Singapore is a parliamentary representative democratic republic whereby the president of Singapore is the head of state, the prime minister of Singapore is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet from the parliament, and to a lesser extent, the president. Cabinet has the general direction and control of the government and is accountable to Parliament. There are three separate branches of government: the legislature, executive and judiciary abiding by the Westminster system. Singapore has been described as being a de facto one-party state.
A by-election, also known as a special election in the United States and the Philippines, a bye-election in Ireland, and a bypoll in India, is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections.
Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam, better known as J. B. Jeyaretnam or by his initials JBJ, was a Singaporean politician and lawyer. A former member of the opposition Workers' Party, he served as the party's secretary-general between 1971 and 2001. He was also the de facto Leader of the Opposition between 1981 and 1986 when he won a by-election in Anson SMC and served as a Member of Parliament between 1981 and 1986. He was also a Non-constituency Member of Parliament between 1997 and 2001.
Chiam See Tong is a Singaporean retired politician and lawyer who served as the Secretary-General of Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) between 1980 and 1993 and Secretary-General of Singapore People's Party (SPP) between 2011 and 2019 and the chairman of Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA) between 2001 and 2011. He was the de facto Leader of the Opposition when he became the Member of Parliament (MP) for Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency (SMC) and served between 1984 and 2011.
In various parliamentary systems, a returning officer is responsible for overseeing elections in one or more constituencies.
A Non-constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, according to the Constitution and Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the best-performing losers. When less than 12 opposition MPs have been elected, the number of NCMPs is the difference to total 12. NCMPs enjoy all of the privileges of ordinary members of Parliament, apart from the salary, which is substantially lower.
General elections were held in Singapore on 21 September 1963, five days after Singapore became part of Malaysia. Voters elected all 51 members of the Legislative Assembly. The elections were the only ones to date with no boundary changes to any existing constituencies prior to the elections. The result was a victory for the People's Action Party (PAP), which won 37 of the 51 seats, while the majority of the remaining seats were won by Barisan Sosialis (BS).
Ling How Doong was a Singaporean politician and lawyer. A former member of the opposition Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), he served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bukit Gombak SMC between 1991 and 1996. He was made the 7th de facto Leader of the Opposition when the Singapore Democratic Party won 3 SMCs in the 1991 general election and was the de facto Leader of the Opposition between 1993 and 1996.
The Aljunied Group Representation Constituency is a five-member group representation constituency (GRC) in the north-eastern and eastern region of Singapore. It consists of a large part of Hougang, Paya Lebar, Serangoon Gardens, the southern half of Serangoon North as well as a portion of Bedok and a very small section of Tampines managed by the Aljuined-Hougang Town Council. The GRC consists of five divisions: Eunos, Bedok Reservoir-Punggol, Kaki Bukit, Serangoon and Paya Lebar. The current members of parliament are Gerald Giam, Pritam Singh, Muhamad Faisal Manap and Sylvia Lim from the Worker's Party (WP).
The Hougang Single Member Constituency is a single member constituency (SMC) located in the north-eastern area of Singapore. It is managed by Aljunied-Hougang Town Council. The current Member of Parliament is Dennis Tan Lip Fong of the Workers' Party (WP).
General elections were held in Singapore on 7 May 2011. President S. R. Nathan dissolved parliament on 19 April 2011 on the advice of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Voting is mandatory in Singapore and is based on the first-past-the-post system. Elections are conducted by the Elections Department, which is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Office. Nomination day was held on 27 April 2011, and for the second election in a row, the PAP did not return to government on nomination day, but it did return to government on polling day. This election also marked the first and the only three-cornered fight since 2001 in Punggol East SMC before it increased to four-cornered fight on a by-election held two years later.
Kenneth Andrew Jeyaretnam is a Singaporean politician and hedge fund manager who has been appointed as the secretary-general of the opposition Reform Party since 2009.
The Hong Kah North Single Member Constituency is a single member constituency (SMC) in the western part of Singapore. It is managed by Chua Chu Kang Town Council. The Member of Parliament for the constituency is People's Action Party (PAP) Amy Khor.
Yee Jenn Jong is a Singaporean politician. A member of the opposition Workers' Party (WP), he was previously a Non-Constituency Member of Parliament between 2011 and 2015 of the 12th Parliament of Singapore.
The Kebun Baru Single Member Constituency is a single member constituency in Ang Mo Kio, Singapore. It is managed by Ang Mo Kio Town Council. The current Member of Parliament for the constituency is People's Action Party (PAP) Henry Kwek.
Desmond Lim Bak Chuan is a Singaporean politician. He was formerly the president of the opposition Singapore Justice Party (SJP), which joined forces with three other opposition parties to form the Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA) in 2001. He became the SDA secretary-general in 2009 and SDA president in 2011 before stepping down from the position of SDA chairman after the 2020 general election.
Bukit Batok Single Member Constituency (SMC) is a single member constituency in Bukit Batok of Singapore. It used to exist from 1972 to 1988 as Bukit Batok Constituency and was renamed as Bukit Batok Single Member Constituency (SMC) as part of Singapore's political reforms. The current Member of Parliament for the constituency is People's Action Party (PAP) Murali Pillai.
Captain Cyril Pinto Jayatilake Seneviratne was a Sri Lankan military officer and politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Mahiyangana from 1960-1970 and 1977-1984 and served as the Minister of Labour in the Jayewardene cabinet (1977-1984).
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