List of African American newspapers in Illinois

Last updated

Copy editing the Chicago Defender in 1942. Copy reader of the Chicago Defender.png
Copy editing the Chicago Defender in 1942.

This is a list of African American newspapers in Illinois. To be included, a newspaper should be attested in a reliable source as an African American newspaper published in Illinois. The list is divided by region, and the newspapers attested in each region are placed in alphabetic order by city.

Contents

Illinois' first African American newspaper was the Cairo Weekly Gazette , established in 1862. [1] The first in Chicago was The Chicago Conservator , established in 1878. An estimated 190 Black newspapers had been founded in Illinois by 1975, [2] and more have continued to be established in the decades since.

While most such newspapers in Illinois have been local, some like the Chicago-based Chicago Defender and Muhammad Speaks have had a major national circulation and impact. National Black newspaper networks, including the Defender syndicate and Associated Negro Press, have also been headquartered in Chicago.

Northern Illinois

The Chicago Bee Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Bee was published. 20070601 Chicago Bee Building (3).JPG
The Chicago Bee Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Bee was published.
The Chicago Defender Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Defender was published until 1960. 20070601 Chicago Defender Building (3).JPG
The Chicago Defender Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Defender was published until 1960.

Northern Illinois covers the northern third of Illinois, and is by far the most populous of Illinois' regions. Most of population is concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, and most of the region's African American newspapers have likewise been concentrated in and near Chicago.

CityTitleBeginningEndFrequencyCall numbersRemarks
Chicago Abbott's Weekly & Illustrated News1933 [3] 1934 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Advance1890 [3] 1900 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago The Chicago Advocate1905 (uncertain) [5] ? [5] Weekly [5]
Chicago African-American Voice / The Voice of the Black Community1994 (uncertain) [6] ?Biweekly [6]
Chicago All About Us1896 [3] 1899 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago All Chicago Focus1990 (uncertain) [7] 1991 [7] Twice monthly [7]
Chicago A.M.E. Record1895 [3] ? [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Appeal1885 [3] 1926 [3] or 1923 [8] Weekly [3]
Chicago Aspect1908 [3] 1908 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago (Austin) The Austin Voice1986 [9] ? [9] Biweekly [9]
Chicago (Austin) The Austin Weekly News1987 [9] currentWeekly [9]
Chicago The Chicago Bee and Sunday Bee1925 [3] 1947 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Bee-Free Speech1888 [3] 1895 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Black Truth1968 [3] 1971 (or later) [10] or 1970 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Black X-Press 1973 [11] 1970s [12] Weekly [11]
Chicago The Broad Ax 1895 [3] 1935 [3] Weekly [3]
  • Moved to Chicago in 1899; published from August 1895 to June 1899 in Salt Lake City, Utah. [13]
Chicago Brotherhood1890 [3] ? [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Bronzeville1943 [14] ?Weekly
Chicago Bulletin 1958 [3] 1972 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Busy Bee1896 [3] ? [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago (Chatham) Chatham-Southeast Citizen / Chatham Citizen1965 [15] currentWeekly [15]
Chicago The Chicago Courier 1938 [3] Weekly [3]
Chicago Chicago Defender 1905 [17] currentWeekly; daily from 1956 [17] to 2008 [18]
Chicago Christian Gibraltar1910 [17] 1970 [17] Weekly
Chicago Christian Science1895 [17] ? [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Chronicle1918 [17] ? [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Church Organ1893 [17] 1898 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Church Record1895 [17] ? [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Citizen1965 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Clipper1885 [17] 1898 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Conservator 18781914 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Courier1932 [17] 1932 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Crusader 1937 [17] ? [17] Weekly [17]
  • Distinct from the Chicago Crusader that was established 1940 as the New Crusader.
Chicago New Crusader / The Chicago Crusader 1940 [20] currentWeekly
Chicago Daily Times? [17] ? [17] Daily
Chicago Dynamite1936 [17] or 1937 [22] 1939 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Eagle1889 [17] 1930 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago East Side Monitor? [17] ? [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Egyptian Sun? [17] ? [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Enterprise1918 [17] 1931 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Evening World1919 [17] 1919 [17] Daily [17]
Chicago Fellowship Herald1916 [17] 1916 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago The Final Call 1979 [23] currentTwice monthly [23]
Chicago Free Lance1895 [17] 1926 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Free Speech1888 [17] 1898 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Chicago Gazette1880s? [24] 1890s? [24]
Chicago The Chicago Gazette1949 [25] or 1950 [17] currentWeekly [17]
Chicago
  • Globe
  • Chicago Globe [26]
1950? [26] Weekly [27]
  • Circulation of 35,000 in 1951. [27]
Chicago Hero1889 [17] 1891 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Home Journal? [17] ? [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Home News1925 [17] 1925 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago (Hyde Park) Hyde Park Citizen1988 (uncertain) [28] currentWeekly [28]
Chicago Idea1900 [17] 1918 [17] Weekly [17]
  • Published by W.D. Neighbors. [17]
Chicago Illinois Chronicle1900 [17] 1921 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Illinois Idea [17] / The Chicago Illinois Idea [29] / The Chicago Idea [30] 1903 [17] 1922 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Illinois Political News1939 (uncertain) [31] ? [31] Weekly [31]
Chicago Chicago Independent Bulletin1972 (uncertain) [32] ? [32] Weekly [32]
Chicago Inquirer1926 [17] 1926 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Chicago Journal1975 (uncertain) [32] ? [32] Weekly [32]
Chicago (Lawndale) Lawndale Drum1970 [17] or 1972 [33] 1979 (uncertain) [33] Weekly [17]
Chicago Leader1905 [17] 1906 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Messenger1942 [17] 1944 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Chicago Metro News (1972–1991) / Chicago-South Suburban News (1968–1972) / South Suburban News (–1968)1965 [32] 1991 [34] Weekly [17]
Chicago Metropolitan News (to 1938) / Metropolitan Post [35] (to 1940)1935 [17] 1940 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Mission Star1890 [17] ?Weekly [17]
Chicago / Moline Modern Farmer1930 [17] 1932 [17] Monthly newspaper
Chicago Monitor1914 [17] 1915 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Muhammad Speaks 1961 [17] 1975 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago National Aspect1910 [17] 1912 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago Negro Champion1925 [17] 1929 [17] Weekly [17]
Chicago The Negro Spearhead1968 [36] ? [36] Weekly [36]
Chicago New Metro News1992 (uncertain) [37] ?Weekly [37]
Chicago (South Side) News Clarion / South Side News-Clarion [38] 1964 [39] ? [39] Weekly [39]
Chicago News Ledger1938 [20] 1941 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago News Scene1984 (uncertain) [40] Twice monthly [40]
Chicago Observer1885 [20] ?Weekly [20]
Chicago The Chicago Observer1964 [20] ? [32] Weekly [20]
Chicago The Owl1962 [41] 1960sWeekly [41]
Chicago Pathfinder??Weekly [20]
Chicago People's Advocate1900 [20] 1926 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago People's Voice1918 [20] 1918 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Plain Dealer1888 [20] 1922 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago The Chicago Reflector1895 [20] or 1896 [32] 1906 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Republican1888 [20] 1889 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Review1929 [20] 1932 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Royal Messenger1921 [20] 1932 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Savoyager1929 [20] 1932 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Chicago Scene1984 (uncertain) [42] 1993 [42] Weekly [42]
Chicago Search Light or Searchlight [16] 1910 [20] 1932 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago The Chicago Shoreland News / Chicago Shoreland1977 (uncertain) [42] ? [42] Weekly [42]
Chicago Smith's Arrow Weekly??Weekly [20]
Chicago South End Citizen1965 (uncertain) [43] currentWeekly [43]
Chicago The South Shopper1995 [44] ?Monthly newspaper [44]
Chicago South Side Bulletin: Chicago’s Progressive Community Weekly / Bulletin1959 (uncertain) [45] 1972 [45] Weekly [45]
Chicago (South Side) South Street Journal1994 (uncertain) [46] 2010s [47] Biweekly [46]
Chicago South Suburban Citizen1982 (uncertain) [48] currentWeekly [48]
Chicago Southside Digest1931 [20] 1931 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Spokesman1932 [20] 1932 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Standard1894 [20] 1895 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Star1910 [20] 1946 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Sun1924 [20] 1924 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Supreme Liberty Guardian?1938 [20] Weekly [20] or twice monthly [49]
Chicago Today’s Chronicle1992 [50] or 1996 [51] Biweekly [50]
Chicago Voice1910 [20] ? [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago The Voice / Second Ward Voice / The First District Voice (1942) [52] 1940 [53] ? [53] Weekly [53]
  • Official newspaper of the Second Ward Regular Democratic Organization. [53]
Chicago Wednesday's Focus1990 [54] ? [54] Weekly [54]
Chicago Chicago Weekend1974 (uncertain) [42] Weekly [42]
Chicago Weekly Reporter1906 [20] 1906 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago West Side Torch1969 [20] 1969 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago Western Opinion1906 [20] 1909 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago The Chicago Whip 1919 [20] 1939 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago (West Side) West Side Torch: The People's Paper1965 (uncertain) [56] 1971 (uncertain) [56] Biweekly [56]
Chicago [57] or Chicago Heights [58] Tri-City Journal1978 [58] Weekly [57]
Chicago The Windy City Word1992 (uncertain) [59] ? [59] Weekly [59]
Chicago (Woodlawn) Woodlawn Booster / Woodlawn Booster and Bulletin [60] 1932 [20] 1973 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago The Chicago World1900 [20] 1902 [20] Weekly [20]
Chicago The Chicago World 1918 [20] 1953 [20] Weekly [20]
  • Circulation of 32,000 in 1951. [27]
Chicago Heights Chicago Standard News1984 [42] currentWeekly [42]
East Moline The Common Bond1975? [61] Monthly newspaper [61]
Evanston Evanston Guide1929 [62] 1932 [62] Weekly [62]
Evanston Evanston Newsette1941 [62] ?Weekly [62]
Evanston Evanston Weekly1915 [62] 1931 [62] Weekly [62]
Evanston North Shore Examiner1968 [62] or 1971 [63] 1979 [64] Weekly, later monthly [64] or bimonthly [63]
Harvey Chicago South Suburban News1964 [62] or 1966 [42] 1972 [65] Weekly [62]
Harvey Suburban Journal1968 [62] Weekly [62]
Hopkins Park (Pembroke Township) Pembroke Herald Eagle1961 [66] or 1962 [67] 1983 [66] Weekly [67]
  • Published by Ozroe Bentley, remembered as "the conscience of a community." [66]
Joliet Voice or Negro Voice (1966)1950 [62] ?Weekly [62]
Kankakee Progressive Era1924 [62] 1942 [62] Weekly [62]
Maywood Suburban Echo-Reporter1964 [62] ?Weekly [62]
Robbins Herald1917 [68] 1950 [68] Weekly [68]
  • Circulation of 3,800. [27]
Robbins Informer1947 [69] or 1948 [68] 1949 [68] Weekly [68]
Rockford Crusader1950 [68] 1972 [68] Weekly [68]
Rockford Vital Force1985 [70] 2000s [71] Weekly [70]
  • Published by George Anne Duckett. [71]
Rock Island Tri City Oracle1898 [68] 1900 [68] Weekly [68]
South Holland South Suburban Journal1975 (uncertain) [72] ? [72] Weekly [72]
Waukegan North Shore Guardian1964 [73] ? [73] Weekly [73]

Central Illinois

Central Illinois is the middle third of the state. It includes the state capital Springfield and many other small cities such as Bloomington-Normal, Champaign-Urbana, Danville, Decatur, Galesburg and Peoria.

CityTitleBeginningEndFrequencyCall numbersRemarks
Bloomington American Pilot1896 [3] 1899 [3] Weekly [3]
Bloomington Cooperative News1933 [3] 1938 [3] Weekly [3]
Champaign Illinois Times 1941 [3] 1971 [3] Weekly [3]
  • Not to be confused with the Illinois Times of Springfield, an alternative weekly established in 1975.
Champaign Plain Truth1967 [3] 1969 [3] Weekly [3]
  • "[T]he first black power publication in Champaign-Urbana" [75]
Danville The Black Vanguard: for Unity in the Black Community [76] 1968 [76] ? [76] Weekly [20] or irregular [76]
Danville Illinois Times1939 [20] 1941 [20] Weekly [20]
  • Not to be confused with the Illinois Times of Springfield, an alternative weekly established in 1975.
Danville International1901 [20] 1902 [20] Weekly [20]
Danville Inter-State Echo1909 [20] 1920 [20] Weekly [20]
Decatur Advance Citizen1892 [20] 1932 [20] Weekly [20]
Decatur The Voice / African-American Voice / Voice of the Black Community1967 [20] ? [20] Weekly [20]
  • Publisher Horace Livingston, Jr., is the subject of a sculpture by Preston Eugene Jackson at Decatur's Mueller Park. [77] The Voice also produced Bloomington, Peoria and Springfield editions. [78]
Galesburg Western Herald1884 [62] 1885 [62] Weekly [62]
Galesburg The Illinois Star1935 [79] 1941? [80] Weekly [81]
Litchfield Afro-American Advocate 1892 [62] 1893 [62] Weekly [62]
  • At its founding, the Afro-American Advocate was the only African American newspaper in Illinois supporting the Democratic Party. [82]
Peoria Advance Citizen1892 [68] 1932 [68] Weekly [68]
Peoria Black Rapper1968 [68] 1970 [68] Weekly [68]
Peoria Bronze Informer1945 [68] 1946 [68] Weekly [68]
Peoria Bronze Peoria Herald1964 [68] 1968 [68] Weekly [68]
Peoria Forum1906 [68] 1915 [68] Weekly [68]
Peoria Informer1934 [68] 1939 [68] Weekly [68]
Peoria Peoria Whirlwind1962 [68] 1970sWeekly [68]
Peoria Spectator1955 [68] 1955 [68] Weekly [68]
Peoria Traveler Weekly1968 [68] 1970sWeekly [68]
Peoria Weekly Enterprise1952 [68] 1952 [68] Weekly [68]
Quincy Advocate1906 [68] ?Weekly [68]
Quincy Illinois Informer1919 (uncertain) [31] 1926 [68] Weekly [68]
Quincy Illinois Progress1892 [68] 1900 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Advance Citizen 1892 [68] 1932 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Argus1913 [68] 1915 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Capital City Courier 2005 [83] or 2006 [84] currentMonthly newspaper [83]
Springfield Capitol City News1942 [68] 1951 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Chronicle1917 [68] 1917 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Community Echo1950s [85] ?
  • Published by Lottie Bridgewater. [85]
Springfield Eye1890 [68] 1893 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Forum 1904 [68] 1927 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Illinois Chronicle 1912 [68] or 1917 [16] 1969 [68] Weekly [68] or twice-monthly [49]
  • Circulation of 1,200 in 1951. [27]
Springfield Illinois Conservator / Conservator-Globe [31] 1902 [68] or 1905 [86] 1950 [68] [86] or after 1956 [31] Weekly [68] or twice monthly [27]
Springfield Illinois Record 1897 [68] 1899 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Illinois State Informer1935 [31] ? [31] Weekly [31]
Springfield Illinois State Messenger1897 [68] 1900 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Leader1902 [68] 1918 [68] Weekly [68]
Springfield Messenger 1888 [89] 1889 [89] Weekly [89]
Springfield National Standard Enterprise 1894 [89] 1903 [89] Weekly [89]
Springfield Negro Democrat1934 [89] 1936 [89] Weekly [89]
Springfield PURE NEWS USA 1983 [90] currentMonthly newspaper [90]
Springfield Spirit of Black Springfield 1968 [89] 1968 [89] Weekly [89]
Springfield Springfield's Voice 1973 [89] current [91] Weekly [89]
Springfield The State Capital [92] 1886 [89] 1915 [89] or 1910 [92] Weekly [89]
Springfield Voice of the Black Community1972 [94] or 1973 [91] 2000 [91] Weekly [94]

Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois or "Little Egypt" is the southern third of Illinois, and is the state's least populous region. Much of the population is concentrated in Metro East, a five-county region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri. The state's first African American newspaper was established in Southern Illinois' southernmost town, Cairo, in 1862.

CityTitleBeginningEndFrequencyCall numbersRemarks
Alton Advance Citizen 1892 [3] 1932 [3] Weekly [3]
  • One of a chain of five Advance Citizen papers published across central Illinois from 1892 to 1932 by Harvey T. Bowman. [82]
Brooklyn Monitor1886 [3] 19th century [3] Weekly [3]
Cairo American1905 [3] 1906 [3] Weekly [3]
Cairo Baptist Truth1894 [3] 1924 [3] Weekly [3]
Cairo Illinois Messenger1925 [3] 1933 [3] Weekly [3]
Cairo Cairo News / United Front News1971 (uncertain) [95] ? [95] Weekly [95]
Cairo Sentinel1890 [3] 1895 [3] Weekly [3]
Cairo Three States1881 [3] 1883 [3] Weekly [3]
Cairo Weekly Gazette 1862 [3] 1890 [97] Weekly [3] / Daily (1882) [1]
  • First African American newspaper in Illinois. [1] 1882 daily edition was first daily African American newspaper in the United States. [98] Published by William S. Scott. [1]
East St. Louis Advance Citizen1892 [20] 1932 [20] Weekly [20]
East St. Louis Beacon1960s [20] ?Weekly [20]
East St. Louis The Crusader 1941 [20] [99] or 1943 [16] ?Weekly [20]
  • Circulation of 7000 in 1966. [99]
East St. Louis East Side Monitor19701970s [20] Weekly [20]
East St. Louis Empire Weekly News1960s [20] 1970s [20] Weekly [20]
East St. Louis Forum1928 [62] 1929 [62] Weekly [62]
East St. Louis Monitor1962 [62] or 1963 [100] currentWeekly [62]
East St. Louis Negro Democrat / Spotlight [49] 1933 [101] ?Weekly [101]
  • Official newspaper of the Downstate Negro Democratic League. [101] Extant through at least 1942. [102]
East St. Louis Sentinel1904 [62] 1909 [62] Weekly [62]
East St. Louis Southern Illinois Press1922 [62] 1924 [62] Weekly [62]
East St. Louis Tri State Tribune??Weekly [62]
Metropolis Christian Anchor??Weekly; [62] monthly in 1912 [103]
Metropolis The Metropolis Gazette / Metropolis Weekly Gazette1897 [62] or 1898 [104] 1938 [62] Weekly [62]
Mound City Egyptian Sun1924 [68] 1940 [68] Weekly [68]
Mound City Star1908 [68] 1925 [68] Weekly [68]

See also

Works cited

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Walker 1996, p. 10.
  2. ↑ Walker 1996, p. 11.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Belles 1975, p. 346.
  4. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 4, ¶ 38.
  5. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145.
  6. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 20.
  7. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 33.
  8. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 46.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 56.
  10. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 102.
  11. 1 2 3 Carroll 2017, p. 258.
  12. ↑ "About Black x-press. (Chicago, Ill.) 1973-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  13. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 116, ¶ 1195.
  14. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 117.
  15. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 144.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Lochard 1963, p. 575.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Belles 1975, p. 347.
  18. ↑ Katz, Brigit (2019-07-09). "The 'Chicago Defender,' an Iconic Black Newspaper, to Release Its Last Print Issue". Smithsonian.
  19. ↑ Graham, Jefferson. "Legendary Chicago Defender publication to go digital only". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-12-18. In 2008, the paper switched back to a weekly circulation.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Belles 1975, p. 348.
  21. ↑ Linda M. Carter (2017). "Leavell, Dorothy R.". Encyclopedia of African American Business (2nd ed.). pp. 479–481. ISBN   9781440850288.
  22. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 202.
  23. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 223.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Mouser 2014, p. 80.
  25. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 146.
  26. 1 2 Dawkins, Wayne (1997). Black Journalists: The NABJ Story. August Press LLC. p. 54. ISBN   9780963572042. They met in 1950 when Jarrett was with the Chicago Globe, a new black newspaper.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1207.
  28. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287.
  29. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, pp. 146–147, ¶ 1524.
  30. ↑ Illinois Secretary of State (1923). Blue Book of the State of Illinois. p. 138.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 290.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 147.
  33. 1 2 "Title: Lawndale drum" . Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  34. ↑ "Chicago Metro News Shuts Down After 25 Years". The Chicago Reporter. June 1991.
  35. ↑ Census Bureau 1938, p. 4.
  36. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 402, ¶ 4193.
  37. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 410, ¶ 4267.
  38. 1 2 "Council Lends an Ear to Spat of 2 Aldermen". Chicago Tribune. 1964-05-28. p. 5. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  39. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 418, ¶ 4348.
  40. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 420, ¶ 4369.
  41. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 449, ¶ 4682.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 148.
  43. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5474.
  44. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5476.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5477.
  46. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5478.
  47. ↑ "South Street Journal". Issuu.com. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  48. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5479.
  49. 1 2 3 Census Bureau 1938, p. 5.
  50. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 562, ¶ 5867.
  51. ↑ "About Today's chronicle. (Chicago, IL) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  52. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 225.
  53. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 594, ¶ 6204.
  54. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 605, ¶ 6327.
  55. ↑ Lee, William (2016-09-25). "Longtime owner and publisher of Citizen newspapers dies". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 609, ¶ 6367.
  57. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5930.
  58. 1 2 "About Tri-city journal. (Chicago Heights, Ill.) 1978-current Chicago Heights, Ill. (1978-current)". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  59. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 617, ¶ 6446.
  60. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 619, ¶ 6473.
  61. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 166.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Belles 1975, p. 349.
  63. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 430, ¶ 4472.
  64. 1 2 "Randolph R. Tomlinson Sr". Legacy.com . Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  65. ↑ "About Chicago-south suburban news. [volume] (Harvey, Ill.) 1968-1972" . Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  66. 1 2 3 "Pembroke Eagle editor, publisher Ozroe Bentley dies". Daily Journal. 2004-09-24. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  67. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 457, ¶ 4759.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Belles 1975, p. 350.
  69. ↑ "About The Robbins informer. (Robbins, Ill.) 1947-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  70. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 592, ¶ 6195.
  71. 1 2 "George Anne Duckett, Obituary". Rockford Public Library. 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  72. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5480.
  73. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 430, ¶ 4473.
  74. ↑ Hawkins, John Russell (1916). "Jameson, Henry Washington". Centennial Encyclopedia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Volume 1. p. 276.
  75. ↑ "African-American Newspapers in Champaign-Urbana". eBlackChampaign-Urbana. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  76. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 103, ¶ 1060.
  77. ↑ Freeman, Huey (2015-08-09). "Horace Livingston Jr. honored with Mueller Park sculpture". Herald & Review. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  78. ↑ Churchill, Theresa (2014-06-22). "Civil rights activist Horace Livingston Jr. dies at 92". Herald & Review. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  79. ↑ "About The Illinois star. (Galesburg, Ill.) 1935-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  80. ↑ "Knox aims to uncover 'hidden history' of Galesburg's black community". The Register-Mail. 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  81. ↑ "The Illinois Star 4 July 1935". Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. 1935-07-04. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
  82. 1 2 Walker 1996, p. 15.
  83. 1 2 Fitzgerald, Mark (2007-01-01). "One Black Paper Shatters 'Taboos'". Editor & Publisher. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  84. ↑ Camara 2013, p. 26.
  85. 1 2 Camara 2013, p. 23.
  86. 1 2 Camara 2013, p. 56.
  87. ↑ Sherman, Pete (2008-05-31). "Key Figures: E.L. Rogers". Springfield Journal-Register. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  88. ↑ "Illinois State Informer (newspaper)". SangamonLink. Sangamon County Historical Society. 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  89. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Belles 1975, p. 351.
  90. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 478.
  91. 1 2 3 Mansberger & Stratton 2018, p. 198.
  92. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 540, ¶ 5631.
  93. ↑ Walker 1996, p. 14.
  94. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 597.
  95. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 128.
  96. ↑ Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. p. 230. ISBN   9780882581927.
  97. ↑ Walker 1996, p. 13.
  98. ↑ Dolinar 2013, p. 113.
  99. 1 2 Lancaster, Emmer Martin (1966). A Guide to Negro Marketing Information. U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration. p. 38.
  100. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373.
  101. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 536.
  102. ↑ Hobbs, Allyson (2006). "Guide to the Ben Burns Collection, 1939 - 1999". Mapping the Stacks: A Guide to Black Chicago's Hidden Archives. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  103. 1 2 Lord & Thomas and Logan Pocket Directory of the American Press. 1912. p. 128.
  104. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 361.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.