Kloss's gibbon

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Kloss's gibbon [1]
Hylobates klossii B.jpg
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [3]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hylobatidae
Genus: Hylobates
Species:
H. klossii
Binomial name
Hylobates klossii
(Miller, 1903)
Kloss's Gibbon area.png
Kloss's gibbon range
Kloss's gibbon Hylobates klossii A.jpg
Kloss's gibbon
The Mentawai Islands Mentawai Islands Map.png
The Mentawai Islands

Kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii), also known as the Mentawai gibbon, the bilou or dwarf siamang, is an endangered primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. It is identifiable in that it is all black, [4] resembling the siamang with its black fur, but is considerably smaller and lacks the siamang's distinctive throat pouch. Kloss's gibbon reaches a size 17 to 25 inches (44 to 63 cm) and weigh at most 13 pounds (6 kg). As is the case for all gibbons, they have long arms and no tail. Males and females are difficult to distinguish. [5]

Contents

Habitat

Kloss's gibbon exclusively lives on the Mentawai Islands that lie to the west of Sumatra. [1] The Mentawai Islands consist four main islands that are part of an island archipelago. [6] These islands are hearths of biodiversity, and are the homes of many endemic species. [6] It is a diurnal inhabitant of the rain forest that hangs in the trees from its long arms and rarely comes to the ground. Because Kloss's gibbon rarely comes out of the canopy, these gibbons use tree limbs to cross obstacles like bodies of water. [7] Like all species of gibbons it lives together in pairs that stake out a territory from approximately 49 to 74 acres (20 to 30 hectares) of size. This area is defended vehemently against other gibbons. Its diet consists mainly of fruits, occasionally also eating different plant parts, bird eggs, insects and small vertebrates.

Communication

Kloss's gibbon are unique gibbons because the two sexes do not vocalize songs in unison. [8] Male Kloss's gibbon sing before the sun rises and female Kloss's gibbon vocalize songs once the sun has risen. [8] Female Kloss's gibbon calls are unique and have slight variations in the different stages of the call. [9] The calls emitted by the females could offer other members of the species information about their position in the canopy. [9]

Reproduction

The reproductive cycle of Kloss's gibbon is similar to that of other gibbons. Every two to three years the female may give birth to a single young (with a gestation period of seven months). The young is weaned in the middle of its second year, and is fully mature in about seven years. Their life expectancy is about 25 years in the wild, and up to 40 years in captivity. Kloss's gibbons are monogamous, and male Kloss's gibbons use territory to attract and court possible mates. [10] Territories are often contested and Kloss's gibbons defend their territories with aggression and threats. [10] During courtship, males and females defend territory together, and mating only occurs after the females deems the male capable of defending a suitable territory. [10]

Diet

Kloss's gibbon are picky eaters, and never consume over-ripened fruit. [5] Kloss's gibbons diet consists of fruit, leaves, shoots, and insects. [5] Kloss's gibbons favorite fruit is figs, but these gibbons do not spend a lot of time eating figs because figs are scarce on the Mentawai Islands. [5]

Behavior

When Kloss's gibbons are observed by human researchers, they adapt and become less afraid, a process called habituation. Kloss's gibbons can become habituated to humans and will not flee when they are observed. [11] Unhabituated Kloss's gibbons sometimes exhibit a warning behavior in which they act as a lure toward people. [11] One male gibbon will produce warning calls and attract attention to himself while other members of his group make their escape. [11] Kloss's gibbons behavior help it stay cryptic, possibly to help them avoid hunting pressure. [11] Female Kloss's gibbons sing less frequently than males, and males only sing in the predawn when visibility isn't optimal for hunting. [11] Kloss's gibbons also exhibit less aggregate behavior like grooming and playing, possibly to reduce their visibility and stay hidden from hunters. [11]

Conservation

Kloss's gibbon is in jeopardy of going extinct. [8] Kloss's gibbon is classified as endangered by the IUCN (2021). [2] Recent estimates conclude that there are around 20,000 to 25,000 Kloss's gibbons alive in the wild, and its numbers are declining. [12] Over the last two and a half decades, the population size of Kloss's gibbon has fallen by 50%. [12] There are several threats that pose significant risk to Kloss's gibbon. Kloss's gibbon has no natural predators, and humans are the main threat to the existence of this primate. [7] Native peoples of the Mentawai Islands kill Kloss's gibbon and other endemic primates for subsistence, and also participate in poaching activities. [6] Globalization and industrialization in the Mentawai Islands are contributing toward the degradation of high quality habitat needed by Kloss's gibbon. [13] Road development and the adoption of air rifles are allowing natives to kill Kloss's gibbon easier and at higher rates. [13] Kloss's gibbon spends the majority of its time in the tree canopy, and as a result, this species requires undisturbed, old-growth forest habitats to sustain itself. [6] Kloss's gibbon is at risk due to habitat loss, as its homeland islands are suffering from deforestation. [6] Conservationists focused on improving Kloss's gibbons endangered status need to protect and preserve the high quality habitat needed by these gibbons. [6] Fragments of habitat need to be connected to allow movement without risk of exposure in highly modified areas. [6] Local government has been cooperating with global organizations such as UNESCO to raise awareness as well as increase the amount of protected land in the Mentawai Islands. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gibbon</span> Family of apes

Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical rainforests from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siamang</span> Species of ape

The siamang is an endangered arboreal, black-furred gibbon native to the forests of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The largest of the gibbons, the siamang can be twice the size of other gibbons, reaching 1 m (3.3 ft) in height, and weighing up to 14 kg (31 lb). It is the only species in the genus Symphalangus. Fossils of siamangs date back to the Middle Pleistocene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mentawai Islands Regency</span> Regency in West Sumatra, Indonesia

The Mentawai Islands Regency is a regency of West Sumatra Province which consists of a chain of about a hundred islands and islets approximately 150 kilometres off the western coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. They cover a land area of 6,033.76 km2 and had a population of 76,173 at the 2010 Census and 87,623 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2022 was 89,401 - comprising 46,431 males and 42,970 females. Siberut at 3,838.25 square kilometres is the largest of the islands. The other major islands are Sipura, North Pagai, and South Pagai. The islands lie off the Sumatran coast, across the Mentawai Strait. The indigenous inhabitants of the islands are known as the Mentawai people. The Mentawai Islands have become a noted destination for surfing, with over 40 boats offering surf charters to international guests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lar gibbon</span> Species of ape

The lar gibbon, also known as the white-handed gibbon, is an endangered primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. It is one of the better-known gibbons and is often kept in captivity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hoolock gibbon</span> Genus of apes

The hoolock gibbons are three primate species of genus Hoolock in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae, native to eastern Bangladesh, Northeast India, Myanmar, and Southwest China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silvery gibbon</span> Species of ape

The silvery gibbon, also known as the Javan gibbon, is a primate in the gibbon family Hylobatidae. It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Java, where it inhabits undisturbed rainforests up to an altitude of 2,450 m (8,040 ft). It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008, as the wild population is estimated to comprise less than 2500 mature individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siberut</span> Island in Mentawai Islands Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Siberut is the largest and northernmost of the Mentawai Islands, located 150 kilometres west of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of 3,838.25 km2 including smaller offshore islands, and had a population of 35,091 at the 2010 Census and 40,220 at the 2020 Census. A part of Indonesia, the island is the most important home for the Mentawai people. The western half of the island was set aside as the Siberut National Park in 1993. Much of the island is covered with rainforest, but is subject to commercial logging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pig-tailed langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The pig-tailed langur, monotypic in genus Simias, is a large Old World monkey, endemic to several small islands off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. Its face is black, its fur is black-brown and it has a relatively short tail. It is a diurnal species, feeding in the rainforest canopy on leaves, and to a lesser extent, fruit and berries. Little is known of its natural history, but it is heavily hunted, its populations have been declining rapidly and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "critically endangered". It has been included on a list of the World's 25 Most Endangered Primates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mentawai Islands rain forests</span> Terrestrial ecoregion in Indonesia

The Mentawai Islands rain forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in Indonesia. It covers the Mentawai Islands, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra. The islands have been separated from Sumatra since the mid-Pleistocene period, and their geographic isolation allowed the evolution of several endemic species, including 17 endemic mammals.

<i>Hylobates</i> Genus of apes

The genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of gibbons. Its name means "forest walker", from the Greek hūlē and bates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathemerality</span> Irregular organismal activity pattern

Cathemerality, sometimes called "metaturnality", is an organismal activity pattern of irregular intervals during the day or night in which food is acquired, socializing with other organisms occurs, and any other activities necessary for livelihood are undertaken. This activity differs from the generally monophasic pattern of nocturnal and diurnal species as it is polyphasic and is approximately evenly distributed throughout the 24-hour cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dian's tarsier</span> Species of primate

Dian's tarsier, also known as the Diana tarsier, is a nocturnal primate endemic to central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its head-body length is 11.5–12 centimetres (4.5–4.7 in) and it has a tail of 22 centimetres (8.7 in). Dian's tarsier lives in rainforests. It was formerly called T. dianae, but that has been shown to be a junior synonym.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siberut National Park</span> National park in indonesia

Siberut National Park comprises 1,905 km2 (47%) of the island of Siberut in the Mentawai Islands of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The whole island including the national park is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spectral tarsier</span> Species of mammal

The spectral tarsier is a species of tarsier found on the island of Selayar in Indonesia. It is apparently less specialized than the Philippine tarsier or Horsfield's tarsier; for example, it lacks adhesive toes. It is the type species for the genus Tarsius. While its range used to also include the population on nearby southwestern Sulawesi, this population has been reclassified as a separate species, Tarsius fuscus. Some of the earlier research published on Tarsius spectrum refers to the taxon that was recently reclassified and elevated to a separate species, the Gursky's spectral tarsier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zygomaticotemporal suture</span> Cranial suture between the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern white-cheeked gibbon</span> Species of Old World monkey

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kinda baboon</span> Species of mammal

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">C. Boden Kloss</span> English zoologist

Cecil Boden Kloss was an English zoologist. He was an expert on the mammals and birds of Southeast Asia. The Rubiaceae genus Klossia was named after him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mentawai langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Mentawai langur is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to the Mentawai Islands in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. The Siberut langur was formerly considered a subspecies of the Mentawai langur.

<i>Dendropithecus</i> Extinct genus of primates

Dendropithecus is an extinct genus of apes native to East Africa between 20 and 15 million years ago. Dendropithecus was originally suggested to be related to modern gibbons, based primarily on similarities in size, dentition, and skeletal adaptations. However, further studies have shown that Dendropithecus lacks derived hominoid traits. Instead, the traits shared between this taxon and modern primates are primitive for all catarrhines. Dendropithecus is now considered to be a stem catarrhine, too primitive to be closely related to any modern primates.

References

  1. 1 2 Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 179. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 Liswanto, D.; Whittaker, D.; Geissmann, T.; Whitten, T. (2020). "Hylobates klossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T10547A17967475. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10547A17967475.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ↑ Kloss Gibbon at the zoo
  5. 1 2 3 4 Whitten, Anthony J. (1982-02-08). "Diet and Feeding Behaviour of Kloss Gibbons on Siberut Island, Indonesia". Folia Primatologica. 37 (3–4): 177–208. doi:10.1159/000156032. ISSN   0015-5713. PMID   7076055.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yanuar, Ahmad (2018). "The Status of Primates in the Southern Mentawai Islands, Indonesia". Primate Conservation (32): 193–203 – via EBSCOhost.
  7. 1 2 Tenaza, R.R. (1975). "Territory and Monogamy Among Kloss' Gibbons (Hylobates klossii) in Siberut Island, Indonesia". Folia Primatologica. 24 (1): 60–80. doi:10.1159/000155685. ISSN   1421-9980. PMID   1140755.
  8. 1 2 3 Höing, Andrea; Quinten, Marcel C.; Indrawati, Yohana Maria; Cheyne, Susan M.; Waltert, Matthias (February 2013). "Line Transect and Triangulation Surveys Provide Reliable Estimates of the Density of Kloss' Gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia". International Journal of Primatology. 34 (1): 148–156. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9655-7. ISSN   0164-0291. PMC   3605491 . PMID   23538477.
  9. 1 2 Haimoff, E.H.; Tilson, R.L. (1985-02-14). "Individuality in the Female Songs of Wild Kloss' Gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia". Folia Primatologica. 44 (3–4): 129–137. doi:10.1159/000156207. ISSN   0015-5713.
  10. 1 2 3 Tilson, R. L. (1981-01-31). "Family Formation Strategies of Kloss's Gibbons". Folia Primatologica. 35 (4): 259–287. doi:10.1159/000155979. ISSN   0015-5713. PMID   7196868.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dooley, Helen M.; Judge, Debra S. (2014-10-08). "Kloss gibbon (Hylobates klossii) behavior facilitates the avoidance of human predation in the Peleonan forest, Siberut Island, Indonesia". American Journal of Primatology. 77 (3): 296–308. doi:10.1002/ajp.22345. ISSN   0275-2565. PMID   25296898. S2CID   1616932.
  12. 1 2 Whittaker, Danielle J. (2005-10-19). "New population estimates for the endemic Kloss's gibbon Hylobates klossii on the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia". Oryx. 39 (4): 458. doi: 10.1017/s0030605305001134 . ISSN   0030-6053. S2CID   84629632.
  13. 1 2 3 Whittaker, Danielle J. (May 2006). "A Conservation Action Plan for the Mentawai Primates". Primate Conservation. 20: 95–105. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.95. ISSN   0898-6207. S2CID   85765480.
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