President of the Portuguese Republic | |
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Style | Excellency |
Residence | Belém Palace |
Term length | Five years, renewable once; may run for third and final non-consecutive term. |
Inaugural holder | Manuel de Arriaga |
Formation | 5 October 1910 |
Website | http://www.presidencia.pt/ |
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Portugal |
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Foreign relations |
The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, were not sworn into office as the President of the Republic, usually being the President of the Ministry (Prime Minister), but de facto accumulation this functions with that of the Head of State. See the notes for more information.
The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis. The oldest human fossil is the skull discovered in the Cave of Aroeira in Almonda. Later Neanderthals roamed the northern Iberian peninsula. Homo sapiens arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago.
The 5 October 1910 revolution was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the Portuguese Republic. It was the result of a coup d'état organized by the Portuguese Republican Party.
Republicanism is a representative form of government organization. It is a political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. Historically, it ranges from the rule of a representative minority or oligarchy to popular sovereignty. It has had different definitions and interpretations which vary significantly based on historical context and methodological approach.
The numbering reflects the uninterrupted terms in office served by a single man. For example, Jorge Sampaio served two consecutive terms and is counted as the 19th president (not the 19th and 20th). Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered to be the first President, although he would serve again as head of state and be the second president after the resignation of Manuel de Arriaga. However, Bernardino Machado served two non-consecutive terms, and he is counted as both the third and the eighth presidents. Because of this, the list below contains 20 presidencies, but only 19 presidents.
Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio, GColTE, GCIH, GColL is a Portuguese lawyer and politician who was the 18th President of Portugal from 1996 to 2006.
Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga was a Portuguese writer, playwright, politician and the leader of the Republican Provisional Government after the overthrow of King Manuel II, as well as the second elected President of the First Portuguese Republic, after the resignation of President Manuel de Arriaga.
Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue was a Portuguese lawyer, the first Attorney-General and the first elected President of the First Portuguese Republic, following the deposition of King Manuel II of Portugal and a Republican Provisional Government headed by Teófilo Braga.
Under the Constitution of Portugal adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the President is elected to a five-year term; there is no limit to the number of terms a president may serve, but a president who serves two consecutive terms may not serve again in the next five years after the second term finishes.
The present Constitution of Portugal was adopted in 1976 after the Carnation Revolution. It was preceded by a number of constitutions including ones created in 1822, 1838, 1911, and 1933.
The Carnation Revolution, also known as the 25th of April, was initially a 25 April 1974 military coup in Lisbon which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement, composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated, popular civil resistance campaign. The revolution led to the fall of the Estado Novo, the end of 48 years of authoritarian rule in Portugal, and Portugal's withdrawal from its African colonies.
The official residence of the President of Portugal is the Belém Palace.
The Belém Palace, or alternately National Palace of Belém, has, over time, been the official residence of Portuguese monarchs and, after the installation of the First Republic, the Presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Located in the civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém, the palace is located on a small hill that fronts the Praça Afonso de Albuquerque, near the historical centre of Belém and the Monastery of the Jerónimos, close to the waterfront of the Tagus River. The five buildings that make up the main façade of the Palace date back to the second half of the 17th century, and were built at a time when the monarchy and nobility increasingly desired to seek respite from the urbanized confines of Lisbon.
The current President of Portugal is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the winner of the 2016 presidential election.
Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa, ComSE, GCIH is a Portuguese academic, journalist, and politician, currently serving as the 20th and current President of Portugal, since 9 March 2016. A member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Rebelo de Sousa has served as a government minister, parliamentarian in the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic, legal scholar, journalist, political analyst and pundit, gaining him nationwide recognition prior to his election.
The colors indicate the political affiliation of each President.
Republican
Democratic
National Republican/Sidonist
Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
National Union/Popular National Action
Democratic Renewal
Socialist
Social Democratic
No party
The Portuguese Republican Party was a Portuguese political party formed during the late years of monarchy that proposed and conducted the substitution of the Constitutional Monarchy by the Portuguese First Republic.
The Democratic Party, officially known as the Portuguese Republican Party, was a Portuguese left-wing political party during the Portuguese First Republic. It was also the self-proclaimed successor to the original Portuguese Republican Party, which had been behind the revolution that established the Portuguese First Republic in 1910.
The National Republican Party, unofficially known as the Sidonist Party after its leader Sidónio Pais, was a political party in Portugal
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | |
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President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911) | ||||||
1 | Teófilo Braga [1] (1843–1924) | – | October 5, 1910 | August 24, 1911 | Republican | |
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926) | ||||||
2 | Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917) | 1911 | August 24, 1911 | May 26, 1915 [R] | Republican later Democratic | |
3 | Teófilo Braga [2] (1843–1924) | May 1915 | May 29, 1915 | October 5, 1915 | Democratic | |
4 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) | August 1915 | October 5, 1915 | December 5, 1917 [C] | Democratic | |
5 | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais | – | December 12, 1917 | April 28, 1918 | – | |
6 | Sidónio Pais [3] (1872–1918) | April 1918 | April 28, 1918 | December 14, 1918 [A] | National Republican or "Sidonist" | |
7 | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro | – | December 14, 1918 | December 16, 1918 | – | |
8 | João do Canto e Castro [4] (1862–1934) | December 1918 | December 16, 1918 | October 5, 1919 | National Republican or "Sidonist" | |
9 | António José de Almeida (1866–1929) | 1919 | October 5, 1919 | October 5, 1923 | Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal | |
10 | Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941) | 1923 | October 5, 1923 | December 11, 1925 [R] | Democratic | |
11 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time | 1925 | December 11, 1925 | May 31, 1926 [C] | Democratic |
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932) | ||||||
12 | José Mendes Cabeçadas [5] (1883–1965) | – | May 31, 1926 | June 17, 1926 [C] | Military officer | |
13 | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa | – | June 17, 1926 | June 29, 1926 | – | |
14 | Manuel Gomes da Costa [5] (1863–1929) | – | June 29, 1926 | July 9, 1926 [C] | Military officer | |
15 | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona | – | July 9, 1926 | November 29, 1926 | – | |
16 | Óscar Carmona [5] [6] (1869–1951) | – | November 29, 1926 | April 15, 1928 | Military officer | |
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974) | ||||||
17 | Óscar Carmona (1869–1951) | 1928 | April 15, 1928 | April 26, 1935 | Military officer from 1932 National Union | |
1935 | April 26, 1935 | April 15, 1942 | ||||
1942 | April 15, 1942 | April 20, 1949 | ||||
1949 | April 20, 1949 | April 18, 1951 [D] | ||||
18 | António de Oliveira Salazar [7] (1889–1970) (interim) | – | April 18, 1951 | July 21, 1951 | National Union | |
19 | Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964) | 1951 | July 21, 1951 | August 9, 1958 | National Union | |
20 | Américo Tomás (1894–1987) | 1958 | August 9, 1958 | August 9, 1965 | National Union from 1970 People's National Action | |
1965 | August 9, 1965 | August 9, 1972 | ||||
1972 | August 9, 1972 | April 25, 1974 [C] |
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976) | ||||||
21 | National Salvation Junta [8] President: António de Spínola | – | April 25, 1974 | May 15, 1974 | – | |
22 | António de Spínola (1910–1996) | – | May 15, 1974 | September 30, 1974 [R] | Military officer | |
23 | Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001) | – | September 30, 1974 | July 13, 1976 | Military officer | |
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present) | ||||||
24 | António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935) | 1976 | July 14, 1976 | January 14, 1981 | Military officer from 1985 Democratic Renewal | |
1980 | January 14, 1981 | March 9, 1986 | ||||
25 | Mário Soares (1924–2017) | 1986 | March 9, 1986 | March 9, 1991 | Socialist | |
1991 | March 9, 1991 | March 9, 1996 | ||||
26 | Jorge Sampaio (born 1939) | 1996 | March 9, 1996 | March 9, 2001 | Socialist | |
2001 | March 9, 2001 | March 9, 2006 | ||||
27 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939) | 2006 | March 9, 2006 | March 9, 2011 | Social Democratic | |
2011 | March 9, 2011 | March 9, 2016 | ||||
28 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948) | 2016 | March 9, 2016 | Incumbent | Social Democratic |
Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães, GCTE, GCL, was a Portuguese political figure, the third and eighth President of Portugal.
Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva PaisCavC OA CavA was a Portuguese politician, military officer, and diplomat, who served as the fourth President of the First Portuguese Republic in 1918. One of the most divisive figures in modern Portuguese history, he was referred to by the writer Fernando Pessoa as the "President-King", a description that stuck in later years and symbolizes his regime.
António José de Almeida, GCTE, GCA, GCC, GCSE, son of José António de Almeida and his wife Maria Rita das Neves, was a Portuguese political figure. He served as the sixth President of Portugal from 1919 until 1923.
The Portuguese Constituent Assembly election, 1975 was carried out in Portugal on 25 April 1975, exactly one year after the Carnation Revolution. It was the first free election held in Portugal since 1925, and only the seventh free election in all of Portuguese history. Turnout was a record 91.66 percent, which remains the highest ever in any Portuguese democratic elections.
António Óscar Fragoso Carmona, BTO, ComC, GCA, ComSE, was the 96th Prime Minister of Portugal and 11th President of Portugal (1926–1951), having been Minister of War in 1923.
This is a historical timeline of Portugal.
The First Portuguese Republic spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.
José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior, OTE, ComA, commonly known as Mendes Cabeçadas, was a Portuguese Navy officer, Freemason and republican, having a major role in the preparation of the revolutionary movements that created and ended the Portuguese First Republic: the 5 October revolution in 1910 and the 28 May coup d'état of 1926. In the outcome he became the 69th Minister of Finance for one day only on 30 May 1926, then becoming interim Minister for Foreign Affairs for two days between 30 May and 1 June, after which he again became the 70th Minister for Finance on the same day. He served as the ninth President of the Republic and Prime Minister for a brief period of time.
Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa, GOTE, GCA, GOA, commonly known as Manuel Gomes da Costa, or just Gomes da Costa, was a Portuguese army officer and politician, the tenth President of the Portuguese Republic and the second of the Ditadura Nacional.
Francisco da Costa Gomes, ComTE, GOA was a Portuguese military officer and politician, the 15th President of the Portuguese Republic.
Afonso Augusto da Costa, GCTE, GCL was a Portuguese lawyer, professor and republican politician.
The Ditadura Nacional was the name given to the regime that governed Portugal from 1928, after the re-election of General Óscar Carmona to the post of President, until 1933.
The 28 May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28 May Revolution or, during the period of the authoritarian Estado Novo, the National Revolution, was a military coup of a nationalist origin, that put an end to the unstable Portuguese First Republic and initiated 48 years of authoritarian rule in Portugal. The regime that immediately resulted from the coup, the Ditadura Nacional, would be later refashioned into the Estado Novo, which in turn would last until the Carnation Revolution in 1974.
João Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa, commonly known as João Tamagnini Barbosa, or Tamagnini Barbosa, was a Portuguese military officer and politician of the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926). He served as Minister of Interior, Colonies and Finances during the period known as "New Republic", after the coup d'état of the National Republican Party and the semi-dictatorial government of President/Prime Minister Sidónio Pais, followed by a brief participation in the provisional government of João do Canto e Castro after the assassination of Sidónio Pais.
The National Salvation Junta(Junta de Salvação Nacional,Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʒũtɐ dɨ saɫvɐˈsɐ̃w̃ nɐsiuˈnaɫ]) was a group of military officers designated to maintain the government of Portugal in April 1974, after the Carnation Revolution had overthrown the Estado Novo dictatorial regime. This junta functioned following a communiqué of its president, António de Spínola, at 1:30 a.m. on 26 April 1974. The National Salvation Junta was the de jure governing body of Portugal following the Carnation Revolution.
The Nationalist Republican Party was a right-wing republican party during the First Portuguese Republic. It was founded as a merger of the Republican Liberal Party, the Reconstitution Party and some elements of the old National Republican Party of Sidónio Pais. Initially with moderate conservative orientation, it drifted increasingly to the right, making concessions to Catholic constituencies towards the end of the First Republic.
João José Sinel de Cordes was a Portuguese general and politician.
Events in the year 1910 in Portugal.
Events in the year 1926 in Portugal.