List of African American newspapers and media outlets

Last updated

This is a list of African American newspapers and media outlets, which is sortable by publication name, city, state, founding date, and extant vs. defunct status. For more detail on a given newspaper, see the linked entries below. See also by state, below on this page, for entries on African American newspapers in each state.

Contents

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African-American newspapers
NameCityStateFoundedClosed
92d Buffalo Fort HuachucaArizona1943–1945 [1] Defunct
93d Blue Helmet Fort HuachucaArizona1942–1943 [2] Defunct
AC Phoenix News, TheWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1983 [3] Extant
Advance, TheWilmingtonDelaware1899–19? [4] Defunct
AdvocateCharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Advocate, The PortlandOregon1903–1933Defunct
African ExpositorRaleighNorth Carolina18??–18? [6] Defunct
African-American News and Issues HoustonTexas1996Extant
Africo-American Presbyterian WilmingtonNorth Carolina1879–1938 [7] Defunct
Afro-American Citizen, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1899–1902 [8] Defunct
Afro-American CourierYazoo CityMississippi1926–19? [9] Defunct
Daily Record WilmingtonNorth Carolina1895–1898 [10] [11] Defunct
Aliened American, The ClevelandOhio1852–1856 [12] Defunct
American Record PlattsmouthNebraska1945Extant
Anti-Slavery Bugle, The New LisbonOhio1845–1861Defunct
Appeal, TheSaint PaulMinnesota1889–19? [13] Defunct
Arizona Gleam, ThePhoenixArizona1929–193? [14] Defunct
Arizona SunPhoenixArizona1942–196? [15] Defunct
Arizona TribunePhoenixArizona1958–197? [16] Defunct
Atlanta Daily World AtlantaGeorgia1928 [17] Extant
Baltimore Afro-American BaltimoreMaryland1892Extant
Banner-Enterprise, TheWilmingtonNorth Carolina1883–18? [18] Defunct
Bay State Banner BostonMassachusetts1965Extant
Beacon Journal (later Beacon Digest and West Virginia Beacon Digest)CharlestonWest Virginia1957– [5] Defunct
Bee, TheWashingtonD.C.1882–1884 [19] Defunct
Birmingham Times BirminghamAlabama?Extant
Black Chronicle Oklahoma CityOklahoma1979Extant
Black Panther, The OaklandCalifornia1967–1980Defunct
Black Times: Voices of the National Community Palo AltoCalifornia1971–1976? [20] Defunct
Boston Guardian BostonMassachusetts1901–1950sDefunct
BreezeHuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Broad Ax, TheSalt Lake CityUtah1895–19? [21] Defunct
Burning Spear, The OaklandCalifornia1968Extant
Bystander, TheDes MoinesIowa1916–1922 [22] Defunct
California Eagle Los AngelesCalifornia1879–1964 [23] Defunct
Call, The Kansas CityMissouri1919Extant
Call and Post ClevelandOhio1928Extant
Carolina Panorama, The ColumbiaSouth Carolina1986Extant
Carolina Times, The DurhamNorth Carolina1921Extant
Cayton's MonthlySeattleWashington1921–1921 [24] Defunct
Cayton's WeeklySeattleWashington1916–1921 [25] Defunct
Century Voice, TheYazoo CityMississippi194?–19? [26] Defunct
Charleston Advocate, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1867–1868 [27] Defunct
Charleston Chronicle, The CharlestonSouth Carolina1971Extant
Charlotte Post, The CharlotteNorth Carolina1878Extant
Chattanooga Observer, The ChattanoogaTennessee1927–1962Defunct
Chicago Defender ChicagoIllinois1905Extant
Chicago Whip, TheChicagoIllinois1919–19? [28] Defunct
Chicago WorldChicagoIllinois1918–19? [29] Defunct
Christian BannerPhiladelphiaPennsylvania [30] Defunct
Christian Recorder, The PittsburghPennsylvania1854Extant
Cincinnati Herald, The CincinnatiOhio1955Extant
Cleveland Gazette, The ClevelandOhio1883–1945Defunct
Colored American, The New York CityNew York1837–1842Defunct
Colored American, The WashingtonD.C.1893–1904Defunct
Colored Citizen, TheHelenaMontana1894–1894 [31] Defunct
Columbus Times, The ColumbusGeorgia1921Extant
Community Citizen, TheNew AlbanyMississippi19??–19? [32] Defunct
Concordia Eagle, The VidaliaLouisiana1873–1890 [33] Defunct
Connecticut ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–194? [34] Defunct
Crisis, The BaltimoreMaryland1910Extant
Afro-American Sentinel OmahaNebraska1892Extant
Daily Express, TheDaytonOhio1950–1955 [35] Defunct
Daily National EraWashingtonD.C.1854–1854 [36] Defunct
Dallas Express DallasTexas1892–1970Defunct
Dayton Forum, TheDaytonOhio1913–1949 [37] Defunct
Delta Leader, TheGreenvilleMississippi1939–19? [38] Defunct
Denver Star, TheDenverColorado1913–1963 [39] Defunct
Detroit TribuneDetroitMichigan1933–1933 [40] Defunct
Detroit Tribune, TheDetroitMichigan1935–1966 [41] Defunct
Ebony Los AngelesCalifornia1945Extant
Echo, TheMeridianMississippi1942–1960 [42] Defunct
Essence New YorkNew York1970Extant
Facts, The SeattleWashington1961Extant
The Progress OmahaNebraska1889Extant
Final Call, The ChicagoIllinois1979 [43] Extant
Florida Sentinel Bulletin TampaFlorida1919Extant
Florida Star, The JacksonvilleFlorida1951Extant
Forum, TheSpringfieldIllinois1904–192? [44] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the Denver StarDenverColorado1912–1913 [45] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the StatesmanDenverColorado1906–1912 [46] Defunct
Free Citizen, TheOrangeburgSouth Carolina1874–1876 [47] Defunct
Free Press, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–186? [48] Defunct
Freedom New York CityNew York1950–1955Defunct
Freedom's Journal New York CityNew York1827–1829Defunct
Frost Illustrated Fort WayneIndiana1968Defunct
Future Outlook, TheGreensboroNorth Carolina1941–1972 [49] [50] Defunct
Gary Crusader GaryIndiana1961Extant
Gazette, TheRaleighNorth Carolina18??–1??? [51] Defunct
Georgetown Planet, TheGeorgetownSouth Carolina1873–1875 [52] Defunct
Golden Rule, TheVicksburgMississippi1898–19? [53] Defunct
Gossip Depot free online news MemphisTennessee2020 [54] Extant
Harambee News Los AngelesCalifornia1966–1969 [55] Defunct
Hartford ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–1947 [56] Defunct
Hartford-Springfield ChronicleSpringfieldMassachusetts1940–194? [57] Defunct
Houston Forward Times HoustonTexas1960Extant
Huntington EnterpriseHuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Huntington TimesHuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Illinois Times, TheChampaignIllinois19??–19? [58] Defunct
Indianapolis Freeman IndianapolisIndiana1888–1926Defunct
Indianapolis Leader IndianapolisIndiana1879–1891Defunct
Indianapolis Recorder IndianapolisIndiana1895Extant
Ink Fort WayneIndiana2001–?Defunct
Iowa State BystanderDes MoinesIowa1894–1916 [59] Defunct
Jackson Advocate JacksonMississippi1938Extant
Jet Los AngelesCalifornia1951Extant
St. Louis Palladium St. LouisMissouri1884?–1911?Defunct
Journal of Industry, TheRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1??? [60] Defunct
Kansas City Sun, TheKansas CityMissouri1908–1924 [61] Defunct
Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans or New Orleans TribuneNew OrleansLouisiana1864–1870Defunct
Langston City Herald, The Langston CityOklahoma1891–1902 [62] Defunct
Lexington Standard, TheLexingtonKentucky1892–1912 [63] Defunct
Liberator, The BostonMassachusetts1831–1865Defunct
Los Angeles Sentinel Los AngelesCalifornia1933Extant
Louisiana Weekly, The New OrleansLouisiana1925Extant
Louisianian, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1870–1871 [64] Defunct
Louisville Defender LouisvilleKentucky1933Extant
Maryville RepublicanMaryvilleTennessee1867–187? [65] Defunct
McDowell HeraldKeystoneWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
McDowell Times, The KeystoneWest Virginia1904–1941 [66] Defunct
Metropolis Weekly GazetteMetropolisIllinois1???–19? [67] Defunct
Metropolitan NewsChicagoIllinois1935–19? [68] Defunct
Miami Times, The MiamiFlorida1923Extant
Michigan Chronicle DetroitMichigan1936Extant
Missionary RecordCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–1879 [69] Defunct
Mojo New York CityNew York1968–?Defunct
Monitor, The OmahaNebraska1915Extant
Montana Plaindealer, TheHelenaMontana1906–1911 [70] Defunct
Muhammad Speaks ChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Muskogee Cimeter, TheMuskogeeOklahoma1901–19? [71] Defunct
Muslim Journal ChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Nashville Globe NashvilleTennessee1906–1960 [72] Defunct
National Enquirer and Pennsylvania Freeman PhiladelphiaPennsylvania1836–?Defunct
National Era, TheWashingtonD.C.1847–1860 [73] Defunct
National Forum, TheWashingtonD.C.1910–19? [74] Defunct
National Savings BankWashingtonD.C.1868–18? [75] Defunct
New Age, The PortlandOregon1896Defunct
New Age, TheButteMontana1902–190? [76] Defunct
New England BulletinHartfordConnecticut1949–19? [77] Defunct
New EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1870 [78] Defunct
New Era, The OmahaNebraska1921Extant
New Journal and Guide NorfolkVirginia1900Extant
New National EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1874 [79] Defunct
New Orleans Tribune, The New OrleansLouisiana1985Extant
New York Amsterdam News New York CityNew York1909Extant
North Carolina GazetteRaleighNorth Carolina1885–18? [80] Defunct
North Carolina RepublicanRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1880 [81] Defunct
North Star, The RochesterNew York1847–1851Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1922–1924 [82] Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1924–1925 [83] Defunct
Oakland Post, The OaklandCalifornia1963Extant
Ohio Daily-Express, TheDaytonOhio1946–1950 [84] Defunct
Ohio State NewsColumbusOhio1944–1952 [85] Defunct
Omaha Chronicle OmahaNebraska1933Extant
Omaha Guide OmahaNebraska1927Extant
Omaha Star OmahaNebraska1938Extant
Omaha Whip, The OmahaNebraska1922Extant
Our Time Press BrooklynNew York1996Extant
Peoples' Advocate, TheNew BernNorth Carolina1886–188? [86] Defunct
People's Advocate, The AlexandriaVirginia1874Extant
People's Recorder, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1893–1925 [87] Defunct
Philadelphia Independent, The PhiladelphiaPennsylvania1931–1971Defunct
Philadelphia Tribune PhiladelphiaPennsylvania1884Extant
Phoenix Index, ThePhoenixArizona193?–19? [88] Defunct
Phoenix TribunePhoenixArizona1918–193? [89] Defunct
PioneerMontgomeryWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Pioneer PressMartinsburgWest Virginia1882–19? [5] [90] Defunct
Pittsburgh Courier PittsburghPennsylvania1907–1966Defunct
Portland Observer, The PortlandOregon1970Extant
Portland Times, ThePortlandOregonabout 1919. [91] [92] [93] Defunct
Professional World, TheColumbiaMissouri1901–192? [94] Defunct
Ravenswood Post Menlo ParkCalifornia1953–1981Defunct
Republican, TheMaryvilleTennessee187?–187? [95] Defunct
Richmond Free Press RichmondVirginia1992Extant
Rising Son, TheKansas CityMissouri1896–19? [96] Defunct
Roanoke Tribune RoanokeVirginia1936Extant
Robbins Eagle, TheRobbinsIllinois1951–1963 [97] Defunct
Rock Hill Messenger, TheRock HillSouth Carolina1896–1921 [98] Defunct
Sacramento Observer, The SacramentoCalifornia1962Extant
San Francisco Bay View San FranciscoCalifornia1976Extant
Savannah Tribune SavannahGeorgia1875Extant
Seattle Medium SeattleWashington1970Extant
Seattle Republican, TheSeattleWashington1???–1915 [99] Defunct
Sedalia Weekly ConservatorSedaliaMissouri1903–1909 [100] Defunct
Semi-Weekly LouisianianNew OrleansLouisiana1871–1872Defunct [101]
Skanner, The PortlandOregon1975Extant
Soigne`+Swank Magazine [102] WabassoFlorida2020Extant
South Carolina LeaderCharlestonSouth Carolina1865–18? [103] Defunct
South Florida Times Oakland ParkFlorida?Extant
Southern Advocate, TheMound BayouMississippi1933–19? [104] Defunct
Southern Indicator, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1903–1925 [105] Defunct
Southern News, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina1936–19? [106] Defunct
Southland Advocate, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina19??–???? [107] Defunct
St. Louis Argus St. LouisMissouri1912Extant
St. Louis Sentinel St. LouisMissouri1968Extant
St. Paul Echo St. PaulMinnesota1925–1927 [108] Defunct
Statesman, The. [volume]DenverColorado1889–1906Defunct
Sun-Reporter San FranciscoCalifornia1943Extant
Tennessee Tribune NashvilleTennessee1992Extant
Enterprise, The OmahaNebraska1893–1914Defunct [109]
Topeka Plaindealer, The TopekaKansas1900–1932 [110] Defunct
Tribune Independent of Michigan, TheDetroitMichigan1933–1935 [111] Defunct
Tribune, TheRoanokeVirginia1951–19? [112] Defunct
Tri-State Defender MemphisTennessee1951Extant
Tulsa Star, The TulsaOklahoma1913–1921 [113] Defunct
Twin City Star, TheMinneapolisMinnesota1910–19? [114] Defunct
Vanguard NewsTerre HauteIndiana1994–1995 [115] Defunct
Voice of the PeopleLaurelMississippi19??–19? [116] Defunct
Washington Afro-American, The WashingtonD.C.1892Extant
Washington Bee, The WashingtonD.C.1882–1922 [117] Defunct
Washington Informer, The WashingtonD.C.1964Extant
Washington Sun, The WashingtonD.C.1960s (mid)Extant
West Virginia Digest CharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Eagle MontgomeryWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Enterprise CharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Spokesman HuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Weekly CharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Wilmington Journal WilmingtonNorth Carolina1928 [118] Extant
Winston-Salem Chronicle Winston-SalemNorth Carolina1974Extant

Online

By state

Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Virginia | Washington (state) | Washington, D. C. | West Virginia | Wisconsin

See also

References

  1. "92d Buffalo". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  2. "93d Blue Helmet". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. "The AC Phoenix News (Winston-Salem NC)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  4. "The Advance. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2637-8205 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Powell Hart, Betty L. (1991). "The Black Press in West Virginia: A Brief History, " in Honoring Our Past : Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History, ed. Joe William Trotter, Jr. and Ancella Radford Bickley. Charleston, WV: Alliance for the Collection, Preservation and Dissemination of West Virginia's Black History. pp. 156–179.
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  9. "Afro-American Courier". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  28. "The Chicago Whip". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  29. "Chicago World". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  32. "The Community Citizen". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  33. "The Concordia Eagle. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2163-7040 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  34. "Connecticut Chronicle". Chronicling America . ISSN   2642-7109 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  35. "The Daily Express". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  36. "Daily National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-5328 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  37. "The Dayton Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  38. "The Delta Leader". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  39. "The Denver Star. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2376 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  40. "Detroit Tribune [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2538 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  41. "The Detroit Tribune". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-350X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  42. "The Echo". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  45. "Franklin's Paper the Denver Star". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-235X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  46. "Franklin's Paper the Statesman". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2333 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  47. "The Free Citizen". Chronicling America . ISSN   2165-7742 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  48. "The Free Press. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1715 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  49. "The Future Outlook. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  51. "The Gazette. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2474-3143 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  52. "The Georgetown Planet". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-174X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  53. "The Golden Rule. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2576-4667 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  56. "Hartford Chronicle". Chronicling America . ISSN   2642-7125 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  57. "Hartford-Springfield Chronicle. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2688-9102 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  58. "The Illinois Times". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  59. "Iowa State Bystander. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2332-452X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  60. "The Journal of Industry. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2475-0654 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  61. "The Kansas City Sun". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-8329 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  62. "The Langston City Herald. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2158-8929 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  63. "The Lexington Standard. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2157-1384 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  64. "The Louisianian. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2326-6287 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  65. "Maryville Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2331-026X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  66. "The McDowell Times. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2640-3471 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  67. "Metropolis Weekly Gazette". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  68. "Metropolitan News". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  69. "Missionary Record. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2165-9419 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  70. "The Montana Plaindealer". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  71. "The Muskogee Cimeter. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2158-8937 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  72. "The Nashville Globe. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2373-4892 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  73. "The National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-5301 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  74. "The National Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   1940-7327 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  75. "National Savings Bank. [online resource]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  76. "The New Age. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2326-9650 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  77. "New England Bulletin". Chronicling America . ISSN   2643-5004 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  78. "New Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-6316.
  79. "New National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-6340 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  80. "North Carolina Gazette". Chronicling America . ISSN   2475-0638 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  81. "North Carolina Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2474-4492 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  82. "The Northwestern Bulletin. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  83. "The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  84. "The Ohio Daily-Express". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  87. "The People's Recorder. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1731 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  88. "The Phoenix Index". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  89. "Phoenix Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  90. "Pioneer Press [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2640-3714 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  93. "Negro Editors Sign Armistice". The Editor and Publisher. January 29, 1920.
  94. "The Professional World". Chronicling America . ISSN   2326-8530 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  95. "The Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2331-3021 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  96. "The Rising son. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2165-929X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  97. "The Robbins Eagle". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  98. "The Rock Hill Messenger. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1723 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  99. "The Seattle Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2157-3271 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  100. "Sedalia weekly Conservator". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-8264 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  101. "About Semi-weekly Louisianian". Chronicling America . Library of Congress. ISSN   2326-6309. LCCN   sn83016631. OCLC   9957091 . Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  102. "Soigne'+Swank Magazine". Two Queens Media. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  103. "South Carolina Leader [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1693 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  104. "The Southern Advocate". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  105. "The Southern Indicator [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1758 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  106. "The Southern News. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  107. "The Southland Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  108. "The St. Paul Echo. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  109. Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals: a national bibliography. Harvard University Press reference library. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 212. ISBN   978-0-674-00788-8.
  110. "The Topeka Plaindealer. [volume]". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  111. "The Tribune Independent of Michigan. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2562 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  112. "The Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  113. "The Tulsa Star. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2163-4866 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  114. "The Twin City Star. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  115. "Inventory: Vanguard News". Vigo County Public Library . Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  116. "Voice of the People". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  117. "The Washington Bee. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   1940-7424 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  118. "The Wilmington Journal". Wilmingtonjournal.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  119. Parlé Magazine
  120. "Black News". Black News. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  121. The North Star
  122. "Activist Shaun King On Why He's Reviving Frederick Douglass' 'North Star' Paper". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  123. Black Report
  124. "Shine My Crown" . Retrieved 11 May 2021.

Further reading