Qurbani in Hunza.JPG
The Hajj kicks into full gear - Flickr - Al Jazeera English (5).jpg
Animal sacrifices at the Eid al-Adha Islamic festival in Pakistan (left). Animals collected for the Hajj sacrifice in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, an obligatory ritual. [6] [7]

Muslims engaged in the Hajj (pilgrimage) are obliged to sacrifice a lamb or a goat or join others in sacrificing a cow or a camel during the celebration of the Eid al-Adha, [8] [9] an Arabic term that means "Feast of Sacrifice", also known as al-Id al-Kabir (Great Feast), or Qurban Bayrami (Sacrifice Feast) in Turkic influenced cultures, Bakar Id (Goat Feast) in Indian subcontinent and Reraya Qurben in Indonesia. [7] Other Muslims not on the Hajj to Mecca also participate in this sacrifice wherever they are, on the 10th day of the 12th lunar month in the Islamic calendar. [7] It is understood as a symbolic re-enactment of Ibrahim's sacrifice of a ram in place of his son. Meat from this occasion is divided into three parts, one part is kept by the sacrificing family for food, the other gifted to friends and family, and the third given to the poor Muslims. The sacrificed animal is a sheep, goat, cow or camel. [7] [10] The animal sacrifice, states Philip Stewart, is not required by the Quran, but is based on interpretations of other Islamic texts. [11]

Goat sacrifice. 2 Animal sacrifice at Eid at Adha.jpg
Goat sacrifice.

The Eid al-Adha is major annual festival of animal sacrifice in Islam. In Indonesia alone, for example, some 800,000 animals were sacrificed in 2014 by its Muslims on the festival, but the number can be a bit lower or higher depending on the economic conditions. [12] According to Lesley Hazleton, in Turkey about 2,500,000 sheep, cows and goats are sacrificed each year to observe the Islamic festival of animal sacrifice, with a part of the sacrificed animal given to the needy who didn't sacrifice an animal. [13] According to The Independent, nearly 10,000,000 animals are sacrificed in Pakistan every year on Eid. [14] [15] Millions of animal are brought into the Middle East from north Africa and parts of Asia and slaughter every year on Eid al-Adha. [16]

Other occasions when Muslims perform animal sacrifice include the 'aqiqa, when a child is seven days old, is shaved and given a name. It is believed that the animal sacrifice binds the child to Islam and offers protection to the child from evil. [17]

Animal slaughter

A slaughtered rabbit Slaughtered rabbit 1.jpg
A slaughtered rabbit

Animal slaughter is the killing of nonhuman animals, and often refers to the slaughter of livestock. Animals may be slaughtered for humans to obtain food, and also if they are diseased and unable to be consumed as food.

Cultural and religious aspects

Halal meat

Halāl (Arabic : حلالḥalāl, 'permissible'), also spelled "hallal" or "halaal", is any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law. The term covers and designates not only food and drink but also all matters of daily life. [18] There are three ways of halal killing: slitting of the throat (dabh), plunging the knife into the dimple over the breast bone (nahr), and killing in some other way ('aqr). The name of God (bismillah) must be said before killing the animal. The killing must be swift and with no prior stunning of the animal being killed. [19] Blood must be drained out of the carcass. [20]

Ikejime

Ikejime is a method of paralyzing fish to maintain the quality of its meat. [21] The technique originated in Japan, but is now in widespread use. It involves the insertion of a spike quickly and directly into the hind brain, usually located slightly behind and above the eye, thereby causing immediate brain death.

Kashrut (Kosher)

Kosher killing illustration from Juedisches Ceremoniel Kosher butchering and preparation of food, 1724, from Juedisches Ceremoniel.jpg
Kosher killing illustration from Juedisches Ceremoniel

Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, כַּשְׁרוּת) is the set of Jewish religious dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakha (Jewish law) is termed kosher /ˈkʃər/ in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér (כָּשֵׁר), meaning "fit" (in this context, fit for consumption). Shechita is the process of slaughtering prescribed by Jewish dietary laws.

Qurban

Qurbān usually denotes the sacrifice of a livestock animal during Eid al-Adha, a Muslim holiday.

Shechita

In Shechita the killing must be performed by a shochet (Hebrew : שוחט ). The process involves severing the trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, jugular veins and vagus nerve swiftly with a special knife which is extremely sharp. This is done with the intention of causing a rapid drop in blood pressure in the brain and loss of consciousness, to reduce the pain felt by the animal and exsanguinate it at the same time. [22] [23]

Tza'ar ba'alei chayim

Tza'ar ba'alei chayim (literally means: "the suffering of living creatures" [24] ) is the Jewish principle which bans inflicting unnecessary pain on animals. This concept is not clearly enunciated in the written Torah, but was accepted by the Talmud (Bava Metzia 32b) as being a Biblical mandate.

Laboratory testing

In 2014 nearly 25 million animals were killed in the United States for laboratory testing, with most being "designer" mice. [25]

Humane Slaughter Act

The Humane Slaughter Act is a United States federal law formulated to decrease livestock suffering during slaughter. The act was approved on August 27, 1958. [26]

Animals killing each other

The smallest animal that can kill a human is the Naegleria fowleri amoeba. N. fowleri does this by crawling up the target's nose and eating the targets' brain. Most attacks happen in moist areas like ponds or lakes. [27] [28]

In the middle is the blowfish (fugu) that can kill animals with its toxic organs that contain tetrodotoxin. [29]

The largest animal killer is the blue whale, which is the largest animal on Earth. The blue whale mostly feeds on krill (euphausiacea) which is a small, abundant crustacean. Blue whales are almost entirely killed by killer whales and by humans. [30] [31]

Chimpanzees wage war against rival groups, killing rival males and eating the baby chimps. [32] Ants also wage warfare on other ants, even engaging in cannibalism. [33]

Killer plants

Deadly if consumed

Many plant based items if eaten in sufficient quantities can cause seizures, spasms, tremors, gastroenteritis, cardiovascular collapse, coma, and then death. [34] [29]

Ornamental plants

  • Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
  • Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla)
  • Larkspur (Delphinium consolida)
  • Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis)
  • Mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens)
  • Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
  • Oleander (Nerium oleander)
  • Poet's Narcissus (Narcissus poeticus)
  • Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
  • Purple Nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
  • Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum)
  • Water Hemlock/Spotted Parsley (Cicuta maculata)

In the wild

  • Elderberry
  • Poison mushroom

Products

  • Castor oil (from the Castor bean)

Foods

  • Ackee
  • Apple seeds
  • Bitter almonds
  • Cherry pits
  • Green potatoes or potato leaf tea
  • Nutmeg
  • Raw lima beans
  • Red kidney beans

Kills by consuming

Albany or Western Australian Pitcher Plant. One species occupying peaty swamps in southwestern Australia. Cephalotus - Albany or Western Australian Pitcher Plant.png
Albany or Western Australian Pitcher Plant. One species occupying peaty swamps in southwestern Australia.

Many plants kill animals by trapping or poisoning them, then digesting them for nourishment. Some plants can kill a rodent with various methods. [35] [36]

Hunting

In North America, animals such as bear, wolf, caribou, moose, elk, boar, sheep and bison are hunted. In South America, deer and other species are hunted. In Europe, sheep, boar, goats, elk, deer, and other species are hunted. In Asia, several species of deer, bear, sheep and other species are hunted. In Australia, several species of deer and wild boar are hunted.

Big-game

Big-game hunting is the hunting of large game, almost always large terrestrial mammals, for meat, other animal by-products (such as horn or bone), trophy or sport. The term is historically associated with the hunting of Africa's "big five" game (lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, leopard and rhinoceros), and with tigers and rhinoceroses on the Indian subcontinent. Along with the big five animals, many other species are hunted including but not limited to kudu, antelope, and hartebeest. Moose, elk, bear, mountain lion, caribou, bison and deer are the largest game hunted in North America, which is where most big-game hunting is conducted today.

Big-game hunting is conducted in Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. In Africa, lion, Cape buffalo, elephant, giraffe and other large game animals are hunted.

Roadkill

Racoon victim of roadkill Roadkill Raccoon Proctor AR 2013-05-04 004.jpg
Racoon victim of roadkill

Animals are often killed by moving vehicles. This is known as roadkill. In one case in North Carolina in early 2016 a deer was road killed and butchered outside a restaurant. A concerned citizen took cell phone images and called the police. The restaurant owner was contacted by the police and stated that he had no intention of selling roadkill meals to his customers. Because the deer was butchered outside the restaurant the authorities decided to drop the matter. The restaurant owner also stated he was not aware of any prohibition against eating roadkill; he merely wanted to try something new. [37] In many areas in the United States it is illegal to consume roadkill. However, as of November 2014 it is estimated that 34 percent of U.S. states have passed laws allowing the gleaning of roadkill. [38]

Alternatives and reactions

Cecil the lion

When Cecil the lion was killed in Africa in summer 2015 by Minnesota dentist Walter Palmer it caused a worldwide commotion. As of July 2015 Palmer went into hiding when it was alleged that his guides and he had lured Cecil out of a Zimbabwe animal preserve at which point Palmer admittedly shot Cecil with an arrow. Cecil ran off wounded for 40 hours before Palmer's guides found Cecil, admittedly shot him, and decapitated him, leaving Cecil's head and tracking collar behind. Palmer later broke silence to say he was heartbroken over the pain he had caused his dental staff. [39]

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is an animal rights group founded in America and is based in Norfolk, Virginia. It is led by Ingrid Newkirk. It claims to have 3 million members and supporters, which would make it the largest animal rights group in the world. Its slogan is "animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way." [40]

Veganism and vegetarianism

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of all animal products, particularly in diet. Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, insects and the flesh of any other animal and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter). Vegetarians, however, may consume eggs, dairy products and honey.

Ahimsa

Ahimsa is an important tenet of three Indian-origin religions (Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism). Ahimsa is a multidimensional concept, inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself. Ahimsa has also been related to the notion that any violence has karmic consequences. [41] [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic dietary laws</span> Islamic jurisprudence positions on food

Islamic dietary laws are dietary laws that Muslims follow. Islamic jurisprudence specifies which foods are halāl and which are harām. The dietary laws are found in the Quran, the holy book of Islam, as well as in collections of traditions attributed to Islamic prophet Muhammad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal sacrifice</span> Ritual

Animal sacrifice is the ritual killing and offering of one or more animals, usually as part of a religious ritual or to appease or maintain favour with a deity. Animal sacrifices were common throughout Europe and the Ancient Near East until the spread of Christianity in Late Antiquity, and continue in some cultures or religions today. Human sacrifice, where it existed, was always much rarer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cattle in religion and mythology</span> Wikimedia list article

Due to the multiple benefits from cattle, there are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and religions. In some regions, especially most states of India, the slaughter of cattle is prohibited and their meat may be taboo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eid al-Adha</span> Islamic holiday on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah

Eid al-Adha is the second and the larger of the two main holidays celebrated in Islam. It honours the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son Ismail (Ishmael) as an act of obedience to Allah's command. Before Ibrahim could sacrifice his son, however, Allah provided him with a lamb which he was supposed to kill in his son's place because of his willingness to sacrifice his own son in the name of God. In commemoration of this intervention, animals are ritually sacrificed. Part of their meat is consumed by the family which offers the animal, while the rest of the meat is distributed to the poor and the needy. Sweets and gifts are given, and extended family members are typically visited and welcomed. The day is also sometimes called the Greater Eid.

There are two official holidays in Islam, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, are celebrated by Muslims worldwide. Both holidays occur on dates in the lunar Islamic calendar, which is different from the solar-based Gregorian calendar, so they are observed on different Gregorian dates every year. There are a number of other days of note and festivals, some common to all Muslims, others specific to Shia Islam as a whole or branches thereof.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vegetarianism and religion</span> Religious practices involving not eating meat

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Qurbanī, Qurban, or uḍḥiyah (أضحية) as referred to in Islamic law, is a ritual animal sacrifice of a livestock animal during Eid al-Adha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dhabihah</span> Animal slaughter in Islamic law

In Islamic law, dhabīḥah, also spelled zabiha, is the prescribed method of slaughter for halal animals. It consists of a swift, deep incision to the throat with a very sharp knife, cutting the wind pipe, jugular veins and carotid arteries on both sides but leaving the spinal cord intact. The butcher is also required to call upon the name of Allah (Bismillah) individually for each animal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws</span> Comparison between halal and kosher dietary laws

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal slaughter</span> Killing of animals for human food

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Ritual slaughter is the practice of slaughtering livestock for meat in the context of a ritual. Ritual slaughter involves a prescribed practice of slaughtering an animal for food production purposes.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roadkill cuisine</span> Preparation and consumption of roadkill

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eid cuisine</span>

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Animal welfare and rights in India regards the treatment of and laws concerning non-human animals in India. It is distinct from animal conservation in India.

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Further reading