List of Presidents of Portugal

President of the; Portuguese Republic
	Arms of the Portuguese Republic
	Flag of the President
	Incumbent; Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa ; since 9 March 2016
Style	Excellency
Residence	Belém Palace
Term length	Five years, renewable once; may run for third and final non-consecutive term.
Inaugural holder	Manuel de Arriaga
Formation	5 October 1910
Website	http://www.presidencia.pt/

Last updated April 19, 2019

The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, were not sworn into office as the President of the Republic, usually being the President of the Ministry (Prime Minister), but de facto accumulation this functions with that of the Head of State. See the notes for more information.

The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis. The oldest human fossil is the skull discovered in the Cave of Aroeira in Almonda. Later Neanderthals roamed the northern Iberian peninsula. Homo sapiens arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago.

5 October 1910 revolution October 1910 coup détat in Portugal

The 5 October 1910 revolution was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the Portuguese Republic. It was the result of a coup d'état organized by the Portuguese Republican Party.

Republicanism is a representative form of government organization. It is a political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. Historically, it ranges from the rule of a representative minority or oligarchy to popular sovereignty. It has had different definitions and interpretations which vary significantly based on historical context and methodological approach.

Presidents

The numbering reflects the uninterrupted terms in office served by a single man. For example, Jorge Sampaio served two consecutive terms and is counted as the 19th president (not the 19th and 20th). Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered to be the first President, although he would serve again as head of state and be the second president after the resignation of Manuel de Arriaga. However, Bernardino Machado served two non-consecutive terms, and he is counted as both the third and the eighth presidents. Because of this, the list below contains 20 presidencies, but only 19 presidents.

Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio, GColTE, GCIH, GColL is a Portuguese lawyer and politician who was the 18th President of Portugal from 1996 to 2006.

Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga was a Portuguese writer, playwright, politician and the leader of the Republican Provisional Government after the overthrow of King Manuel II, as well as the second elected President of the First Portuguese Republic, after the resignation of President Manuel de Arriaga.

Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue was a Portuguese lawyer, the first Attorney-General and the first elected President of the First Portuguese Republic, following the deposition of King Manuel II of Portugal and a Republican Provisional Government headed by Teófilo Braga.

Under the Constitution of Portugal adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the President is elected to a five-year term; there is no limit to the number of terms a president may serve, but a president who serves two consecutive terms may not serve again in the next five years after the second term finishes.

The present Constitution of Portugal was adopted in 1976 after the Carnation Revolution. It was preceded by a number of constitutions including ones created in 1822, 1838, 1911, and 1933.

The Carnation Revolution, also known as the 25th of April, was initially a 25 April 1974 military coup in Lisbon which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement, composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated, popular civil resistance campaign. The revolution led to the fall of the Estado Novo, the end of 48 years of authoritarian rule in Portugal, and Portugal's withdrawal from its African colonies.

The official residence of the President of Portugal is the Belém Palace.

The Belém Palace, or alternately National Palace of Belém, has, over time, been the official residence of Portuguese monarchs and, after the installation of the First Republic, the Presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Located in the civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém, the palace is located on a small hill that fronts the Praça Afonso de Albuquerque, near the historical centre of Belém and the Monastery of the Jerónimos, close to the waterfront of the Tagus River. The five buildings that make up the main façade of the Palace date back to the second half of the 17th century, and were built at a time when the monarchy and nobility increasingly desired to seek respite from the urbanized confines of Lisbon.

The current President of Portugal is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the winner of the 2016 presidential election.

Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa, ComSE, GCIH is a Portuguese academic, journalist, and politician, currently serving as the 20th and current President of Portugal, since 9 March 2016. A member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Rebelo de Sousa has served as a government minister, parliamentarian in the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic, legal scholar, journalist, political analyst and pundit, gaining him nationwide recognition prior to his election.

The colors indicate the political affiliation of each President.

     Republican
     Democratic
     National Republican/Sidonist
     Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
     National Union/Popular National Action
     Democratic Renewal
     Socialist
     Social Democratic
    No party

The Portuguese Republican Party was a Portuguese political party formed during the late years of monarchy that proposed and conducted the substitution of the Constitutional Monarchy by the Portuguese First Republic.

The Democratic Party, officially known as the Portuguese Republican Party, was a Portuguese left-wing political party during the Portuguese First Republic. It was also the self-proclaimed successor to the original Portuguese Republican Party, which had been behind the revolution that established the Portuguese First Republic in 1910.

The National Republican Party, unofficially known as the Sidonist Party after its leader Sidónio Pais, was a political party in Portugal

First Republic (1910–1926)

No.	President (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office		Political party
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911)
1	Teófilo Braga ^[1] (1843–1924)	–	October 5, 1910	August 24, 1911	Republican
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
2	Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917)	1911	August 24, 1911	May 26, 1915^[R]	Republican later Democratic
3	Teófilo Braga ^[2] (1843–1924)	May 1915	May 29, 1915	October 5, 1915	Democratic
4	Bernardino Machado (1851–1944)	August 1915	October 5, 1915	December 5, 1917^[C]	Democratic
5	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais	–	December 12, 1917	April 28, 1918	–
6	Sidónio Pais ^[3] (1872–1918)	April 1918	April 28, 1918	December 14, 1918^[A]	National Republican or "Sidonist"
7	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro	–	December 14, 1918	December 16, 1918	–
8	João do Canto e Castro ^[4] (1862–1934)	December 1918	December 16, 1918	October 5, 1919	National Republican or "Sidonist"
9	António José de Almeida (1866–1929)	1919	October 5, 1919	October 5, 1923	Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal
10	Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941)	1923	October 5, 1923	December 11, 1925^[R]	Democratic
11	Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time	1925	December 11, 1925	May 31, 1926^[C]	Democratic

Second Republic (1926–1974)

No.	President (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office		Political party
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
12	José Mendes Cabeçadas ^[5] (1883–1965)	–	May 31, 1926	June 17, 1926^[C]	Military officer
13	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa	–	June 17, 1926	June 29, 1926	–
14	Manuel Gomes da Costa ^[5] (1863–1929)	–	June 29, 1926	July 9, 1926^[C]	Military officer
15	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona	–	July 9, 1926	November 29, 1926	–
16	Óscar Carmona ^[5]^[6] (1869–1951)	–	November 29, 1926	April 15, 1928	Military officer
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
17	Óscar Carmona (1869–1951)	1928	April 15, 1928	April 26, 1935	Military officer from 1932 National Union
		1935	April 26, 1935	April 15, 1942
		1942	April 15, 1942	April 20, 1949
		1949	April 20, 1949	April 18, 1951^[D]
18	António de Oliveira Salazar ^[7] (1889–1970) (interim)	–	April 18, 1951	July 21, 1951	National Union
19	Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964)	1951	July 21, 1951	August 9, 1958	National Union
20	Américo Tomás (1894–1987)	1958	August 9, 1958	August 9, 1965	National Union from 1970 People's National Action
		1965	August 9, 1965	August 9, 1972
		1972	August 9, 1972	April 25, 1974^[C]

Third Republic (1974–present)

No.	President (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office		Political party
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
21	National Salvation Junta ^[8] President: António de Spínola	–	April 25, 1974	May 15, 1974	–
22	António de Spínola (1910–1996)	–	May 15, 1974	September 30, 1974^[R]	Military officer
23	Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001)	–	September 30, 1974	July 13, 1976	Military officer
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
24	António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935)	1976	July 14, 1976	January 14, 1981	Military officer from 1985 Democratic Renewal
24	António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935)	1980	January 14, 1981	March 9, 1986	Military officer from 1985 Democratic Renewal
25	Mário Soares (1924–2017)	1986	March 9, 1986	March 9, 1991	Socialist
25	Mário Soares (1924–2017)	1991	March 9, 1991	March 9, 1996	Socialist
26	Jorge Sampaio (born 1939)	1996	March 9, 1996	March 9, 2001	Socialist
26	Jorge Sampaio (born 1939)	2001	March 9, 2001	March 9, 2006	Socialist
27	Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939)	2006	March 9, 2006	March 9, 2011	Social Democratic
27	Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939)	2011	March 9, 2011	March 9, 2016	Social Democratic
28	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948)	2016	March 9, 2016	Incumbent	Social Democratic

Left office early:

^[A] Assassinated.

^[D] Died in office of natural causes.

^[R] Resigned.

^[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

Timeline

Presidents of Portugal (1910–Present)

Birthplaces

Pais

Canto e Castro , Gomes da Costa , Carmona , Craveiro Lopes , Thomaz , Soares , Sampaio , Rebelo de Sousa

Almeida

Teixeira Gomes

Mendes Cabeçadas

António de Spínola

Costa Gomes

Ramalho Eanes

Cavaco Silva

Birthplaces of the Presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Not shown are Manuel de Arriaga (born in Horta, Azores, Portugal), Teófilo Braga (born in Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal), and Bernardino Machado (born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Notes

↑ Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
↑ "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
↑ After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
↑ Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
1 2 3 Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
↑ Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
↑ António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
↑ Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.

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Events in the year 1910 in Portugal.

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References

Jornal de Notícias (January–May 2006). Museu da Presidência da República/Jornal de Notícias, ed. Presidents de Portugal - Fotobiografias (1st ed.). Porto.
"Portal da História". Biografias dos Presidentes. Retrieved February 8, 2006.

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[1] Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.

[2] "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.

[3] After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.

[4] Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.

[ditadura-5] 1 2 3 Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.

[6] Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.

[7] António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.

[8] Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.

[R]

[C]

[A]

[D]