List of African American newspapers in Tennessee

Last updated

A front page of the Maryville Republican from 1867. Maryville Republican 1867-11-02.jpg
A front page of the Maryville Republican from 1867.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Tennessee. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

Contents

More than 100 such papers have been published in Tennessee. [1] The first was The Colored Tennessean , first published in Nashville on April 29, 1865. [2]

Newspapers currently in publication are highlighted in green in the list below.

Newspapers

CityTitleBeginningEndFrequencyCall numbersRemarks
Athens Watchman1891 [3] 1895 [3]
Chattanooga The Chattanooga Advocate1915 [4] 1900s [4] Weekly [4]
  • LCCN   sn98069675
  • OCLC   38450720
Chattanooga
  • Blade [3]
  • Chattanooga Weekly Blade [5]
1898 [3] 1916 [3] Weekly [5]
Chattanooga Citizen1947 [3] 1947 [3]
Chattanooga Colored Citizen1908 [3] 1911 [3]
Chattanooga Chattanooga Courier1990s [6] 1990s [6] Weekly [6]
Chattanooga Defender1917 [3] 1937 [3]
Chattanooga The Chattanooga Enterprise1969 [7] 1900s [7] Weekly [7]
Chattanooga Freeman1896 [3] 1897 [3]
Chattanooga Harambee1974 [3] 1974 [3]
Chattanooga Independent Tribune1886 [3] 1886 [3]
Chattanooga Industrial Searchlight1899 [3] 1903 [3]
Chattanooga Journal1973 [3] 1974 [3]
Chattanooga Justice1887 [8] 1887 [3] Weekly [8]
  • Published by Horn, Wilson & Co. [9]
Chattanooga
  • News Weekly
  • Chattanooga News Weekly (1986–1989) [10]
1986 [10] 1994 [11] Weekly [11]
Chattanooga Sun1913 [12] 1915 [12]
Chattanooga National Democracy1918 [12] 1921 [12]
Chattanooga
  • Chattanooga News Chronicle
  • Chattanooga Chronicle
currentWeekly
Chattanooga The Chattanooga North Star1982 [13] 1980s [13] Weekly [13]
Chattanooga Observer1890 [12] 1895 [12]
  • Distinct from later Observer in 20th century. [12]
Chattanooga Chattanooga Observer 1927 [12] or 1928? [14] 1966 [12] Weekly [14]
Chattanooga Radiance1978 [12] 1978 [12]
Chattanooga Southern American1884 [12] 1887 [12]
Chattanooga Tribune1928 [12] 1931 [12]
Clarksville News Herald1913 [12] 1917 [12]
Clarksville Negro Index1901 [12] 1903 [12]
Clarksville Sun1950s [15] 1950s [15]
Columbia Headlight1893 [15] 1895 [15]
Columbia Columbia Index1901 [16] 1900s [16] Monthly newspaper [16]
Fayetteville Advocate1900 [15] 1905 [15]
Fayetteville Rising Sun1895 [15] 1899 [15]
Franklin The Black Perspective Inside/Out1981 [17] 1980s [17] Monthly newspaper [17]
  • Edited by Robert W. Blair. [17]
Gallatin The Major1905 [15] 1914 [15] Twice monthly [18]
  • Attested from at least 1906. [18]
Jackson
  • Afro-American Sentinel [19]
  • The Afro-American Sentinel [20]
1890 [19] 1890 [15] Weekly [19]
Jackson Afro-American Standard1903 [15] 1906 [15]
Jackson Community Focus1985 [21] 1987 [21] Weekly [21]
  • Edited by Martha Robinson. [21]
Jackson Gazette1910 [15] 1912 [15]
Jackson The Jackson Headlight1899 [15] or 1900 [22] 1900 [15] Weekly [23]
Jackson The Metro Forum1989 [24] ?Weekly [24]
  • Edited by Bill Marable. Published by Bobby Lee. [24]
  • Attested through at least 1993. [24]
Jackson News1906 [15] 1907 [15]
Knoxville Knoxville Bulletin1881 [25] ?
Knoxville Knoxville Crusader1963 [26] ? [26] Weekly [26]
  • Edited by G.J. Hill. [26]
Knoxville The East Tennessee News 1906 [15] or 1908? [27] 1948 [15] Weekly [27]
  • Published by Webster L. Porter. [27]
Knoxville The Enlightener1989 [28] 1990s [28] Weekly [28]
Knoxville Enquirer1939? [29] 1939? [29]
Knoxville The Knoxville Examiner1982 [30] ?Biweekly [30]
Knoxville The Examiner1878 [25] 1878 [29]
Knoxville The Knoxville Express1982 [31] 1982 [31] Biweekly [31]
  • Edited by R.J. Booker. [31]
Knoxville Flashlight Herald 1931 [29] 1963 [29]
Knoxville Gleaner1891 [29] 1900 [29] Founded by printer and attorney James Leonard Smith. [32]
Knoxville Herald1927 [29] 1935 [29]
Knoxville Independent Call1952 [29] 1961 [29]
Knoxville Keyana1974 [33] 1974 [33] Weekly [33]
Knoxville The Keyana Spectrum1974 [34] 1975 [33] Weekly [34]
Knoxville Messenger1908 [33] 1910 [33]
Knoxville Monitor1944 [33] 1954 [33]
Knoxville
1887 [36] or 1888 [38] 1895 [36] or 1892 [33] Biweekly [36] or weekly [35]
  • Published by Patterson Brothers & Co. [36]
Knoxville New South1887 [39] 1895 [39]
Knoxville Public Guide1934 [39] 1938 [39]
Knoxville Review1904 [39] 1910 [39]
Knoxville The Righteous Tribe1973 [40] ? [40] Biweekly [40]
Knoxville The Knoxville Spectrum1974 [41] or 1975 [39] 1975 [41] Weekly [41]
Knoxville Times1964 [39] 1966 [39]
Knoxville Voice1949 [39] 1949 [39]
Liberty Afro-American1899 [39] 1902 [39]
Maryville
1879 [39] 1882 [39]
Maryville The Maryville Monitor 1872 [42] 1874 [42] Monthly newspaper [42]
  • Published by W.B. Scott & Co. [42]
Maryville
1867 [43] 1878 [43] or 1877 [39] Weekly [43]
Memphis African American Voice1994? [44] ? [44] Monthly newspaper [44]
Memphis Afro-American1895 [45] 1895 [45]
Memphis
  • Bluff City News
  • The Bluff City News [46]
1902 [45] or 1903 [47] or 1904? [46] 1920 [45] Weekly [47]
Memphis Colored Citizen1900 [45] 1921 [45]
Memphis Dublin Weekly Bulletin1920 [48] 1922 [48]
Memphis The Greater Memphis & Mid-South Silver Star News1980s [49] 1998 [49] Weekly [49]
Memphis Head and Hand1902? [48] 1902? [48]
Memphis Headlight1886 [48] 1888 [48]
Memphis
1888 [50] 1892 [51]
Memphis Index1923 [48] 1936 [48]
Memphis The Jerusalem Chronicle1990 [53] currentMonthly [53]
Memphis Journal1936 [48] 1938 [48]
Memphis Mid-South Express1979 [48] 1980s [54] Weekly [54]
  • Published by M. Latroy A. Williams Publishing Co. [54]
Memphis The Mid-South Tribune1996 [55] Weekly [55]
Memphis Mid-Weekly Progress1905 [48] 1910 [48]
Memphis The Moon Illustrated Weekly1905 [56] or 1906 [48] 1906 [56] Weekly [56]
Memphis The New Tri-State Defender1961 [57] 1967 [57] Weekly [57]
Memphis Outlook1902 [48] 1906 + 1920s [48]
Memphis Record1920 [48] 1922 [48]
Memphis Scimitar1898 [58] 1900 [58]
Memphis The Memphis Sentinel1940 [59] 1900s [59] Weekly [59]
Memphis Signal1901 [58] 1916 [58]
Memphis The Memphis Silver Star News1980s [60] 1989 [60] Weekly [60]
Memphis Star Times1954 [58] 1957 [58]
Memphis Sun1913 [58] 1913 [58]
Memphis Times1918 [58] 1937 [58]
Memphis The Times-Herald1959 [61] 1900s [61] Weekly [61]
Memphis
1951 [62] currentWeekly [62]
Memphis The Tri-state Tribune1920s [64] or 1930 [58] 1932 [58] Weekly [64]
Memphis Memphis Triangle1920s [65] or 1930 [58] 1932 [58] Weekly [65]
  • Billed as the "[l]argest circulated Negro weekly newspaper in the Mid-South." [65]
Memphis Memphis Watchman1884? [66] 1889? [66] Weekly [66]
  • Edited by J. Thomas Turner. [66]
Memphis Weekly Planet1872 [58] 1872 [58] Weekly
Memphis Memphis World 1931 [67] 1972 [58] Twice weekly [67] or weekly [68]
Morristown Reporter1920 [69] 1921 [69]
Murfreesboro The Murfreesboro News1954 [70] or 1956 [69] 1966 [69] Monthly newspaper [70]
  • Published by Pearl Wade. [70]
Murfreesboro The Murfreesboro Union1920 [71] 1900s [71] [71]
  • Attested through at least 1939. [71]
Nashville 780 Countdown1962 [72] 1964 [72]
Nashville The Block Bulletin1947 [73] or 1950 [69] 1950s [74] Monthly newspaper [73]
  • Published by Solid Block. Edited by George W. Harvey. [73]
Nashville
  • Capitol City Defender [75]
  • Capital City Defender [69]
1963 [75] 1965 [69] Twice monthly [75]
  • Published by H.C. Savage. [75]
Nashville Citizen1893 [69] 1905 [69]
Nashville The City Examiner1960 [69] or 1962 [76] 1962? [76] Weekly [76]
  • Published and edited by Mrs. W.A. Mason. [76]
Nashville Nashville Clarion1896 [77] or 1902 [69] 1937 [69] Weekly [77]
  • Attested through at least 1931. [77]
Nashville The Colored Tennessean1865 [78] 1866 [78] or 1867 [69] Weekly [78]
  • First African American newspaper in Tennessee, first published April 29, 1865.
  • Founded by William B. Scott.
Nashville The Nashville Commentator1948 [79] 1971 [80] Weekly [79]
Nashville Corner Stone1881 [80] 1892 [80]
Nashville The Nashville Defender1938 [81] 1943 [80] Weekly [81]
  • Edited by D.J. Fabree. [81]
Nashville The Ebony Gazette1975 [82] 1976 [80] Weekly [82]
  • Edited by Norman G. Simons. [82]
Nashville Emigration Herald1879 [80] 1879 [80]
Nashville Free Lance1885 [80] 1887 [80]
Nashville
  • Nashville Globe And Independent [83]
  • The Nashville Globe and Independent [84]
1930s [83] 1960 [85] Weekly [84]
  • Formed by the merger of the Nashville Globe and Nashville Independent. [83]
Nashville The Nashville Globe 1906 [86] 1930s [86] Weekly [86]
Nashville The Herald Examiner1976 [87] 1976 [85] Biweekly [87] or irregular [88]
  • Published by Robert J. Sye. [87]
Nashville Herald and Pilot1879 [85] 1879 [85]
Nashville Independence News1972 [89] ? [89] Biweekly [89]
  • Published by the Nashville Urban League. [89]
Nashville Nashville Independent1929 [85] or 1931 [90] 1938 [85] Weekly [90]
  • Merged with Nashville Globe to become the Nashville Globe and Independent. [91]
Nashville Metropolitan1979 [85] 1979 [85]
Nashville Metropolitan Times1980 [92] 1997 [93] Weekly [92]
  • Published by Latham Communications, Inc. Edited by Bruce Honick. [93]
Nashville Metropolitan Weekly1980 [94] 1980s [94] Irregular [94]
Nashville The Mid-State Observer1978 [95] 1970s [85] Weekly [95] or irregular [96]
  • Published by The Eagle Press. Edited by Lou Taylor. [95]
Nashville Neighborhood Times1959 [97] 1962 [97] Monthly newspaper (two summer months combined) [97]
Nashville News1914 [85] 1918 [85]
Nashville Nashville News-Star1960 [98] 1961 [85] Weekly [98]
Nashville Palladium1883 [85] 1909 [85]
Nashville
  • Nashville P.R.I.D.E [99]
  • Nashville Pride [100]
1988 [100] currentWeekly [99]
Nashville The Nashville Sun1950 [102] ? [102] Weekly [102]
  • Published by Central Southern Publishing Co., Inc. Edited by L.D. Williams (1950) and W.N. Daniel (1951). [102]
Nashville
1865 [104] or 1866 [103] 1867 [103] or 1866 [104] Weekly [103]
  • Published by Scott, Waring and Co. Edited by W.B. Scott. [103]
Nashville The Tennessee Star1886 [105] 1891 [105] Weekly [105]
  • Edited by George T. Robinson. [105]
Nashville Sun1950 [72] 1951 [72]
Nashville Times Mirror Tennessee1997 [106] 1998 [106] Weekly [106]
Nashville Tribune1912 [72] 1913 [72]
Nashville The Tennessee Tribune 1992 [107] currentWeekly [107]
Nashville Uplift1973 [72] 1976 [72]
Nashville The Urban Journal1998 [108] ?Weekly [108]
Nashville Weekly Pilot1878 / 1879 [72] 1879 / 1879 [72]
Nashville Nashville World1932 [72] 1938 [72] Weekly [109]
Nashville Yours1949 [72] 1949 [72]
Paris Headlight1909 [72] 1911 [72]
Winchester Negro Enterprise1899 [72] 1900 [72]

See also

Works cited

References

  1. ↑ Brown 1982, p. 9.
  2. ↑ Shannon 1983, p. 313.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Brown 1982, p. 197.
  4. 1 2 3 "About The Chattanooga advocate. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1915-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  5. 1 2 "About Chattanooga weekly blade. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 "About Chattanooga courier. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 199?-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 "About The Chattanooga enterprise. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1969-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  8. 1 2 "About Justice. [online resource] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  9. ↑ "About Justice. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  10. 1 2 "About Chattanooga news weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1986-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  11. 1 2 "About News weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1989-1994". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Brown 1982, p. 198.
  13. 1 2 3 "About The Chattanooga north star. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1982-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  14. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145, ¶ 1504.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Brown 1982, p. 199.
  16. 1 2 3 "About Columbia index. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 1901-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "About The black perspective inside/out. ([Franklin, Tenn.]) 1981-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  18. 1 2 "About The major. (Gallatin, Tenn.) 190?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 26, ¶ 259.
  20. ↑ "About The Afro-American sentinel. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1890-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "About Community focus. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1985-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  22. ↑ "About The Jackson headlight. [volume] (Jackson, Tenn.) 1900-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  23. ↑ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 309, ¶ 3244.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 360, ¶ 3770.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Lewis L. Laska (March 1, 2018). "William F. Yardley". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 9, 2020. In 1878 Yardley was the publisher and editor of Knoxville's first black newspaper, the Knoxville Examiner. In 1882 he organized and published another newspaper, the Knoxville Bulletin.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 329, ¶ 3437.
  27. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 203, ¶ 2119.
  28. 1 2 3 "About The enlightener. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1989-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Brown 1982, p. 200.
  30. 1 2 "About The Knoxville examiner. [volume] ([Knoxville, Tenn.]) 1982-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  31. 1 2 3 4 "About The Knoxville express. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1982-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  32. ↑ Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. 1915. p. 248.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brown 1982, p. 201.
  34. 1 2 "About The Keyana spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  35. 1 2 "About The Knoxville Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1888". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 404, ¶ 4204.
  37. ↑ "About The Weekly Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  38. ↑ "About Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Brown 1982, p. 202.
  40. 1 2 3 "About The righteous tribe. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1973-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  41. 1 2 3 "About The Knoxville spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "About The Maryville monitor. [volume] (Maryville, Tenn.) 1872-1874". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  43. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 354, ¶ 3707.
  44. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 14, ¶ 136.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brown 1982, p. 203.
  46. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 110, ¶ 1145.
  47. 1 2 3 "About Bluff City news. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Brown 1982, p. 204.
  49. 1 2 3 "About The greater Memphis & Mid-South silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  50. ↑ Brown 1982, p. 81.
  51. 1 2 3 Kenneth W. Goings (October 7, 2019). "Memphis Free Speech". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 10, 2020. The Free Speech received national attention in 1892 for its coverage of the so-called Curve Riot.
  52. ↑ Brown 1982, pp. 81–82.
  53. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 313, ¶ 3288.
  54. 1 2 3 "About Mid-South express. (Memphis, Tenn.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  55. 1 2 "About The Mid-South tribune. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 375, ¶ 3909.
  57. 1 2 3 "About The new tri-state defender. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1961-1967". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Brown 1982, p. 205.
  59. 1 2 3 "About The Memphis sentinel. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1940-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  60. 1 2 3 "About The Memphis silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  61. 1 2 3 "About The Times-herald. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1959-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  62. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5931.
  63. ↑ "About The tri-state defender. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1951-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  64. 1 2 "About The Tri-state tribune. (Memphis, Tenn) 192?-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  65. 1 2 3 "About Memphis triangle. [online resource] (Memphis, Tenn.) 192?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  66. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 357, ¶ 3749.
  67. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 358, ¶ 3750.
  68. ↑ "About Memphis world. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1931-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Brown 1982, p. 206.
  70. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 379, ¶ 3959.
  71. 1 2 3 4 "About The Murfreesboro union. [online resource] (Murfreesboro, Tenn.) 1920-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Brown 1982, p. 209.
  73. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 109, ¶ 1129.
  74. ↑ "About The block bulletin. (Nashville, Tenn.) 194?-195?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  75. 1 2 3 4 "About Capitol city defender. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1963-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  76. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 154, ¶ 1606.
  77. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4026.
  78. 1 2 3 "About The colored Tennessean. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  79. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4027.
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brown 1982, p. 207.
  81. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4028.
  82. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 204, ¶ 2132.
  83. 1 2 3 "About Nashville globe and independent. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  84. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4029.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Brown 1982, p. 208.
  86. 1 2 3 4 "About The Nashville globe. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  87. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2877.
  88. ↑ "About The herald examiner. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1976-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  89. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 294, ¶ 3094.
  90. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4030.
  91. ↑ "About Nashville independent. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1931-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  92. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3788.
  93. 1 2 "About Metropolitan times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 198?-1997". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  94. 1 2 3 "About Metropolitan weekly. ([Nashville, Tenn.) 1980-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  95. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3801.
  96. ↑ "About The mid-state observer. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1978-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  97. 1 2 3 "About Neighborhood times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1959-1962". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  98. 1 2 "About Nashville news-star. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1960-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  99. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4032.
  100. 1 2 "About Nashville pride. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  101. ↑ Pride Publishing Group. "Nashville Pride Newspaper, Nashville Community Newspaper" . Retrieved February 10, 2020. The Nashville PRIDE newspaper was founded on January 15, 1988 by Dr. Larry D. Davis and Dr. Cynthia E. Hodge.
  102. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4033.
  103. 1 2 3 4 5 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5807.
  104. 1 2 3 "About The colored Tennessean. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  105. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5809.
  106. 1 2 3 "About Times mirror Tennessee. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1997-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  107. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 557, ¶ 5811.
  108. 1 2 "About The urban journal. (Nashville, TN) 1998-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  109. ↑ "About Nashville world. (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
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