Leptosia nina

Leptosia nina
L. n. nina, Kerala
L. n. fumigata, Indonesia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Pieridae
Genus:	Leptosia
Species:	L. nina
Binomial name
Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793)
Synonyms
Papilio ninaFabricius, 1793 Leptosia chlorographaHübner, 1818 Papilio xiphiaFabricius, 1781 (preocc.) Leptosia xiphia Pontia crokeraMacLeay, [1826] Pontia niobeWallace, 1866 Pontia dioneWallace, 1867 Nychitona xiphia var. nicobaricaDoherty, 1886 Leptosia xiphia fumigataFruhstorfer, 1903 Leptosia aurisparsaFruhstorfer Leptosia xiphia commaFruhstorfer, 1903

Leptosia nina, the psyche, ^{[1] [2]} is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae (the sulphurs, yellows and whites) and is found in Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia and Australia. ^{[1] [2]} The upper forewing has a black spot on a mainly white background. The flight is weak and erratic and the body of the butterfly bobs up and down as it beats its wings. They fly low over the grass and the butterfly rarely leaves the ground level.

Description

From Charles Thomas Bingham's The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Butterflies. Vol 2. (1907)

• Unpublished manuscript of Lionel de Nicéville gives it the common name of "wandering snowflake"
• Upperside: white; base of wings very slightly powdered with minute black scales. Forewing: costa speckled obscurely with black; apex black, the inner margin of this inwardly angulate; a very large somewhat pear-shaped post-discal spot also black. Hindwing white, uniform; in most specimens an obscure, extremely slender, terminal black line. ^[3]
• Underside: white; costal margin and apex of forewing broadly, and the whole surface of the hindwing irrorated (speckled) with transverse, very slender, greenish strigae and minute dots; these on the hindwing have a tendency to form sub-basal, medial and discal obliquely transverse obscure bands; forewing: the postdiscal black spot as on the upperside; terminal margins of both forewings and hindwings with minute black, short, transverse slender lines at the apices of the veins, that have a tendency to coalesce and form a terminal continuous line as on the upperside. Antennae dark brown spotted with white, head slightly brownish, thorax and abdomen white. Female: similar, the black markings on the upperside of the forewing on the whole slightly broader, but not invariably so. ^{[3] [4]}
• Wingspan: 25–53 mm ^[3]
• Habitat: The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikkim; Central, Western and Southern India, but not in the desert tracts; Sri Lanka; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim; extending to China and the Malayan region. ^[3]
• Larva: Green with a pale glaucous tinge about the bases of the legs and slightly hairy. Feeds on capers. Capparis zeylanica has been noted as a food plant. ^[5]
• larva also feeds on leaves of Cardamine & Cleome species. ^[6]
• Pupa: Sometimes green, but more often of a delicate pink shade. Both the larva and pupa are very like those of Terias hecabe , but more delicately formed. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken quoted in Bingham) ^[3]

Subspecies

Listed alphabetically: ^{[1] [2]}

• L. n. aebutiaFruhstorfer, 1910 (Tanahdjampea, Kalao)
• L. n. chlorographaHübner, [1813] (Java)
• L. n. commaFruhstorfer, 1903 (Timor to Tanimbar)
• L. n. dione(Wallace, 1867) (southern Sulawesi)
• L. n. fumigataFruhstorfer, 1903 (Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Solor)
• L. n. georgiFruhstorfer (northern Philippines)
• L. n. malayanaFruhstorfer, 1910 (Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Biliton)
• L. n. nicobarica(Doherty, 1886) (Nicobars)
• L. n. nina (India, Sri Lanka to Indo-China, Thailand, Langkawi, Andamans)
• L. n. niobe(Wallace, 1866) (Taiwan)
• L. n. terentiaFruhstorfer (southern Philippines)

Gallery

• 
  In Kerala, India
• 
  Mating
• 
  L. n. malayana, Borneo, Malaysia
• 
  Mid-flight, Sri Lanka with a clear view of the forewing
• 
  Mid-flight, Sri Lanka with a clear view of the forewing
• 
• 
  In Areekode, Kerala, India

See also

• List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

Notes

1. Varshney, R.K.; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 71. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN   978-81-929826-4-9.
2. Savela, Markku. "Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
3. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : Bingham, C.T. (1907). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd. pp. 138–139.
4. Swinhoe, Charles (1905–1910). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. VII. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 20–22.
5. Kunte, K. (2006). Additions to known larval host plants of Indian butterflies. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103(1):119-120
6. Ehrlich, P.(1964).Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution. "Society for the Study of Evolution" 18(4):586-608

References

• Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.
• Gaonkar, Harish (1996). Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a Threatened Mountain System. Bangalore, India: Centre for Ecological Sciences.
• Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac David; Punetha, Jagdish Chandra (1992). Common Butterflies of India. Nature Guides. Bombay, India: World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0195631647.
• Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN   978-8173713545.
• Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN   978-8170192329.