List of African American newspapers in Alabama

Front page of the Birmingham Wide-Awake from January 1900.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Alabama. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

The first such newspaper in Alabama was The Nationalist , published in Mobile from 1865 to 1869. ^[1] Many more followed it, with some 100 newspapers established in the 1890s alone as the reading population grew and became more urbanized.

Alabama's first state organization of African American newspapers was the Alabama Colored Press Association, which was founded by the editors of nine papers in 1887. ^[2] However, the association ceased to function after two years, due to many of its key members having been driven out of the state by racist violence. ^[2] As the growth of the African American press continued unabated, the Afro-American Press Association of Alabama was established in 1894. ^[2]

Newspapers

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Aldrich	The Alabama Time-Piece [3] The Alabama Timepiece [4]	1895 [4]	1902? [4]	Weekly [4]	LCCN   sn85044527 OCLC   11359168	Published by Aldrich Publishing Company. [4] Edited by B.L. Lester. [4]
Anniston / Birmingham  (1909–1911) [5]	The Baptist Leader	1880s [5]	1900s [5]	Weekly [5]	LCCN   sn85044572 OCLC   12056704	Edited by Jesse C. Duke. [6]
Anniston	The Union Leader	1901 [7]	1903? [7]	Weekly [7]	LCCN   sn85044820 OCLC   12368721
Bay Minette	American Banner	1895? [8]	? [8]	Weekly, bimonthly in 1899 [8]	LCCN   sn85044611 OCLC   12085208	Published by Boykin, S.J. [8] Attested through at least 1902. [8]
Belmont	News	1902 [9]	1903 [9]	Weekly [9]
Bethel	The Southern Star	1890s [10]	1900s [10]	Weekly [10]	LCCN   sn87050284 OCLC   16505917
Birmingham / Montgomery (1877–1882) [11]	Advance	1876 [11]	1882 [11]	Weekly [11]		First Democratic African American newspaper in Alabama. [11] Edited by James A. Scott. [11]
Birmingham	The Afro-American Labor Sentinel	1896 [12]	? [12]	Twice monthly [12]		Published by The Afro-American Labor and Protective Association. [12]
Birmingham	The Birmingham American	1910s [13]	1900s [13]	Weekly [13]	LCCN   sn87050405 OCLC   17279686
Birmingham	Birmingham Blade [14] The Birmingham Blade [15]	1907 [14]	1909 [14]	Weekly [14]	LCCN   sn86050141 OCLC   13355701	Published and edited by L.H. Harrison. [14]
Birmingham	Broad Axe	1891 [16]	1895 [16]			Edited by T.H. Jordan. [2]
Birmingham	By Any Means Necessary: (BAMN)	1985? [17]	?	Irregular [17]	OCLC   27921519	Published by New Afrikan People’s Organization. Edited by Thandisizwe Chimurenga. [17] Attested through at least 1993. [17]
Birmingham	Christian Era Birmingham Era	1886 [18]	1887 [18]			Edited by T.W. Coffee. [18]
Birmingham / Demopolis	The Christian Hope	1894? [19]	? [19]	Weekly [19]		Edited by L.S. Steinbeck. [19] Attested through at least 1902. [19]
Birmingham	Birmingham Free Speech	1901 [20]	? [20]	Weekly [20]	LCCN   sn86050142 OCLC   13355683	Published by Francis P. McAlpin. [20]
Birmingham	Hot Shots	1896 [21]	1900s [21]	Irregular [21]	LCCN   sn86050334 OCLC   13944291
Birmingham	Birmingham Mirror [22] The Birmingham Mirror [23]	1939? [23]	? [23]	Weekly [23]	LCCN   sn89050010 OCLC   19255850	Published by J. Howard Williamson. [23] Attested through at least 1974. [23]
Birmingham	Negro American [24] The Negro American [25] American Citizen (1888–) [18]	1886 [25]	1891? [25]	Weekly [25]	LCCN   sn87050415 OCLC   17293242	Edited by R.C.O. Benjamin from 1886 to 1887, when threats of white violence forced him to leave. [26] Subsequent editors included J.W. White, Albert Boyd, and A.N. Jackson. [18] "The most outspoken black paper in Birmingham". [26]
Birmingham	The New Era Banner	1918 [27] or 1919 [28]	? [28]	Weekly [28]	LCCN   sn87050161 OCLC   15725330
Birmingham	The Pleiades	1888 [29]	? [29]	Weekly [29]	LCCN   sn87050416 OCLC   17293270
Birmingham	The Birmingham Reporter	1900? [30]	? [30]	Weekly [30]	LCCN   sn88050035 OCLC   17545418	Published by the Colored Masonic Temple. [30] Attested through at least 1928. [30] Edited by Oscar W. Adams Sr. from 1907 to 1928. [30]
Birmingham	The Birmingham Reporter Birmingham Eagle Reporter	1915? [31]	1930s [32]	Weekly [31]	LCCN   sn87050145 OCLC   12061365	"Official organ of the Masons, Eastern Stars, and Knights of Pythias of Alabama and Knights and Ladies of Honor of the World." [32]
Birmingham	The Times Plain Dealer	1910s [33]	1900s [33]	Weekly [33]	LCCN   sn87050142 OCLC   15615311	Attested through at least 1921. [33]
Birmingham	The Birmingham Times	1964 [34]	current	Weekly [34]	LCCN   sn85044582 OCLC   11125591 ISSN   1534-2794	Official site
Birmingham	The Birmingham Truth	1902 [35]	1900s [36]	Weekly [36]	LCCN   sn85044585 OCLC   9514196	Attested through at least 1927. [36] Founded and until 1910 edited by Carrie A. Tuggle. [35]
Birmingham	The Truth	1903 [37]	1900s [37]	Weekly [37]	LCCN   sn87050092 OCLC   15376366	Attested through at least 1905. [37] Published by Tuggle Printing Company. [37]
Birmingham	The Voice of the People [38] Weekly Voice (1916–1917) [39]	1913? [38]	1920s [39]	Weekly [38]	LCCN   sn88050055 OCLC   17672113	Published by E.W. Howell. [38]
Birmingham	The Alabama Voice	1946 [40]	? [40]	Bimonthly newspaper [40]		Published by H.D. Coke. [40]
Birmingham	Weekly Pilot	1883 [41]	? [41]	Weekly [41]	LCCN   sn88050012 OCLC   17407826	Edited by J.H. Thomason. Published by Pilot Publishing Company. [41]
Birmingham	The Weekly Review	1934? [42]	? [42]	Weekly [42]	LCCN   sn85044586f OCLC   9509110	Published and edited by Robert Durr. [42]
Birmingham	Wide Awake Bulletin (1880s–1890s) [43] Wide-Awake (1890s–) [44] Birmingham Wide-Awake (1906–) [45]	1887 [43] or 1889? [46]	1890s [43]	Weekly [43] [46]	Wide-Awake Bulletin: LCCN   sn88050018 OCLC   17408400 Wide-Awake: LCCN   sn83025484, 2013254374 OCLC   850967976, 2775228, 9526349 Birmingham Wide-Awake: LCCN   sn87050155 OCLC   15720225
Birmingham	The Workmen's Chronicle [47] The Workmens Chronicle [48]	1917 [48]	? [48]	Weekly [48]	LCCN   sn88050014 OCLC   17407907	"Issued under the auspices of the Afro-American Sociological Congress." [47]
Birmingham	Birmingham World	1930 [49]	1996 [50]	Weekly, [49] twice weekly from 1940 to 1969 [50]	LCCN   sn83045136 OCLC   18729791, 2258369, 3449376	Founded by W.A. Scott. Published by Joe N. Dickson & Associates. [49]
Decatur	The Guardian	1910 [51]	1900s [51]	Monthly newspaper [51]	LCCN   sn88050094 OCLC   17857604	Attested through at least 1914. [51]
Decatur	Speakin' Out Weekly News [52] Speakin’ Out News [53]	1980 [54]	current	Weekly [54]	LCCN   sn88050097, sn90099002 OCLC   21026715, 17857788	Official site Published by William Smothers. [53]
Dothan	Southern Star	1916 [55]	? [55]	Weekly [55]	LCCN   sn86050439 OCLC   14866951	Published by M.S. Brown. Edited by M.J. Adams from 1918 to 1919. [55]
Dothan	The Voice Of The Negro [56] Voice of the Negro [57]	1912? [57]	? [57]	Weekly [57]	LCCN   sn86050440 OCLC   14867035	Attested through at least 1915. [56]
Epes	The Sumter Enterprise	1907 [58]	? [58]	Weekly [58]	LCCN   sn8850071 OCLC   17698936	Published and edited by A.G. Idrell. [58]
Eufaula	Vindicator	1889 [59]	?			Edited by T.W. Coffee. [59]
Eutaw	Greene County Democrat	?	current	Weekly [60]	LCCN   sn85044807 OCLC   9238773 ISSN   0889-518X	Official site
Eutaw	Western Guide	1905 [9]	1909 [9]	Weekly [9]
Fayette	Watchman	1902 [9]	1903 [9]	Weekly [9]
Florence	The Shoals News Leader	1979? [61]	? [61]	Weekly [61]		Published by Reginald Liner. [61]
Florence	The Watcher	1888 [62]	1800s [63]	Weekly [62]	LCCN   sn87050259 OCLC   9191005	Suspended publication in 1889. [63]
Georgiana	The Temple Star	1916? [64]	? [64]	Twice monthly [64]
Girard	Eastern Sunlight	1901 [9]	1914 [9]	Weekly [9]
Grove Hill	Grove Hill Herald	1800s [65]	1850s [65]	Weekly [65]	LCCN   sn85044896 OCLC   12442012 ISSN   2574-7428
Hayneville / Montgomery	The Republican Sentinel and Hayneville Times	1878 [66]	1878 [67]	Weekly [68]	LCCN   sn85044770 OCLC   12170385	Published by James T. Rapier. Edited by Nathan M. Alexander. [66]
Huntsville	Huntsville Gazette	1879 [69]	1894 [69]	Weekly [69]	LCCN   760643891, sn84020151, sn90023104 OCLC   18762026, 2710177 ISSN   2575-1271	Edited by Charles Hendley, Jr. [6] "[T]he most financially successful and enduring black newspaper in Alabama before 1900." [6]
Huntsville	The Herald	1878 [70]	1884 [70]	Weekly [71]	LCCN   sn85044762 OCLC   12170269	Edited by W.H. Councill. [71]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Journal	1895 [72]	1897 [72]	Weekly [72]	LCCN   sn86050127 OCLC   13364689
Huntsville	The Journal	1897 [73]	1912 [74]	Weekly [73]	LCCN   sn86050128 OCLC   13364698	Edited by H.C. Binford from 1897 to 1911, and then by J.A. Binford. [73]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Mirror	1935? [75]	? [75]	Weekly [75]	LCCN   sn87050016 OCLC   15116289	Edited by L.C. Jamar. [76]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Star	1900 [77]	? [77]	Weekly [77]	LCCN   2012254019, sn83025483 OCLC   2747386, 773146372, 9525997	Edited by Richard C. Hancock. [77]
Huntsville	The Weekly News	1968 [78]	1980s [79]	Weekly [78] or bimonthly [79]	LCCN   sn87050012 OCLC   15115941
Huntsville	The Weekly News	1900s [79]	1900s [79]	Weekly [79]	LCCN   sn88050153 OCLC   18395742	Attested from at least 1931. [79]
Kempsville	The Eagle [80] The Cagie [81]	1800s [80]	1910s [81]	Twice monthly [81]	LCCN   sn87050157, sn87050156 OCLC   15724910, 15724980
Lovan	The Eagle	1880s [80]	1900s [80]	Twice monthly [80]	LCCN   sn87050186 OCLC   15986125
Marion	The Journal Reporter	1870s [82]	? [82]	Weekly [82]	LCCN   sn88050195 OCLC   18545605	Attested through at least 1881. [82]
Mobile	Ace	1975 [83]	? [83]	Weekly [83]	OCLC   17270714	Edited by William Shirley and Arthur Johnson Jr. [83] Attested through at least 1979. [83]
Mobile	Mobile Beacon [84] The Mobile Beacon & Alabama Citizen [85] The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen [86]	1943 [86]	current	Weekly [86]	LCCN   760643870, 84020221, 88050211, sn84020221, sn88050212 OCLC   18659049, 2264283, 2666053	Published by Lancie M. Thomas. [86] Conflicting reports of closure in 2019. [87]
Mobile	Gazette	1883 [70]	1884 [70]	Twice weekly, then weekly (1882–1884) [70]		Final journalistic venture of Philip Joseph. [67]
Mobile	Herald	1871 [67]	1872 [67]			"[E]stablished in August 1871 to defend the Turner-Spencer faction of the party from attacks by the Mobile Republican." [67]
Mobile	Methodist Vindicator	1888 [59]	1889 [59]			Edited by T.W. Coffee. [59]
Mobile	The Nationalist	1865 [1]	1869 [1]	Triweekly [88]	LCCN   sn84023844 OCLC   11037661	First African American newspaper in Alabama. [89] Owned and managed by African Americans. [89] Edited in 1865 by John Silsby, and from 1866 to 1869 by Albert Griffin, "two white carpetbaggers". [89]
Mobile	The New Times	1981 [90]	current [90]	Weekly [90]	LCCN   sn85044906 OCLC   10487314 ISSN   0885-1662
Mobile	The Press Forum Sun	1900s [91]	1900s [91]	Weekly [91]	LCCN   sn88050206 OCLC   18657644
Mobile	The Press-Forum Weekly [92]	1929 [92]	1941 [92]	Weekly [92]	LCCN   sn88050205 OCLC   18657633
Mobile	The Mobile Republican	1870 [93]	1872? [93]	Weekly; daily in 1870 [93]	LCCN   760643865, sn87062006 OCLC   2674435	Initially a daily, purchased and turned into a weekly by Philip Joseph later in 1870. [94] James Shaw became editor and publisher in 1871. [94] "[P]ossibly the first in the state to be edited by an Afro-American." [94]
Mobile	The Southern Watchman	1899 [95]	1904 [95]	Weekly [96]	LCCN   sn88050167 OCLC   18517103	Edited by Anderson N. McEwen. [96]
Mobile	The Mobile Watchman Watchman	1873 [97]	1874 [98]	Weekly [97]	LCCN   sn88050159, sn88050160 OCLC   9200254, 9200310	Edited by Philip Joseph and K. H. Saltiel. [97]
Mobile	The Mobile Weekly Advocate	1911 [99]	? [99]	Weekly [99]	LCCN   sn88050162 OCLC   18516318	Attested through at least 1958. [99]
Mobile	The Mobile Weekly Press	1896? [100]	1929 [100]	Weekly [100]	LCCN   sn88050185 OCLC   18530886	Edited by Andrew N. Johnson from 1894 to 1907. [9]
Montgomery	The Advance	1877? [101]	1880s [102]	Weekly [101]	LCCN   sn87050046 OCLC   15220741	Published by James A. Scott. [101]
Montgomery	The Alabama Enterprise	1885? [103]	? [103]	Weekly [103]	LCCN   sn85045115 OCLC   12905754	Attested from 1886. [104] Edited by Sam B. Davis. [104]
Montgomery	The Alabama Guide	1884 [105]	? [105]	Monthly newspaper [105]		Published and edited by M.G. Thomas. [105]
Montgomery	Alabama Republican	1880 [106]	? [106]	Weekly [106]	LCCN   sn86050109 OCLC   13346900	Published and edited by Charles O. Harris. [106]
Montgomery	Alabama Tribune	1951 [107]	1964? [107]	Weekly [107]	LCCN   sn86050396 OCLC   14581814	Published by E.G. Jackson. [107]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Argus	1890 [108]	? [108]	Weekly [108]	LCCN   sn86050407 OCLC   14766859, 1476859
Montgomery	The Colored Alabamian	1907 [109]	1916 [109]	Weekly [109]	LCCN   sn83045035 OCLC   9308701
Montgomery	The Colored Citizen	1884 [110]	1884 [110]	Weekly [110]	LCCN   sn85045116 OCLC   12919260	Published by Brown Brothers. [110]
Montgomery	The Emancipator	1917 [111]	1920s [111]	Weekly [111]	LCCN   sn86050425 OCLC   11961865	Edited by J. Edward McCall. [111]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Enterprise	1898 [112]	1900 [112]	Weekly [112]	LCCN   2013254326, sn83025485 OCLC   2753672, 844394869, 9526435
Montgomery	The Evening Appeal	1886? [113]	? [113]	Unknown [113]
Montgomery	The Evening Appeal	1880s [114]	? [114]	Daily [114]	LCCN   sn85045113 OCLC   12905423	Published by Allred Bros. [114]
Montgomery	The Helping Hand	1907? [115]	1910s [116]	Weekly [115]	LCCN   sn86050428 OCLC   14817352	Published by Jackson A. Stokes. [115] Attested through at least 1912. [116]
Montgomery	The Herald	1886 [117]	1887 [117]	Weekly [117]	LCCN   sn85045117 OCLC   12919382	Published by Jesse C. Duke, who was driven from the state by a lynch mob after writing an anti-lynching editorial in The Herald in 1887. [118]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Mirror	1935? [119]	? [119]	Weekly [119]
Montgomery	Montgomery-Tuskegee Times: The Alternative [120] The Montgomery-Tuskegee Times [121]	1979 [120]	2000s	Weekly [120]	LCCN   sn85044592 OCLC   11817447
Montgomery	The Odd Fellows Journal	1885 [122]	? [122]	Monthly newspaper [122]	LCCN   sn93065629 OCLC   28004324	Attested through at least October 1886. [122]
Montgomery	The Republican Sentinel	1872? [123]	? [123]	Weekly [123]	LCCN   sn8650433 OCLC   14866378	Owned and edited by James T. Rapier. [67]
Montgomery [124]	The Southern Courier	1965 [124]	1968 [125]	Weekly [124]	LCCN   sn84025852 OCLC   10462102, 7852098	Moved from Atlanta to Montgomery in September 1965. [125]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Times	1977 [126]	1979 [126]	Weekly [126]	LCCN   sn86050432 OCLC   13460131
Montgomery	Voice of Action	1970 [127]	? [127]	Weekly [127]
Montgomery	Watchman Negro Watchman (1874) [70]	1873 [70]	1874 [70]			Edited by Philip Joseph, with William H. Councill and A.E. Williams as associate editors. [70]
Montgomery	The Weekly Citizen	1884 [128]	? [128]	Weekly [128]	LCCN   sn86050448 OCLC   14875394	Numerous editors and publishers. [128]
Montgomery	The Weekly News	1884 [129]	? [129]	Weekly [129]	LCCN   sn86050419 OCLC   14769112	Published by C.M. Brown, noted for his advocacy of black self-defense. [118]
Montgomery	Montgomery Weekly Review	1936? [130]	? [130]	Weekly [130]		Edited by William P. Smith. [130]
Opelika	The People's Choice	1894 [131]	? [131]	Weekly [131]	LCCN   sn85045044 OCLC   12739206	Edited by John P. Lawrence. [131] Circulation of 300. [132]
Patton Junction	The Patton Pointer	1897 [9] or 1898 [133]	1904 [9]	Weekly [133]	LCCN   sn87050225 OCLC   16096129	Edited by J.T. Nall. [133]
Selma	The Baptist Pioneer	1878 [134] or 1879? [135]	1886 [134]	Weekly [135] or monthly [136]	LCCN   sn85044666 OCLC   12152825	Published by the Alabama Baptist Normal and Theological School. [135] Edited by W.H. McAlpine. [135]
Selma	The Selma Cyclone	1886 [137]	1890s [137]	Weekly [137]	LCCN   sn85044523 OCLC   11198071	Edited by William J. Stevens from 1886 to 1887 and by John Mitchell Gee from 1887 to 1890. [26] Known for its conciliatory political stance. [26]
Selma	Dallas Post	1884 [138]	1884 [138]			Edited by W.H. Mixon. [138] "[T]he first secular Negro news journal ever published in Dallas County." [138]
Selma	The Independent Southern Independent	1800s [139]	? [139]	Weekly [139]	LCCN   sn85044581 OCLC   11200309	Edited by Mansfield Bryant from 1886 to 1889. [138] Absorbed Selma Social Circle and Gospel Messenger in 1888. [138]
Selma	Selma Record	1900 [140]	? [140]	Weekly [140]	LCCN   sn86050246 OCLC   13743949	Attested through at least 1902. [140]
Selma	Selma Sentinel	1965 [141]	? [141]	Weekly [141]	LCCN   sn85044634, sn85044636 OCLC   12119757, 12123801
Selma	Southern Christian Age	1898 [142]	? [142]	Weekly [142]		Edited by W.H. Mixon. [142] Attested through at least 1901. [142]
Selma	Southern Christian Recorder	1888 [138]	1891 [138]			Newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Edited by Mansfield Bryant. [138] Moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1891 after Bryant was arrested for his outspoken writing and his life was threatened by a lynch mob. [26]
Slocomb	Ardis Times	1909 [9]	1911 [9]	Weekly [9]
Talladega	Reporter and Watchtower	1873 [143]	1886? [143]	Weekly [143]	LCCN   sn84023594 OCLC   10896961	Published by T.J. Cross and M.H. Cruikshank. [143]
Talladega	The Southern Sentinel	1877 [144]	1881? [144] or 1886 [70]	Monthly during school year [144]	LCCN   sn88050143 OCLC   18370187	Edited by Edward P. Lord from 1877 to 1879, and George N. Ellis from 1879 to 1881. [144]
Tunnell Springs	Eagle	1888	1913
Tuscaloosa	Alabama Citizen [145] The Alabama Citizen and the Tuscaloosa Weekly Review [146]	1944? [146] or 1947 [145]	1947 [146] or 1963 [145]	Weekly [146]	LCCN   sn88050211 OCLC   18658854, 18658986	Published by James R. Greene. [146] Published in Mobile from October 1961 to September 1963. [145]
Tuscaloosa	Tuscaloosa Courier	1979? [147]	? [147]	Monthly newspaper [147]	OCLC   26923020	Published by Charles Steele Jr. [147]
Tuscaloosa	Tuskaloosa Chronicle	1896 [148]	? [148]	Weekly [148]	LCCN   sn88050106 OCLC   17869150
Tuscumbia	The American Star	1901 [149]	1929? [150]	Monthly [149]	LCCN   sn85045004 OCLC   12689668	"[T]he leading black paper in northwest Alabama." [150] Edited by G.W. Trenholm. [150]
Tuskegee	The Alabama Headlight	1900 [151]	1902? [151]	Semimonthly [151]		Published by Alabama Headlight. [151]
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Herald	1950 [152]	1958 [152]	Monthly newspaper [152]	LCCN   sn86050103 OCLC   13291570	Published by Hal Fisher. Edited by Mrs. E.M. Washington. [152]
Tuskegee	The Messenger	1905 [153]	1900s [153]	Weekly [153]	LCCN   sn92063894 OCLC   26654014
Tuskegee	The Negro Farmer	1940 [154]	? [154]	Monthly newspaper [154]	LCCN   2004225260 OCLC   55899359
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Progressive	1970? [155]	1971 [155]	Weekly [155]	LCCN   sn86050100 OCLC   13290841	Published by Joseph Ervin Morse. [155]
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Times	1974 [156]	1976 [156]	Weekly [156]	LCCN   sn86050101 OCLC   13290880
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Voice	1976 [157]	1977 [157]	Weekly [157]	LCCN   sn86050099 OCLC   13290757	Published by J. Lowell Ware and edited by Rick Dunn. [157]
Tuskegee	The Zion Church Worker: The Home Newspaper	1900 [158]	? [158]	Monthly newspaper [158]
Union Springs	The Union Springs Enterprise	1895 [159]	? [159]	Weekly [159]	LCCN   sn85044566 OCLC   12049726	Edited by B.F. Rollins, then by R.T. Timothy in September–October 1896. [159]
Uniontown	The Negro Leader [160] The Uniontown News [161]	1900 [161]	1917 [9]	Weekly [161]	LCCN   87050364, sn87050363, sn87050364 OCLC   17003390, 17003504	Official organ of the Black Belt Farmers Conference. [160]
Wetumpka	Observer	1910 [9]	1912 [9]	Weekly [9]
Yantley	Racial Endeavors	1906 [9]	1907 [9]	Weekly [9]

See also

• List of African American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African American newspapers in Florida
• List of African American newspapers in Georgia
• List of African American newspapers in Mississippi
• List of African American newspapers in Tennessee
• List of newspapers in Alabama

Works cited

• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674007888.
• Jones, Allen Woodrow (1983). "Alabama". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979 . ISBN   9780313222443.
• Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN   9780882581927.
• Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN   9781578593699.

References

1. Smith 2012, p. 408.
2. Jones 1983, p. 35.
3. "About The Alabama time-piece. [volume] (Aldrich, Ala.) 1895-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
4. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 317.
5. "About The Baptist leader. [volume] (Anniston, Ala.) 188?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
6. Jones 1983, p. 29.
7. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6025.
8. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 400.
9. Jones 1983, p. 59.
10. "About The Southern star. (Bethel, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
11. Jones 1983, p. 27.
12. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 25, ¶ 249.
13. "About The Birmingham American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 727.
15. "About The Birmingham blade. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1907-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
16. Jones 1983, p. 56.
17. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1314.
18. Jones 1983, p. 33.
19. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 150, ¶ 1563.
20. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 728.
21. "About Hot shots. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1896-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
22. "About Birmingham mirror. (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
23. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 729.
24. "About Negro American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1886-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
25. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 398, ¶ 4149.
26. Jones 1983, p. 32.
27. "About The New era banner. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1918-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
28. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 408, ¶ 4247.
29. "About The Pleiades. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
30. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 730.
31. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 731.
32. "About The Birmingham reporter. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1???-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
33. "About The Times plain dealer. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
34. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 732.
35. Flynt, Wayne (2004). Alabama in the Twentieth Century. University of Alabama Press. ISBN   9780817314309.
36. "About The Birmingham truth. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
37. "About The Truth. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
38. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6252.
39. "About The Voice of the people. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
40. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 32, ¶ 319.
41. "About Weekly pilot. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1883-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
42. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6351.
43. "About Wide awake bulletin. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1887-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
44. "About Wide-awake. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 189?-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
45. "About Birmingham wide-awake. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1906-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
46. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 615, ¶ 6424.
47. "About The Workmen's chronicle. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
48. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6487.
49. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 735.
50. Birmingham Public Library. "Birmingham World". Local Databases. Retrieved 2020-02-11. Frequency: semi-weekly from 1940 - April 2, 1969; weekly from April 9, 1969 - 1996.
51. "About The Guardian. (Decatur, Ala.) 1910-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
52. "About Speakin' out weekly news. (Decatur, Ala.) 198?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
53. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 533, ¶ 5558.
54. "About Speakin' out news. (Decatur, Ala.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
55. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5522.
56. "About The Voice of the Negro. [volume] (Dothan, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
57. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6250.
58. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 548, ¶ 5718.
59. Jones 1983, p. 34.
60. "About Greene County democrat. [volume] (Eutaw, Ala.) 1???-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
61. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 514, ¶ 5374.
62. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 604, ¶ 6311.
63. "About The watcher. [volume] (Florence, Ala.) 1888-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
64. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5806.
65. "About Grove Hill herald. [volume] (Grove Hill, Ala.) 18??-185?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
66. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5112.
67. Jones 1983, p. 25.
68. "About The Republican sentinel and Hayneville times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala. ;) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
69. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3009.
70. Jones 1983, p. 26.
71. "About The Herald. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 187?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
72. "About The Huntsville journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1895-1897". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
73. "About The Journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1897-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
74. Jones 1983, p. 38.
75. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3010.
76. "About The Huntsville mirror. (Huntsville, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
77. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3011.
78. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6344.
79. "About The Weekly news. (Huntsville, Ala.) 1968-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
80. "About The Eagle. (Kempsville, Ala.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
81. "About The Cagie. (Kempsville, Ala.) 1899-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
82. "About The Journal reporter. (Marion, Ala.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
83. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 6, ¶ 62.
84. "About Mobile beacon. (Mobile, Ala.) 195?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
85. "About The Mobile beacon & Alabama citizen. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1963-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
86. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3876.
87. WPMI Web Staff (2018-12-12). "Mobile Beacon closing in 2019?" . Retrieved 2020-02-15. Today the Lagniappe reported that Alabama's oldest African-American newspaper, The Mobile Beacon, will close next year . . . . But tonight the Mobile Beacon's owner tells NBC 15 she's not closing.
88. "About The Nationalist. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1865-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
89. Jones 1983, p. 23.
90. "About The new times. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1981-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
91. "About The Press forum sun. (Mobile, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
92. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 472, ¶ 4915.
93. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3877.
94. Jones 1983, p. 24.
95. Jones 1983, p. 37.
96. "About The Southern watchman. (Mobile, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
97. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3879.
98. Jones 1983, p. 53.
99. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3880.
100. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3881.
101. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 8, ¶ 83.
102. "About The Advance. (Montgomery, Ala.) 187?-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
103. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 310.
104. "About The Alabama enterprise. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
105. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 311.
106. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 313.
107. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 318.
108. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3893.
109. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1672.
110. "About The Colored citizen. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1884-1884". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
111. "About The Emancipator. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1917-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
112. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3895.
113. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2252.
114. "About The Evening appeal. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
115. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2864.
116. "About The Helping hand. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 19??-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
117. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2872.
118. Jones 1983, p. 30.
119. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3896.
120. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3899.
121. "About The Montgomery-Tuskegee times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
122. "About The Odd fellows journal. (Montgomery, Ala.) 1885-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
123. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5111.
124. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 527, ¶ 5500.
125. "About The Southern courier. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1965-1968". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
126. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3897.
127. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 595, ¶ 6221.
128. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6337.
129. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6345.
130. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3898.
131. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4779.
132. Jones 1983, p. 36.
133. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 455, ¶ 4746.
134. Jones 1983, pp. 25–26.
135. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 60, ¶ 616.
136. "About The Baptist pioneer. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
137. "About The Selma cyclone. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 1886-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
138. Jones 1983, p. 31.
139. "About The Independent. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
140. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5317.
141. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5318.
142. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5496.
143. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5106.
144. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5520.
145. "About Alabama citizen. (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) 1947-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
146. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 308.
147. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5964.
148. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5965.
149. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 425.
150. Jones 1983, p. 39.
151. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 312.
152. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5967.
153. "About The Messenger. (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1905-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
154. "About The Negro farmer. [microfilm reel] (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1940-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
155. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5971.
156. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5974.
157. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5977.
158. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 627, ¶ 6557.
159. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6028.
160. "About The Negro leader. (Uniontown, Ala.) 19??-1915". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
161. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6031.