Limnoperna fortunei

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Limnoperna fortunei
Limnoperna fortunei.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Mytilida
Family: Modiolidae
Genus: Limnoperna
Species:
L. fortunei
Binomial name
Limnoperna fortunei
(Dunker, 1857) [2]
Synonyms [2]
  • Dreissena siamensis Morelet, 1866
  • Limnoperna depressa Brandt & Temcharoen, 1971 [3]
  • Limnoperna lacustris [3]
  • Limnoperna lemeslei Rochebrune, 1882
  • Limnoperna siamensis [3]
  • Limnoperna supoti Brandt, 1974 [3]
  • Modiola cambodjensis Clessin, 1889
  • Modiola lacustris Martens, 1875
  • Mytilus martensi Neumayer, 1898
  • Volsella fortunei Dunker, 1857

Limnoperna fortunei, the golden mussel, is a medium-sized freshwater bivalve mollusc of the family Mytilidae. The native range of the species is China, but it has accidentally been introduced to South America and several Asian countries where it has become an invasive species. It is considered to be an ecosystem engineer because it alters the nature of the water and the bottom habitats of lakes and rivers and modifies the associated invertebrate communities. It also has strong effects on the properties of the water column, modifying nutrient proportions and concentrations, increasing water transparency, decreasing phytoplankton and zooplankton densities, on which it feeds, and enhancing the growth of aquatic macrophytes. Because mussels attach to hard substrata, including the components of industrial, water-treatment and power plants, they have become a major biofouling problem in the areas invaded.

Contents

Description

The larvae of the golden mussel are small (around 100 micrometres (1⁄250 in)), and live in the water column until they are ready to settle. The size of adult individuals is usually around 20–30 millimetres (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) in length, but specimens up to over 45 millimetres (1+3⁄4 in) have been reported. The outer surface of the shell is golden to dark brown, whereas internally it is nacreous, pearly white to purple. The valves are very thin and brittle, and there are no hinge teeth. The mantle is fused on the dorsal side and between the exhalant siphon and the inhalant aperture. Water enters the mussel's mantle cavity through the inhalant aperture, and after describing a series of movements during which suspended particles are filtered out and either ingested, digested in the gut, and the undigested remains egested as feces, or discarded as pseudofeces, is expelled through the exhalant siphon. These water currents are also used for respiration and for discarding excretion waste products. The shell attaches to hard substrates by byssal threads, forming beds of closely packed animals. Internally, a series of muscles attached to the valves are responsible for its closure, retraction of the byssus, and movements of the foot [4] [5]

Reproduction, growth and life cycle

Limnoperna fortunei is dioecious, with approximately equal numbers of males and females and very small proportions of hermaphrodites. [6] Sexual maturation occurs early, at about 5–6 millimetres (13⁄64–15⁄64 in). [7] Ova and sperm are liberated into the water, most probably simultaneously within the same area, where fertilization occurs producing a series of planktonic developing forms [3] including a trochophore and a veliger [3] around 150 micrometres (0 in) in size. The final larval stage before settling on a substrate, which takes between 20 days (at 20 °C (68 °F)) and 12 days (at 28 °C (82 °F)) is the plantigrade larva (~250 micrometres (1⁄64 in)). [8] [9] The reproductive cycle has been described for both Asian and South American populations, and is clearly associated with water temperature. In South America, at water temperatures between ~10 and 30 °C (50 and 86 °F), larvae are produced continuously for 6–10 months of the year between spring and autumn, often with conspicuous peaks around November and April. [10] In Japan, at water temperatures around 5–20 °C (41–68 °F), larval production is restricted to 1–2 summer months. [11] Larval densities during the reproductive period are very variable, but normally average around 6000 larvae per cubic meter of water, although values in excess of 20000 larvae per cubic meter of water have been reported. [10] In waterbodies where strong cyanobacterial blooms occur, reproduction can be suppressed altogether because cyanobacterial toxins (microcystin) engender massive larval mortalities. [12]

Typical yearly cycles of larval production in Japan and in South America, and mean monthly water temperature Limnoperna fortunei reproduction.jpg
Typical yearly cycles of larval production in Japan and in South America, and mean monthly water temperature

The golden mussel's life span is around 2 years. Growth is fastest during the summer, decreasing sharply in winter. During the first year mussels typically grow to ~20 millimetres (25⁄32 in), reaching ~25–30 millimetres (63⁄64–1+3⁄16 in) at the end of the second year. Growth rates and final size depend largely on water temperature and the time of the year when the individuals are born, although calcium concentrations, pollution, food availability and intraspecific competition may play important roles as well. [13] [14] [15] [16]

L. fortunei is among several biofouling pests that should be high quarantine priorities around the world. [3]

Distribution and geographic spread

Current (2017) and potential worldwide distribution of Limnoperna fortunei Limnoperna distribution.jpg
Current (2017) and potential worldwide distribution of Limnoperna fortunei

L. fortunei's native range is most probably the Pearl River basin, in southern China, with longstanding populations in China, [3] Thailand, [3] Korea, [3] Laos, [3] Cambodia, [3] Vietnam, [3] and Indonesia. [3] Its presence in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam is probably the result of historical human migrations. [17] Between 1965 and 1990, it spread into Hong Kong, [3] Korea (although it may be native there), [3] Taiwan [3] and Japan. [18] [19] [3] Shortly thereafter, South America: [3] Around 1990 it appeared in Argentina. [20] By 2006 it had spread to Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil. In 2017, in South America it was present in two major basins (Río de La Plata, including the Paraguay-Paraná and Uruguay rivers, and the São Francisco basin), as well as several smaller watersheds (Mar Chiquita, Guaíba, Patos-Mirim, Tramandaí). [21] [22] Its spread northwards in South America (Amazon, Orinoco, Magdalena basins), as well as into Central and southern North America, seems very likely. [23] [24] [25] [26]

L. fortunei arrived in Hong Kong as veligers from a tributary of the Pearl River, in the late 1960s. After two or three years it had colonised the water supply equipment and some natural bodies around HK, and in the decades since has increased in density and recolonised the water supply annually. [3]

Ecology and environmental impacts

Summary of known and potential effects of Limnoperna fortunei on the freshwater biota Lf effects.jpg
Summary of known and potential effects of Limnoperna fortunei on the freshwater biota

L. fortunei is a strictly freshwater species, although it can tolerate brackish waters of up to 23 per mil (23 grams of salt per liter of water) for restricted periods of time (hours). [27]

The mussel needs hard substrata for settling, like rocks, wood, floating and submerged plants, mussel shells, crustaceans, etc. Although it cannot live on fine loose sediments, muddy areas stabilized by roots or fibrous debris are also occasionally colonized. [28] [29] Because in most waterbodies colonies are intensively preyed upon (mostly by fishes), colonization is often restricted to crevices inaccessible to large predators. Mussel beds cover extensive areas at densities often in excess of 200,000 per square metre (810,000,000/acre) (including early juveniles below 1 millimetre (3⁄64 in) in size), but their thickness rarely exceeds 7–10 centimetres (3–4 in), with most adults being at least partially attached to the substrate. Settlement of new recruits is higher in established mussel beds than elsewhere, and juveniles often attach to larger shells, but eventually move deeper towards the substrate. [28] [30] The very few surveys on population densities over large areas reported around 1000 mussels per square meter. [29] [31] In lakes, reservoirs and rivers, mussel colonization is often restricted to coastal areas, where hard substrata are more abundant because loose sediments are winnowed away from these higher energy zones towards deeper areas.

Limnoperna fortunei colony on a tree trunk recovered from the bottom of Salto Grande reservoir (Uruguay River, Argentina-Uruguay) Lf in Salto Grande reservoir.jpg
Limnoperna fortunei colony on a tree trunk recovered from the bottom of Salto Grande reservoir (Uruguay River, Argentina-Uruguay)

The golden mussel is a filter-feeder. Adult individuals process around 1 liter of water every 10 hours, [32] retaining organic particles, including phytoplankton and zooplankton, and egesting or rejecting unwanted materials in mucous strands that settle on the bottom. The effects of this process on the water column include the decrease of suspended particles, water column primary production, and the concomitant increase in water transparency. which in turn enhances the growth of submerged macrophytes. [32] Further, nutrient (ammonia, nitrate, phosphate) concentrations in the water are increased, favoring the growth of often toxic cyanobacteria. [33] Bottom deposits and the sediments retained among the mussels are enriched with organic matter. Benthic organisms and those that feed on detritus in general, including many fish species, benefit from this additional source of energy. Benthic invertebrates, in particular, are usually more diverse and abundant in mussel beds than elsewhere. [34]

In South America, adult L. fortunei is preyed upon by at least 50 fish species. [35] Introduction of this mussel in South America has been tentatively associated with large increases in the landings of the commercially most important detritivorous fish species of the Río de la Plata basin, Prochilodus lineatus. [36] In Argentina and in Japan, up to over 90% of the mussel's production is lost to predation, [37] [38] mostly presumably by fishes, but also probably by other invertebrates, waterfowl, turtles, and mammals. [37] In South America, the planktonic larvae of the golden mussel are actively consumed by fish larvae of ~20 species, especially from the orders Characiformes and Siluriformes. This diet has been shown to significantly improve fish growth, especially during the earliest developmental stages. [39] [40] [41]

The evidence of whether these impacts are positive or negative for the ecosystems invaded is mixed and debatable. This issue is further complicated by the fact that the same forcing can have opposite results. For example, while the provision of organic matter from the mussel's feces and pseudofeces and the protection conveyed by its colonies can enhance the abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrates, this extra load of organic matter can also deplete near-bottom oxygen levels, thus decreasing the abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrates. [42]

Impacts on human activities

Grate at the raw water intake of a power plant clean (left), and fouled by Limnoperna fortunei (right) Lf fouling.jpg
Grate at the raw water intake of a power plant clean (left), and fouled by Limnoperna fortunei (right)

As opposed to its effects on the environment, those on man-made structures are clearly negative. The mussel has caused severe fouling problems in both Asia and in South America. The facilities affected include power plants (nuclear, hydroelectric, thermal), water and wastewater processing plants, refineries, steel mills, fish culture installations, water transfer canals and aqueducts, watercraft, agricultural irrigation systems, balancing reservoirs and balancing tanks. The plant components that are most commonly fouled by the mussels are pipes, heat exchangers and condensers, strainers, filters, trash racks, grates, screens, penstocks, pumps, nozzles, and sprinklers, vent lines, and air release valves, fire protection equipment, grit chambers, flocculators, holding ponds, storage tanks, pump suction chambers, pump wells, water intake tunnels, pump and turbine shafts, seals, and wear rings, boat engines (cooling water ducts, filters, pumps) and submerged rudder and propulsion components, sand filtration systems, submerged monitoring instrumentation, and level gauges. The problems involved include clogging by living mussels or by dead, dislodged shells, pressure loss, overheating, corrosion, abrasion and wear, jamming of moving components, sealing failures, deterioration of metal, concrete and other materials, and sediment accumulation. [43] However, objective estimates of the economic losses involved are practically unavailable. Fouling by L. fortunei has not caused a single definitive plant shutdown. Nevertheless, operation at below-standard regimes and even temporary plant shutoffs have often been reported. Numerous fouling control methods have been proposed and tested, either in laboratory conditions only, or in actual operating environments. These include antifouling materials and coatings, manual/mechanical cleaning, filtration, chemical treatments, thermal shock, anoxia and hypoxia, desiccation, ozonation, ultraviolet treatment, electric currents, ultrasound, manipulations of flow speed, biological control, and various miscellaneous methods [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] .

Subspecies

Limnoperna fortunei kikuchii turns out to not be an L. f. at all: The Australian mussel Xenostrobus securis was initially misidentified and given this name in Japan in the 1970s. The wide morphological range of Limnopernae contributed to this confusion. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mussel</span> Type of bivalve mollusc

Mussel is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bivalvia</span> Class of molluscs

Bivalvia or bivalves, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of aquatic molluscs that have laterally compressed soft bodies enclosed by a calcified exoskeleton consisting of a hinged pair of half-shells known as valves. As a group, bivalves have no head and lack some typical molluscan organs such as the radula and the odontophore. Their gills have evolved into ctenidia, specialised organs for feeding and breathing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quagga mussel</span> Species of bivalve

The quagga mussel is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Dreissenidae. It has an average lifespan of 3 to 5 years.

<i>Dreissena</i> Genus of bivalves

Dreissena is a genus of small freshwater mussels in the family Dreissenidae in the class Bivalvia. They are found attached to firm substrates by threads from underneath the shells and are the only freshwater bivalves to attach to hard substrates in high densities while having a planktonic larval stage. They are considered the most aggressive freshwater invader in the world because of their ability to invade environments in every one of their life cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mytilidae</span> Family of bivalves

Mytilidae are a family of small to large marine and brackish-water bivalve molluscs in the order Mytilida. One of the genera, Limnoperna, even inhabits freshwater environments. Mytilidae, which contains some 52 genera, is the only extant family within the order Mytilida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unionida</span> Order of bivalves

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<i>Perna viridis</i> Species of bivalve

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<i>Perna perna</i> Species of bivalve

Perna perna, the brown mussel, is an economically important mussel, a bivalve mollusc belonging to the family Mytilidae. It is harvested as a food source but is also known to harbor toxins and cause damage to marine structures. It is native to the waters of Africa, Europe, and South America and was introduced in the waters of North America.

<i>Mytilopsis leucophaeata</i> Species of bivalve

Mytilopsis leucophaeata is a species of small bivalve mollusc in the false mussel family, Dreissenidae. It is commonly known as Conrad's false mussel or the dark false mussel.

<i>Choromytilus meridionalis</i> Species of bivalve

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<i>Bathymodiolus childressi</i> Species of bivalve

Bathymodiolus childressi is a species of deepwater mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk species in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.

<i>Geukensia demissa</i> Species of bivalve

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<i>Perna</i> (bivalve) Genus of bivalves

Perna is a genus of mussels, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Mytilidae.

<i>Ischadium</i> Genus of bivalves

Ischadium is a monotypic genus of mussels in the family Mytilidae. The sole species is Ischadium recurvum, known as the "Hooked mussel" or "Bent mussel". It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from Cape Cod to the West Indies. They are often found growing on Eastern oysters, either intertidal or subtidal. They also attach to other hard substrates, including artificial reefs and dead shells of brackish water clams, Rangia cuneata.

<i>Trichomya</i> Genus of bivalves

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<i>Mytella strigata</i> Species of bivalve

Mytella strigata is a bivalve, commonly known as the charru mussel or charrua mussel. This species was described by Sylvanus Charles Thorp Hanley based on a specimen from the Philippines. It was found in Central and South America and by Alcide d'Orbigny, a French naturalist, in 1842, where it was assigned the synonym Mytilus charruanus. They are less than an inch long (2.5 cm), and range from brown to black in color.

<i>Arcuatula senhousia</i> Species of mollusc

Arcuatula senhousia(= Musculista senhousia), commonly known as the Asian date mussel, Asian mussel or bag mussel, is a small saltwater mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk species in the family Mytilidae, the mussels. Other common names for this species include: the Japanese mussel, Senhouse's mussel, the green mussel, and the green bagmussel. It is harvested for human consumption in China.

<i>Velesunio wilsonii</i> Species of bivalve

Velesunio wilsonii is a species of freshwater mussel endemic to Australia and comes from the Hyriidae family. Velesunio wilsonii mussels have a thick, dark shell that are sometimes flaky and mostly closed. Velesunio wilsonii have a fleshy foot that sometimes extends outside of the valves. The shell of the Velesunio wilsonii varies from oblong to a symmetrical circle. Velesunio wilsonii size ranges from 40 mm to 120 mm.

<i>Xenostrobus</i> Genus of bivalves

Xenostrobus is a genus of saltwater, brackish water and freshwater bivalve molluscs in the subfamily Xenostrobinae of the family Mytilidae, the mussels.

References

  1. ↑ Bogan, A. (2012). "Limnoperna fortunei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2012: e.T171818A1332873. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T171818A1332873.en . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  2. 1 2 Huber, Markus (2010). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857)". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2012-04-21.
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  4. ↑ Morton, Brian (2015). "The Biology and Anatomy of Limnoperna fortunei, a Significant Freshwater Bioinvader: Blueprints for Success". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 3–41. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_1. ISBN   9783319134932.
  5. ↑ Morton, Brian (1973). "Some aspects of the biology and functional morphology of the organs of feeding and digestion of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker) (Bivalvia: Mytilacea)". Malacologia. 12 (2): 265–281. PMID   4788269.
  6. ↑ Darrigran, G.; Damborenea, C.; Penchaszadeh, P.E. (1998). "A case of hermaphroditism in the freshwater invading bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mytilidae) from Río de la Plata, Argentina". Iberus. 16: 99–104.
  7. ↑ Darrigran, G.; Penchaszadeh, P.E.; Damborenea, C. (1999). "The reproductive cycle of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mytilidae) from a neotropical temperate locality". Journal of Shellfish Research. 18: 361–365.
  8. ↑ Cataldo, Daniel; Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Hermosa, Jose L.; Canzi, Carla (2005-02-01). "Temperature-Dependent Rates Of Larval Development In Limnoperna Fortunei (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 71 (1): 41–46. doi: 10.1093/mollus/eyi005 . hdl: 20.500.12110/paper_02601230_v71_n1_p41_Cataldo . ISSN   0260-1230.
  9. ↑ Cataldo, Daniel H. (2015). "Larval Development of Limnoperna Fortunei". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 43–53. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_2. ISBN   9783319134932.
  10. 1 2 Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Morton, Brian; Correa, Nancy; Cataldo, Daniel; Damborenea, Cristina; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Sylvester, Francisco (2015). "Reproductive Output and Seasonality of Limnoperna fortunei". Limnoperna Fortunei (PDF). Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 77–103. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_5. ISBN   9783319134932.
  11. ↑ Nakano, Daisuke; Kobayashi, Takuya; Sakaguchi, Isamu (2010-01-01). "Differences in larval dynamics of golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei between dam reservoirs with and without an aeration system". Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 6 (1): 53. doi:10.1007/s11355-009-0082-7. ISSN   1860-1871. S2CID   35009137.
  12. ↑ Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Correa, Nancy; Bordet, Facundo; Leites, Valentín; Cataldo, Daniel (2013-09-01). "Toxic Microcystis (cyanobacteria) inhibit recruitment of the bloom-enhancing invasive bivalve Limnoperna fortunei". Freshwater Biology. 58 (9): 1968–1981. doi:10.1111/fwb.12184. hdl: 11336/85168 . ISSN   1365-2427.
  13. ↑ Nakano, Daisuke; Kobayashi, Takuya; Sakaguchi, Isamu (2015). "Population Dynamics and Growth of Limnoperna fortunei". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 105–118. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_6. ISBN   9783319134932.
  14. ↑ Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Cataldo, Daniel H. (1999-12-01). "Population dynamics of Limnoperna fortunei, an invasive fouling mollusc, in the lower Parana river (Argentina)". Biofouling. 14 (3): 255–263. doi:10.1080/08927019909378417. ISSN   0892-7014.
  15. ↑ Morton, B. (1977). "The population dynamics of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) (Bivalvia: Mytilacea) in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong". Malacologia. 16: 165–182.
  16. ↑ Maroñas, M. E.; Darrigran, G. A.; Sendra, E. D.; Breckon, G. (2003-03-01). "Shell growth of the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mytilidae), in the Río de la Plata, Argentina". Hydrobiologia. 495 (1–3): 41–45. doi:10.1023/a:1025463523364. hdl: 11336/32582 . ISSN   0018-8158. S2CID   10964042.
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  18. ↑ Xu, Mengzhen (2015). "Distribution and Spread of Limnoperna fortunei in China". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 313–320. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_17. ISBN   9783319134932.
  19. ↑ Ito, Kenji (2015). "Colonization and Spread of Limnoperna fortunei in Japan". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 321–332. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_18. ISBN   9783319134932.
  20. ↑ Pastorino, G.; Darrigran, G.; Martín, S.M.; Lunaschi, L. (1993). "Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mytilidae), nuevo bivalvo invasor en aguas del Río de la Plata". Neotropica. 39: 101–102.
  21. ↑ Oliveira, Marcia D.; Campos, Mônica C. S.; Paolucci, Esteban M.; Mansur, Maria C. D.; Hamilton, Stephen K. (2015). "Colonization and Spread of Limnoperna fortunei in South America". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 333–355. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_19. ISBN   9783319134932.
  22. ↑ Barbosa, Newton P. U.; Silva, Fabiano A.; Oliveira, Márcia Divina De; Neto, Miguel Arcanjo dos Santos; Carvalho, Marcela David De; Cardoso, Antônio Valadão (2016-02-23). "Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilidae): first record in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil". Check List. 12 (1): 1846. doi: 10.15560/12.1.1846 . ISSN   1809-127X.
  23. ↑ Campos, Mônica; Andrade, André Felipe Alves de; Kunzmann, Bárbara (2014). "Modelling of the potential distribution of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) on a global scale". Aquatic Invasions. 9 (3): 253–265. doi: 10.3391/ai.2014.9.3.03 .
  24. ↑ Kluza, D.A.; McNyset, K.M. (2005). "Ecological niche modeling of aquatic invasive species". Aquatic Invaders. 16: 1–7.
  25. ↑ Karatayev, Alexander Y.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Burlakova, Lyubov E.; Padilla, Dianna K. (2015). "Parallels and Contrasts Between Limnoperna fortunei and Species of Dreissena". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 261–297. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_15. ISBN   9783319134932.
  26. ↑ Mackie, Gerald; Brinsmead, Jeff (2017). "A risk assessment of the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) for Ontario, Canada". Management of Biological Invasions. 8 (3): 383–402. doi: 10.3391/mbi.2017.8.3.12 .
  27. ↑ Sylvester, Francisco; Cataldo, Daniel H.; Notaro, Carolina; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2013-06-01). "Fluctuating salinity improves survival of the invasive freshwater golden mussel at high salinity: implications for the introduction of aquatic species through estuarine ports". Biological Invasions. 15 (6): 1355–1366. doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0373-z. hdl: 11336/736 . ISSN   1387-3547. S2CID   18721052.
  28. 1 2 Correa, Nancy; Sardiña, Paula; Perepelizin, Pablo V.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2015). "Limnoperna Fortunei Colonies: Structure, Distribution and Dynamics". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 119–143. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_7. ISBN   9783319134932.
  29. 1 2 Musin, Gabriela E.; Molina, Florencia Rojas; Giri, Federico; Williner, Verónica (2015-04-13). "Structure and density population of the invasive mollusc Limnoperna fortunei associated with Eichhornia crassipes in lakes of the Middle Paraná floodplain". Journal of Limnology. 74 (AoP). doi: 10.4081/jlimnol.2015.1107 .
  30. ↑ Sardiña, Paula; Cataldo, Daniel H.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2009-12-01). "Effects of conspecifics on settling juveniles of the invasive golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei". Aquatic Sciences. 71 (4): 479–486. doi:10.1007/s00027-009-0103-5. hdl: 11336/102703 . ISSN   1015-1621. S2CID   36253878.
  31. ↑ Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Karatayev, Alexander; Burlakova, Lyubov; Cataldo, Daniel; Karatayev, Vadim; Sylvester, Francisco; Mariñelarena, Alejandro (2009-12-01). "Significant ecosystem-wide effects of the swiftly spreading invasive freshwater bivalve Limnoperna fortunei". Hydrobiologia. 636 (1): 271–284. doi:10.1007/s10750-009-9956-9. ISSN   0018-8158. S2CID   40861978.
  32. 1 2 Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Correa, Nancy; Sylvester, Francisco; Cataldo, Daniel (2015). "Nutrient Recycling, Phytoplankton Grazing, and Associated Impacts of Limnoperna fortunei". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 153–176. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_9. ISBN   9783319134932.
  33. ↑ Cataldo, Daniel; Vinocur, Alicia; O′Farrell, Inés; Paolucci, Esteban; Leites, Valentín; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2012-01-01). "The introduced bivalve Limnoperna fortunei boosts Microcystis growth in Salto Grande reservoir (Argentina): evidence from mesocosm experiments". Hydrobiologia. 680 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0897-8. ISSN   0018-8158. S2CID   16313702.
  34. ↑ Sylvester, Francisco; Sardiña, Paula (2015). "Relationships of Limnoperna Fortunei with Benthic Animals". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 191–210. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_11. ISBN   9783319134932.
  35. ↑ Cataldo, Daniel (2015). "Trophic Relationships of Limnoperna Fortunei with Adult Fishes". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 231–248. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_13. ISBN   9783319134932.
  36. ↑ Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Correa, Nancy; Cataldo, Daniel; Sylvester, Francisco (2006-06-01). "Dispersion and Ecological Impact of the Invasive Freshwater Bivalve Limnoperna fortunei in the Río de la Plata Watershed and Beyond". Biological Invasions. 8 (4): 947–963. doi:10.1007/s10530-005-5107-z. ISSN   1387-3547. S2CID   22084931.
  37. 1 2 Sylvester, Francisco; Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Cataldo, Daniel (2007-09-01). "The invasive bivalve Limnoperna fortunei enhances benthic invertebrate densities in South American floodplain rivers". Hydrobiologia. 589 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-0708-4. ISSN   0018-8158. S2CID   11286427.
  38. ↑ Nakano, Daisuke; Kobayashi, Takuya; Sakaguchi, Isamu (2010-12-01). "Predation and depth effects on abundance and size distribution of an invasive bivalve, the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei, in a dam reservoir". Limnology. 11 (3): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s10201-010-0314-4. ISSN   1439-8621. S2CID   1490493.
  39. ↑ Paolucci, Esteban M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015). "Trophic Relationships of Limnoperna fortunei with Larval Fishes". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 211–229. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_12. ISBN   9783319134932.
  40. ↑ Paolucci, Esteban M.; Thuesen, Erik V.; Cataldo, Daniel H.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2010-09-01). "Veligers of an introduced bivalve, Limnoperna fortunei, are a new food resource that enhances growth of larval fish in the Paraná River (South America)". Freshwater Biology. 55 (9): 1831–1844. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02418.x. hdl: 11336/68819 . ISSN   1365-2427.
  41. ↑ Paolucci, Esteban M.; Cataldo, Daniel H.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2010-03-01). "Prey selection by larvae of Prochilodus lineatus (Pisces: Curimatidae): indigenous zooplankton versus veligers of the introduced bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia: Mitilidae)". Aquatic Ecology. 44 (1): 255–267. doi:10.1007/s10452-009-9263-6. ISSN   1386-2588. S2CID   19142998.
  42. ↑ Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2017-10-30). "Traits and impacts of invasive species: Myths and evidences from the perspective of introduced freshwater Mussels". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 20 (4): 334–343. doi:10.1080/14634988.2017.1397483. ISSN   1463-4988. S2CID   89695346.
  43. ↑ Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Xu, Mengzhen; Nakano, Daisuke (2015). "Impacts of Limnoperna Fortunei on Man-Made Structures and Control Strategies: General Overview". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 375–393. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_21. ISBN   9783319134932.
  44. ↑ Claudi, Renata; Oliveira, Marcia Divina de (2015). "Chemical Strategies for the Control of the Golden Mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) in Industrial Facilities". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 417–441. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_23. ISBN   9783319134932.
  45. ↑ Claudi, Renata; Oliveira, Marcia Divina de (2015). "Alternative Strategies for Control of Golden Mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) in Industrial Facilities". Limnoperna Fortunei. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Cham. pp. 463–476. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13494-9_27. ISBN   9783319134932.
  46. ↑ Mackie, Gerald; Claudi, Renata (2009). Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.1201/9781439804414. ISBN   978-1-4398-0050-8.
  47. ↑ Perepelizin, Pablo V.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2011-09-15). "Hot Water Treatment (Chronic Upper Lethal Temperature) Mitigates Biofouling by the Invasive Asian Mussel Limnoperna fortunei in Industrial Installations". Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (18): 7868–7873. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.7868P. doi:10.1021/es2014852. hdl: 11336/68613 . ISSN   0013-936X. PMID   21842855.
  48. ↑ Perepelizin, P.V.; Boltovskoy, D. (2011). "Resistance of the invasive pest mussel Limnoperna fortunei to anoxia". Journal of the American Water Works Association. 103: 79–85. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11422.x. S2CID   113069441.
  49. ↑ Perepelizin, Pablo V.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (2011-06-22). "Thermal tolerance of Limnoperna fortunei to gradual temperature increase and its applications for biofouling control in industrial and power plants". Biofouling. 27 (6): 667–674. doi:10.1080/08927014.2011.594504. hdl: 11336/68681 . ISSN   0892-7014. PMID   21985294. S2CID   37222494.
  50. ↑ Zhang, Chendi; Xu, Mengzhen; Wang, Zhaoyin; Liu, Wei; Yu, Dandan (2017). "Experimental study on the effect of turbulence in pipelines on the mortality of Limnoperna fortunei veligers". Ecological Engineering. 109: 101–118. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.08.024.
  51. ↑ Matsui, Yoshihiko; Nagaya, Keiji; Funahashi, Goro; Goto, Yoshinori; Yuasa, Akira; Yamamoto, Hiroyuki; Ohkawa, Kousaku; Magara, Yasumoto (2002-01-01). "Effectiveness of Antifouling Coatings and Water Flow in Controlling Attachment of the Nuisance Mussel Limnoperna fortunei". Biofouling. 18 (2): 137–148. doi:10.1080/08927010290032395. ISSN   0892-7014. S2CID   84525403.
  52. ↑ Matsui, Yoshihiko; Nagaya, Keiji; Yuasa, Akira; Naruto, Hiroshi; Yamamoto, Hiroyuki; Ohkawa, Kousaku; Magara, Yasumoto (2001-04-01). "Attachment Strength of Limnoperna fortunei on Substrates, and their Surface Properties". Biofouling. 17 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1080/08927010109378462. ISSN   0892-7014. S2CID   96575686.
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