Kleptomania

Last updated
Kleptomania
Other namesKlopemania [1]
Theodore Gericault - Portrait of a Kleptomaniac - WGA08636.jpg
Portrait of a Kleptomaniac by Théodore Géricault
Specialty Psychiatry

Kleptomania is the inability to resist the urge to steal items, usually for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. First described in 1816, kleptomania is classified in psychiatry as an impulse control disorder. [2] Some of the main characteristics of the disorder suggest that kleptomania could be an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, but also share similarities with addictive and mood disorders. [3] [4]

Contents

The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly associated with other psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety, eating disorders, alcohol and substance use. Patients with kleptomania are typically treated with therapies in other areas due to the comorbid grievances rather than issues directly related to kleptomania. [5]

Over the last 100 years, a shift from psychotherapeutic to psychopharmacological interventions for kleptomania has occurred. Pharmacological treatments using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mood stabilizers and opioid receptor antagonists, and other antidepressants along with cognitive behavioral therapy, have yielded positive results. [6] However, there have also been reports of kleptomania induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). [7]

Signs and symptoms

Some of the fundamental components of kleptomania include recurring intrusive thoughts, impotence to resist the compulsion to engage in stealing, and the release of internal pressure following the act. These symptoms suggest that kleptomania could be regarded as an obsessive-compulsive type of disorder. [8] [9]

People diagnosed with kleptomania often have other types of disorders involving mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, and drug use. They also have great levels of stress, guilt, and remorse, and privacy issues accompanying the act of stealing. These signs are considered to either cause or intensify general comorbid disorders. The characteristics of the behaviors associated with stealing could result in other problems as well, which include social segregation and substance use. The many types of other disorders frequently occurring along with kleptomania usually make clinical diagnosis uncertain. [10]

There is a difference between ordinary theft and kleptomania: "ordinary theft (whether planned or impulsive) is deliberate and motivated by the usefulness of the object or its monetary worth," whereas with kleptomania, there "is the recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal items even though the items are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value." [11]

Cause

Initial models of the development of kleptomania came from the field of psychoanalysis. These have been replaced by cognitive-behavioral models, which supplement biological ones based mostly on pharmacotherapy treatment studies.

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approach

Several explanations of the mechanics of kleptomania have been presented. A contemporary social approach proposes that kleptomania is an outcome of consumerism and the large quantity of commodities in society. Psychodynamic theories depend on a variety of points of view in defining the disorder. Psychoanalysts define the condition as an indication of a defense mechanism deriving in the unconscious ego against anxiety, prohibited intuition or desires, unsettled struggle or forbidden sexual drives, dread of castration, sexual excitement, and sexual fulfillment and orgasm throughout the act of stealing. [12] The psychoanalytic and psycho-dynamic approach to kleptomania granted the basis for prolonged psychoanalytic or psycho-dynamic psychotherapy as the core treatment method for a number of years. Like most psychiatric conditions, kleptomania was observed within the psycho-dynamic lens instead of being viewed as a bio-medical disorder. However, the prevalence of psychoanalytic approach contributed to the growth of other approaches, particularly in the biological domain. [13]

Many psychoanalytic theorists suggested that kleptomania is a person's attempt "to obtain symbolic compensation for an actual or anticipated loss", and feel that the key to understanding its etiology lies in the symbolic meaning of the stolen items. [14] Drive theory was used to propose that the act of stealing is a defense mechanism which serves to modulate or keep undesirable feelings or emotions from being expressed. [15] Some French psychiatrists suggest that kleptomaniacs may just want the item that they steal and the feeling they get from theft itself. [16] [17]

Cognitive-behavioral models

Cognitive-behavioral models have been replacing psychoanalytic models in describing the development of kleptomania. Cognitive-behavioral practitioners often conceptualize the disorders as being the result of operant conditioning, behavioral chaining, distorted cognitions, and poor coping mechanisms. [18] [19] Cognitive-behavioral models suggest that the behavior is positively reinforced after the person steals some items. If this individual experiences minimal or no negative consequences (punishment), then the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur is increased. As the behavior continues to occur, stronger antecedents or cues become contingently linked with it, in what ultimately becomes a powerful behavioral chain. According to cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT), both antecedents and consequences may either be in the environment or cognitions. For example, Kohn and Antonuccio (2002) describe a client's antecedent cognitions, which include thoughts such as "I’m smarter than others and can get away with it"; "they deserve it"; "I want to prove to myself that I can do it"; and "my family deserves to have better things". These thoughts were strong cues to stealing behaviors. All of these thoughts were precipitated by additional antecedents which were thoughts about family, financial, and work stressors or feelings of depression. "Maintaining" cognitions provided additional reinforcement for stealing behaviors and included feelings of vindication and pride, for example: "score one for the 'little guy' against the big corporations". Although those thoughts were often afterward accompanied by feelings of remorse, this came too late in the operant sequence to serve as a viable punisher. Eventually, individuals with kleptomania come to rely upon stealing as a way of coping with stressful situations and distressing feelings, which serve to further maintain the behavior and decrease the number of available alternative coping strategies. [20]

Biological models

Biological models explaining the origins of kleptomania have been based mostly on pharmacotherapy treatment studies that used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mood stabilizers, and opioid receptor antagonists. [21] [22]

Some studies using SSRIs have observed that opioid antagonists appear to reduce the urge to steal and mute the "rush" typically experienced immediately after stealing by some subjects with kleptomania. This would suggest that poor regulation of serotonin, dopamine, and/or natural opioids within the brain are to blame for kleptomania, linking it with impulse control and affective disorders. [15] [21] [22]

An alternative explanation too based on opioid antagonist studies states that kleptomania is similar to the "self-medication" model, in which stealing stimulates the person's natural opioid system. "The opioid release 'soothes' the patients, treats their sadness, or reduces their anxiety. Thus, stealing is a mechanism to relieve oneself from a chronic state of hyperarousal, perhaps produced by prior stressful or traumatic events, and thereby modulate affective states." [21] : 354 

Diagnosis

Disagreement surrounds the method by which kleptomania is considered and diagnosed. On one hand, some researchers believe that kleptomania is merely theft and dispute the suggestion that there are psychological mechanisms involved, while others observe kleptomania as part of a substance-related addiction. Yet others categorize kleptomania as a variation of an impulse control disorder, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or eating disorders. [21] : 378–84 

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM IV-TR), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for kleptomania:

  1. repeated inability to defend against urges to steal things that are not essential for private use or for their economic value;
  2. escalating sense of pressure immediately prior to performing the theft;
  3. satisfaction, fulfillment or relief at the point of performing the theft;
  4. the theft is not executed to convey antagonism or revenge, and is not in reaction to a delusion or a fantasy; and
  5. the thieving is not better accounted for by behavior disorder, a manic episode, or antisocial personality disorder. [23]

Skeptics have decried kleptomania as an invalid psychiatric concept exploited in legal defenses of wealthy female shoplifters. During the twentieth century, kleptomania was strongly linked with the increased prevalence of department stores, and "department store kleptomaniacs" were a widely held social stereotype that had political implications. [24]

Comorbidity

Kleptomania seems to be linked with other psychiatric disorders, especially mood swings, anxiety, eating disorders, and alcohol and substance use. The occurrence of stealing as a behavior in conjunction with eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa, is frequently taken as a sign of the harshness of the eating disorder. [25]

A likely connection between depression and kleptomania was reported as early as 1911. It has since been extensively established in clinical observations and available case reports. The mood disorder could come first or co-occur with the beginning of kleptomania. In advanced cases, depression may result in self-inflicted injury and could even lead to suicide. Some people have reported relief from depression or manic symptoms after theft. [26]

It has been suggested that because kleptomania is linked to strong compulsive and impulsive qualities, it can be viewed as a variation of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, together with pathological gambling, compulsive buying, pyromania, nailbiting and trichotillomania. This point achieves support from the unusually higher cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; see below) in close relatives of patients with kleptomania. [27]

Substance use disorder

Kleptomania and drug addictions seem to have central qualities in common, including:

Data from epidemiological studies additionally propose that there is an affiliation between kleptomania and substance use disorders along with high rates in a unidirectional manner. Phenomenological data maintain that there is a relationship between kleptomania and drug addictions. A higher percentage of cases of kleptomania has been noted in adolescents and young adults, and a lesser number of cases among older adults, which imply an analogous natural history to that seen in substance use disorders. Family history data also propose a probable common genetic input to alcohol use and kleptomania. Substance use disorders are more common in kin of persons with kleptomania than in the general population. Furthermore, pharmacological data (e.g., the probable efficacy of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, in the treatment of both kleptomania and substance use disorders) could present additional support for a joint relationship between kleptomania and substance use disorders. Based on the idea that kleptomania and substance use disorders may share some etiological features, it could be concluded that kleptomania would react optimistically to the same treatments. As a matter of fact, certain non-medical treatment methods that are successful in treating substance use are also accommodating in treating kleptomania. [28]

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Kleptomania is frequently thought of as being a part of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), since the irresistible and uncontrollable actions are similar to the frequently excessive, unnecessary, and unwanted rituals of OCD. Some individuals with kleptomania demonstrate hoarding symptoms that resemble those with OCD. Prevalence rates between the two disorders do not demonstrate a strong relationship. Studies examining the comorbidity of OCD in subjects with kleptomania have inconsistent results, with some showing a relatively high co-occurrence (45%-60%) [23] [24] while others demonstrate low rates (0%-6.5%). [25] [26] Similarly, when rates of kleptomania have been examined in subjects with OCD, a relatively low co-occurrence was found (2.2%-5.9%). [27] [29]

Pyromania

Pyromania, another impulse disorder, has many ties to kleptomania. Many pyromaniacs begin fires alongside petty stealing which often appears similar to kleptomania. [30]

Treatment

Although the disorder has been known to psychologists for a long time, the cause of kleptomania is still ambiguous. Therefore, a diverse range of therapeutic approaches have been introduced for its treatment. These treatments include: psychoanalytic oriented psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy. [22]

Behavioral and cognitive intervention

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has primarily substituted the psychoanalytic and dynamic approach in the treatment of kleptomania. Numerous behavioural approaches have been recommended as helpful according to several cases stated in the literature. They include: hidden sensitisation by unpleasant images of nausea and vomiting, aversion therapy (for example, aversive holding of breath to achieve a slightly painful feeling every time a desire to steal or the act is imagined), and systematic desensitisation. [31] In certain instances, the use of combining several methods such as hidden sensitisation along with exposure and response prevention were applied. Even though the approaches used in CBT need more research and investigation in kleptomania, success in combining these methods with medication was illustrated over the use of drug treatment as the single method of treatment. [32]

Drug treatment

The phenomenological similarity and the suggested common basic biological dynamics of kleptomania and OCD, pathological gambling and trichotillomania gave rise to the theory that the similar groups of medications could be used in all these conditions. Consequently, the primary use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) group, which is a form of antidepressant, has been used in kleptomania and other impulse control disorders such as binge eating and OCD. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), lithium and valproic acid (sodium valproate) have been used as well. [33]

The SSRI's usage is due to the assumption that the biological dynamics of these conditions derives from low levels of serotonin in brain synapses, and that the efficacy of this type of therapy will be relevant to kleptomania and to other comorbid conditions. [34]

Opioid receptor antagonists are regarded as practical in lessening urge-related symptoms, which is a central part of impulse control disorders; for this reason, they are used in treatment of substance use. This quality makes them helpful in treating kleptomania and impulse control disorders in general. The most frequently used drug is naltrexone, a long-acting competitive antagonist. Naltrexone acts mainly at μ-receptors, but also antagonises κ- and λ-receptors. [35]

There have been no controlled studies of the psycho-pharmacological treatment of kleptomania. This could be as a consequence of kleptomania being a rare phenomenon and the difficulty in achieving a large enough sample. Facts about this issue come largely from case reports or from bits and pieces gathered from a comparatively small number of cases enclosed in a group series. [22]

History

In the nineteenth century, French psychiatrists began to observe kleptomaniacal behavior, but were constrained by their approach. [36] By 1890, a large body of case material on kleptomania had been developed. Hysteria, imbecility, cerebral defect, and menopause were advanced as theories to explain these seemingly nonsensical behaviors, and many linked kleptomania to immaturity, given the inclination of young children to take whatever they want. These French and German observations later became central to psychoanalytic explanations of kleptomania. [37]

Etymology

The term kleptomania was derived from the Greek words κλέπτω (klepto) "to steal" and μανία (mania) "mad desire, compulsion". Its meaning roughly corresponds to "compulsion to steal" or "compulsive stealing". [38]

First generation of psychoanalysis

In the early twentieth century, kleptomania was viewed more as a legal excuse for self-indulgent haut bourgeois ladies than a valid psychiatric ailment by French psychiatrists. [39] [40]

Sigmund Freud, the creator of controversial psychoanalytic theory, believed that the underlying dynamics of human behaviours associated with uncivilized savages—impulses were curbed by inhibitions for social life. He did not believe human behaviour to be rational. He created a large theoretical corpus which his disciples applied to such psychological problems as kleptomania. In 1924, one of his followers, Wilhelm Stekel, read the case of a female kleptomaniac who was driven by suppressed sexual urges to take hold of "something forbidden, secretly". Stekel concluded that kleptomania was "suppressed and superseded sexual desire carried out through medium of a symbol or symbolic action. Every compulsion in psychic life is brought about by suppression". [41]

Second generation of psychoanalysis

Fritz Wittels argued that kleptomaniacs were sexually underdeveloped people who felt deprived of love and had little experience with human sexual relationships; stealing was their sex life, giving them thrills so powerful that they did not want to be cured. Male kleptomaniacs, in his view, were homosexual or invariably effeminate. [42] [43]

A famous large-scale analysis of shoplifters in the United Kingdom ridiculed Stekel's notion of sexual symbolism and claimed that one out of five apprehended shoplifters was a "psychiatric". [44]

New perspectives

Empirically based conceptual articles have argued that kleptomania is becoming more common than previously thought, and occurs more frequently among women than men. These ideas are new in recent history but echo those current in the mid to late nineteenth century. [15] : 986–996 

Movies

Series

Books

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citalopram</span> SSRI antidepressant

Citalopram, sold under the brand name Celexa among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia. The antidepressant effects may take one to four weeks to occur. It is typically taken orally. In some European countries, it is sometimes given intravenously to initiate treatment, before switching to the oral route of administration for continuation of treatment. It has also been used intravenously in other parts of the world in some other circumstances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluvoxamine</span> SSRI antidepressant drug

Fluvoxamine, sold under the brand name Luvox among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and, perhaps more-especially, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), but is also used to treat anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</span> Personality disorder involving orderliness

Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a cluster C personality disorder marked by a spectrum of obsessions with rules, lists, schedules, and order, among other things. Symptoms are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations. The cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely problems with attachment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clomipramine</span> Antidepressant

Clomipramine, sold under the brand name Anafranil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is used in the treatment of various conditions, most notably obsessive–compulsive disorder but also many other disorders, including hyperacusis, panic disorder, major depressive disorder, trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder and chronic pain. It has also been notably used to treat premature ejaculation and the cataplexy associated with narcolepsy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intermittent explosive disorder</span> Behavioral disorder

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a mental and behavioral disorder characterized by explosive outbursts of anger and/or violence, often to the point of rage, that are disproportionate to the situation at hand. Impulsive aggression is not premeditated, and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation, real or perceived. Some individuals have reported affective changes prior to an outburst, such as tension, mood changes, and energy changes.

Impulse-control disorder (ICD) is a class of psychiatric disorders characterized by impulsivity – failure to resist a temptation, an urge, or an impulse; or having the inability to not speak on a thought. Many psychiatric disorders feature impulsivity, including substance-related disorders, behavioral addictions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, conduct disorder and some mood disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Excoriation disorder</span> Medical condition

Excoriation disorder, more commonly known as dermatillomania, is a mental disorder on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum that is characterized by the repeated urge or impulse to pick at one's own skin, to the extent that either psychological or physical damage is caused.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intrusive thought</span> Unwelcome involuntary thought, image or idea

An intrusive thought is an unwelcome, involuntary thought, image, or unpleasant idea that may become an obsession, is upsetting or distressing, and can feel difficult to manage or eliminate. When such thoughts are associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette syndrome (TS), depression, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and sometimes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the thoughts may become paralyzing, anxiety-provoking, or persistent. Intrusive thoughts may also be associated with episodic memory, unwanted worries or memories from OCD, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other anxiety disorders, eating disorders, or psychosis. Intrusive thoughts, urges, and images are of inappropriate things at inappropriate times, and generally have aggressive, sexual, or blasphemous themes.

The obsessive–compulsive spectrum is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric, neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a spectrum of conditions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). "The disorders are thought to lie on a spectrum from impulsive to compulsive where impulsivity is said to persist due to deficits in the ability to inhibit repetitive behavior with known negative consequences, while compulsivity persists as a consequence of deficits in recognizing completion of tasks." OCD is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. An obsession is defined as "a recurring thought, image, or urge that the individual cannot control". Compulsion can be described as a "ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform". The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile, demographics, family history, neurobiology, comorbidity, clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies. Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olanzapine/fluoxetine</span> Antidepressant medication

Olanzapine/fluoxetine is a fixed-dose combination medication containing olanzapine (Zyprexa), an atypical antipsychotic, and fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Olanzapine/fluoxetine is primarily used to treat the depressive episodes of bipolar I disorder as well as treatment-resistant depression.

Sexual obsessions are persistent and unrelenting thoughts about sexual activity. In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), these are extremely common, and can become extremely debilitating, making the person ashamed of the symptoms and reluctant to seek help. A preoccupation with sexual matters, however, does not only occur as a symptom of OCD, they may be enjoyable in other contexts.

Exposure therapy is a technique in behavior therapy to treat anxiety disorders. Exposure therapy involves exposing the patient to the anxiety source or its context. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in the treatment of disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and specific phobias.

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. It "is experienced as a recurring, compelling and irresistible–uncontrollable urge, in acquiring goods that lack practical utility and very low cost resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity [that is] typically prompted by negative affectivity" and results in "gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties". Most people with CBD meet the criteria for a personality disorder. Compulsive buying can also be found among people with Parkinson's disease or frontotemporal dementia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impulsivity</span> Tendency to act on a whim without considering consequences

In psychology, impulsivity is a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences. Impulsive actions are typically "poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky, or inappropriate to the situation that often result in undesirable consequences," which imperil long-term goals and strategies for success. Impulsivity can be classified as a multifactorial construct. A functional variety of impulsivity has also been suggested, which involves action without much forethought in appropriate situations that can and does result in desirable consequences. "When such actions have positive outcomes, they tend not to be seen as signs of impulsivity, but as indicators of boldness, quickness, spontaneity, courageousness, or unconventionality." Thus, the construct of impulsivity includes at least two independent components: first, acting without an appropriate amount of deliberation, which may or may not be functional; and second, choosing short-term gains over long-term ones.

Primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder, also known as purely obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder, is a lesser-known form or manifestation of OCD. It is not a diagnosis in the DSM-5. For people with primarily obsessional OCD, there are fewer observable compulsions, compared to those commonly seen with the typical form of OCD. While ritualizing and neutralizing behaviors do take place, they are mostly cognitive in nature, involving mental avoidance and excessive rumination. Primarily obsessional OCD takes the form of intrusive thoughts often of a distressing, sexual, or violent nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</span> Mental and behavioral disorder

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts and feels the need to perform certain routines (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function.

The cause of obsessive–compulsive disorder is understood mainly through identifying biological risk factors that lead to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomology. The leading hypotheses propose the involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and/or the limbic system, with discoveries being made in the fields of neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuroimmunology, neurogenetics, and neuroethology.

In psychology, relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder (ROCD) is a form of obsessive–compulsive disorder focusing on close intimate relationships. Such obsessions can become extremely distressing and debilitating, having negative impacts on relationships functioning.

The delayed-maturation theory of obsessive–compulsive disorder suggests that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) can be caused by delayed maturation of the frontal striatal circuitry or parts of the brain that make up the frontal cortex, striatum, or integrating circuits. Some researchers suspect that variations in the volume of specific brain structures can be observed in children that have OCD. It has not been determined if delayed-maturation of this frontal circuitry contributes to the development of OCD or if OCD is the ailment that inhibits normal growth of structures in the frontal striatal, frontal cortex, or striatum. However, the use of neuroimaging has equipped researchers with evidence of some brain structures that are consistently less adequate and less matured in patients diagnosed with OCD in comparison to brains without OCD. More specifically, structures such as the caudate nucleus, volumes of gray matter, white matter, and the cingulate have been identified as being less developed in people with OCD in comparison to individuals that do not have OCD. However, the cortex volume of the operculum (brain) is larger and OCD patients are also reported to have larger temporal lobe volumes; which has been identified in some women patients with OCD. Further research is needed to determine the effect of these structural size differences on the onset and degree of OCD and the maturation of specific brain structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wayne Goodman</span> American psychiatrist and researcher

Wayne Goodman is an American psychiatrist and researcher who specializes in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). He is the principal developer, along with his colleagues, of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).

References

  1. ↑ "Word List: Definitions of Mania Words and Obsessions". phrontistery.info.
  2. ↑ Shulman, Terrence Daryl (2004). Something for Nothing: Shoplifting Addiction & Recovery. Haverford, PA: Infinity Publishing. ISBN   0741417790.
  3. ↑ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. pp. 1211.
  4. ↑ Grant, Jon (2006). "Understanding and Treating Kleptomania: New Models and New Treatments". The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 43 (2): 81–7. PMID   16910369. ProQuest   236926707.
  5. ↑ Grant, JE (2004). "Co-occurrence of personality disorders in persons with kleptomania: a preliminary investigation". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 32 (4): 395–8. PMID   15704625.
  6. ↑ Aizer, A.; Lowengrub, K.; Dannon, P.N. (2004). "Kleptomania after head trauma: two case reports and the combination treatment strategies". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 27 (5): 211–5. doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000144042.66342.d3. PMID   15602100.
  7. ↑ Kindler, Seth; Dannon, Pinhas N.; Iancu, Iulian; Sasson, Yehuda; Zohar, Joseph (1997-04-01). "Emergence of Kleptomania During Treatment for Depression with Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 20 (2): 126–129. doi:10.1097/00002826-199704000-00003. ISSN   0362-5664. PMID   9099464.
  8. ↑ Gürlek Yüksel, E.; Taşkin, E.O.; Yilmaz Ovali, G.; Karaçam, M.; Esen Danaci, A. (2007). "Case report: kleptomania and other psychiatric symptoms after carbon monoxide intoxication". Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Psychiatry) (in Turkish). 18 (1): 80–6. PMID   17364271.
  9. ↑ Grant, J.E. (2006). "Understanding and treating kleptomania: new models and new treatments". The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 43 (2): 81–7. PMID   16910369.
  10. ↑ Hollander, Eric; Stein, Dan (2006). Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders. 1st ed. Arlington: American Psyschiatric Publishing Inc. p. 223-4.
  11. ↑ American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2000). DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Arlinton, VA: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 667–668.
  12. ↑ "From stack-firing to pyromania: medico-legal concepts of insane arson in British, US and European contexts, c. 1800-1913". Part I. History of Psychiatry. 2010; 21: 243-260
  13. ↑ Levy, Sidney (2007). "Challenging the Philosophical Assumptions of Marketing". Journal of Macro-marketing. 27: 7-14.
  14. ↑ Cupchik, W.; Atcheson, D.J. (1983). "Shoplifting: An Occasional Crime Of The Moral Majority". The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 11 (4): 343–54. PMID   6661563.
  15. 1 2 3 Goldman, Marcus J. (1991). "Kleptomania: Making Sense of the Nonsensical". American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 (8): 986–96. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.8.986. PMID   1853988.
  16. ↑ Fullerton, Ronald A. (2016-08-11). "Psychoanalyzing kleptomania". Marketing Theory. 7 (4): 335–352. doi:10.1177/1470593107083160. S2CID   220165913.
  17. ↑ And Son, And Son, Thomas Murray, J. Smith (1886). The Journal of Jurisprudence. the University of California: T.T. Clark. p. 607.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Gauthier & Pellerin, 1982.
  19. ↑ Kohn & Antonuccio, 2002.
  20. ↑ John, C.S.; Kalal, D. M.; Kastell, K.; Viera, J. (2006). "Kleptomania". In Fisher, J. E.; O'Donohue, W. T. (eds.). Practitioner's guide to evidence-based psychotherapy. New York: Springer.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Grant, J.E.; Kim, S.W. (2002). "Clinical characteristics and associated psychopathology of 22 patients with kleptomania". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 43 (5): 378–84. doi:10.1053/comp.2002.34628. PMID   12216013.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Durst, Rimona; Katz, Gregory; Teitelbaum, Josef Zislin; Dannon, N.P. (2001). "Kleptomania: Diagnosis and Treatment Options". CNS Drugs. 15 (3): 185–195. doi:10.2165/00023210-200115030-00003. PMID   11463127. S2CID   241313446.
  23. 1 2 Presta, S.; Marazziti, D.; Dell'Osso, L.; Pfanner, C.; Pallanti, S.; Cassano, G.B. (2002). "Kleptomania: clinical features and comorbidity in an Italian sample". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 43 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1053/comp.2002.29851. PMID   11788913.
  24. 1 2 McElroy, S.L.; Pope, H.G.; Hudson, J.I.; Keck, P.E.; White, K.L. (1991). "Kleptomania: a report of 20 cases". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 (5): 652–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.5.652. PMID   2018170.
  25. 1 2 Baylé, F.J.; Caci, H.; Millet, B.; Richa, S.; Olié, J.P. (2003). "Psychopathology and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in patients with kleptomania". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (8): 1509–13. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1509. PMID   12900315.
  26. 1 2 Grant, J.E. (2003). "Family history and psychiatric comorbidity in persons with kleptomania". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 44 (6): 437–41. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00150-0. PMID   14610719.
  27. 1 2 Matsunaga, H.; Kiriike, N.; Matsui, T.; Oya, K.; Okino, K.; Stein, D.J. (2005). "Impulsive disorders in Japanese adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 46 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.001. PMID   15714194.
  28. ↑ Grant, J.E.; Grant, M.P.H.; Odlaug, Brian L.; Kim, S.W. (2010). "Kleptomania: Clinical Characteristics and Relationship to Substance Use Disorders". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 36 (5): 291–295. doi:10.3109/00952991003721100. PMID   20575650. S2CID   26969387.
  29. ↑ Fontenelle, L.F.; Mendlowicz, M.V.; Versiani, M. (2005). "Impulse control disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 59 (1): 30–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01328.x . PMID   15679537. S2CID   46151157.
  30. ↑ Sadock, Benjamin J; Sadock, Virginia A (21 April 2008). Kaplan and Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   9780781787468.
  31. ↑ "Historical Research in the Journal of Macromarketing, 1981-2005". Journal of Macromarketing. 2006; 26: 178-192.
  32. ↑ "Introduction to the Special Issue on the History of Marketing Thought". Marketing Theory. September 1, 2005. 5: 235-237.
  33. ↑ "Consumer Misbehavior: The Rise of Self-Service Grocery Retailing and Shoplifting in the United Kingdom c. 1950-1970". Journal of Macromarketing. June 1, 2005. 25: 66-75.
  34. ↑ "Sources of Immoderation and Proportion in Marketing". Thought Marketing Theory. June 1, 2005. 5: 221-231.
  35. ↑ Fullerton, Ronald A.; Punj, Girish N. (June 2004). "Shoplifting as Moral Insanity: Historical Perspectives on Kleptomania". Journal of Macromarketing. 24 (1): 8–16. doi: 10.1177/0276146704263811 . S2CID   145629064.
  36. ↑ Abelson, Elaine S. (1989). When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0195071429.
  37. ↑ Juqueller, Paul; Vinchon, Jean (1914). "Revue de Psychiatrie et de Psychologies Experimental". L'Historie de la Kleptomanie: 47–64.
  38. ↑ "Drug Suppresses The Compulsion To Steal, Study Shows".
  39. ↑ A., Antheaume (1925). "L'Encéphale". La Légende de la Kleptomanie Affection Mental Fictive. 20: 368–388.
  40. ↑ Friedemann, Max; Willard, Clara (trans.) (1930). "Psychoanalytical Review". Cleptomanis: The Analytic and Forensic Aspects. 17: 452–470.
  41. ↑ Wilhelm, Stekel; Teslaar, James S. Van (trans.) (1924). "Sexual root of kleptomania". Peculiarities of Behaviour. 2. 2 (Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology): 239–246.
  42. ↑ Fritz, Wittels (1942). Kleptomania and Other Psychopathology. 2. 4: 205–216.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ↑ Wittels, Fritz (1929). "Some remarks on kleptomania". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 3. 29 (3): 241–251. doi:10.1097/00005053-192903000-00001. S2CID   145589133.
  44. ↑ Gibbens, T.C.N.; Prince, Joyce (1961). "Shoplifting". London: The Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency.

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Kleptomania at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.