This is a list of recently extinct flora of Australia, that is plants that are considered to have become extinct since the European colonisation of Australia in 1788. Within Australia there are mechanisms for registering an extinction at the federal, state and territory levels. Federal and state listings may vary due to regional extinctions or because of differing definitions of extinction in the various pieces of legislation.
Plants and animals are listed as extinct and the federal level under the auspices of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The Act lists all plants considered to have become extinct since the commencement of European settlement of Australia in 1788. There are 37 species currently listed as extinct under the Act. [1]
Of note, the species Pimelea spinescens subsp. pubiflora was presumed extinct after 1901, but a population was discovered in 2005. [2] The orchid Diuris bracteata was also considered extinct after its first collection in 1899, but it was thought to have been rediscovered in 1998. The later collections are now considered to be Diuris platichila . [3] [4] The spiny everlasting ( Acanthocladium dockeri ) was reclassified as critically endangered in 2006 after it was rediscovered in 1999. [5] Bennett's Seaweed, declared extinct under the EPBC Act in 1999; was the first protist listed as extinct by the IUCN in 2004. [6]
Each state and territory of Australia has legislation to record the extinction of plants and animals; organisms listed as extinct at the state level may differ from those listed under the EPBC Act.
Threatened species are listed under the Nature Conservation Act 2014 in the Australian Capital Territory.
There are 35 taxa "presumed extinct" as specified in Part 4 of Schedule 1 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 . [7] Species presumed extinct in New South Wales, but not listed under the EPBC Act include:
Rhaphidospora bonneyana , Glinus orygioides , Ptilotus extenuatus , Acanthocladium dockeri (listed by EPBC as extinct in SA, but not NSW), Blumea lacera , Senecio behrianus , Stemmacantha australis , Lepidium foliosum , Stenopetalum velutinum , Atriplex acutiloba , Maireana lanosa , Osteocarpum pentapterum , Hypolepis elegans , Codonocarpus pyramidalis , Haloragis stricta , Myriophyllum implicatum , Caladenia rosella , Thelymitra epipactoides , Comesperma scoparium , Grevillea nematophylla , Persoonia laxa , Pomaderris oraria , Aphanes pentamera , Knoxia sumatrensis , Micromelum minutum , Philotheca angustifolia , Dodonaea stenophylla , Tetratheca pilosa subsp. pilosa .
Although listed as extinct under the EPBC Act, Diurus bracteata is listed as endangered in New South Wales.
Threatened species is the Northern Territory are listed under IUCN criteria by the Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts. [8] As of 2006 there are no recorded plant extinctions in the Northern Territory. [9]
Threatened species are listed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in South Australia. 26 plant taxa are presumed extinct in South Australia, 2 of these are listed under the EPBC Act [10] [11]
Threatened species are listed under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 and the Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006 in Queensland, under this act some species are described as "presumed extinct". There are currently 27 species described as presumed extinct in Queensland, [12] those not listed under the EPBC Act include:
Acianthus ledwardii , Amphineuron immersum , Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum , Corchorus thozetii , Dimocarpus leichhardtii , Lindsaea pulchella var. blanda , Oldenlandia tenelliflora var. papuana , Rhaphidospora cavernarum , Tapeinosperma flueckigeri , Teucrium ajugaceum , Trichomanes exiguum , Wendlandia psychotrioides , Zieria sp. (Russell River S.Johnson in 1892).
It was reported [13] on 12 April 2008 that two of the plants, Rhaphidospora cavernarum and Teucrium ajugaceum have been rediscovered on Cape York between Cooktown and Lockhart River, and are now re-classified as "vulnerable".
There are 20 taxa classified as "presumed extinct" under schedule 3.2 of the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 . Only three of these species are listed as extinct under the EPBC Act. [14] The additional species listed as extinct under Tasmanian legislation are:
Ballantinia antipoda , Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia , Botrychium australe , Caladenia cardiochila , Chenopodium erosum , Coopernookia barbata , Hibbertia obtusifolia , Lepilaena australis , Levenhookia dubia , Myriophyllum glomeratum , Podotheca angustifolia , Prostanthera cuneata , Punctelia subflava , Senecio macrocarpus , Thesium australe , Thynninorchis huntiana and Veronica notabilis .
Threatened species in Victoria are identified under the auspices of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988) ; the act does not specify species presumed extinct. The Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment maintain a list of species presumed extinct in Victoria; [15] they list 51 extinct taxa, those not listed under the EPBC Act include:
Acacia argyrophylla , Acacia havilandiorum , Acrotriche depressa , Actinotus bellidioides , Asplenium polyodon , Atriplex billardierei , Austrostipa tuckeri , Caladenia carnea var. subulata, Caladenia magnifica , Caladenia thysanochila , Calotis pubescens , Cardamine gunnii s.s., Centipeda pleiocephala , Cheiranthera alternifolia , Chionogentias gunniana , Convolvulus microsepalus , Cuscuta victoriana , Cyperus vaginatus , Digitaria diffusa , Dodonaea heteromorpha , Epilobium willisii , Euphrasia collina subsp. speciosa, Hibbertia incana s.s., Hypolepis elegans subsp. elegans, Leiocarpa tomentosa , Leionema microphyllum , Lemooria burkittii , Leptorhynchos scaber s.s., Phyllangium sulcatum , Picris barbarorum , Podolepis arachnoidea , Pomaderris obcordata , Prasophyllum colemaniae , Prasophyllum morganii , Prasophyllum sp. aff. odoratum , Prasophyllum suttonii s.s., Pterostylis sp. aff. biseta (Lara), Rutidosis helichrysoides , Senecio murrayanus , Senna form taxon ' artemisioides ', Stemmacantha australis , Stenanthemum notiale subsp. notiale, Trema tomentosa var. viridis, Braithwaitea sulcata .
There are 14 taxa classified as "X: Declared Rare Flora - Presumed Extinct Taxa" under the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List, all of which have been gazetted as presumed extinct flora in Western Australia under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 . [16] [17] This list coincides with the federal EPBC Act list, except that it includes Leptomeria dielsiana , Ptilotus caespitulosus and Taraxacum cygnorum ; and excludes Frankenia conferta (Silky Frankenia) and Calothamnus accedens . [1]
The Brisbane Water National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 11,506-hectare (28,430-acre) national park is situated 47 kilometres (29 mi) north of Sydney, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of Woy Woy, and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of Gosford.
Threatened species are any species which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of critical depensation, a mathematical measure of biomass related to population growth rate. This quantitative metric is one method of evaluating the degree of endangerment.
The conservation status of a group of organisms indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats. Various systems of conservation status exist and are in use at international, multi-country, national and local levels as well as for consumer use.
Rare or Threatened Australian Plants, usually abbreviated to ROTAP, is a list of rare or threatened Australian plant taxa. Developed and maintained by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the most recent edition lists 5031 taxa. The list uses a binary coding system based on the IUCN Red List categories for "Presumed Extinct", "Endangered", "Vulnerable", "Rare" or "Poorly Known". However, it also provides for additional information such as geographic range and occurrence in protected areas.
The Declared Rare and Priority Flora List is the system by which Western Australia's conservation flora are given a priority. Developed by the Government of Western Australia's Department of Environment and Conservation, it was used extensively within the department, including the Western Australian Herbarium. The herbarium's journal, Nuytsia, which has published over a quarter of the state's conservation taxa, requires a conservation status to be included in all publications of new Western Australian taxa that appear to be rare or endangered.
Muehlenbeckia horrida subsp. abdita. commonly known as remote thorny lignum, is a critically endangered shrub endemic to Western Australia.
The Threatened Species Protection Act 1995, is an act of the Parliament of Tasmania that provides the statute relating to conservation of flora and fauna. Its long title is An Act to provide for the protection and management of threatened native flora and fauna and to enable and promote the conservation of native flora and fauna. It received the royal assent on 14 November 1995.
Caladenia elegans, commonly known as the elegant spider orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to a small area near the coast of the south-west of Western Australia. It resembles the common spider orchid and often grows with it but its flowers are a different colour and C. elegans usually grows in poorly-drained soils. Only about 2,300 plants remained in 2016.
Caladenia audasii is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Victoria. It is a rare ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and a single yellow flower.
Caladenia brachyscapa is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is native to Victoria and possibly Clarke Island in Bass Strait. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and a reddish-pink flower with thick, black, club-like swellings on the petals and sepals. Although formally described in 1988 living specimens have not been observed since 1979.
Caladenia conferta, commonly known as the crowded spider orchid or coast spider-orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to a restricted area in South Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf, and usually a single yellowish-green flower with red markings on a wiry, hairy stalk.
Caladenia cremna, commonly known as Don's spider orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to a small area in Victoria. It is a rare ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and a single yellow flower with red striations.
Caladenia pumila, commonly known as the dwarf spider orchid is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Victoria, Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single erect, hairy leaf and a single white flower with pale pink stripes. Its short flowering stem distinguishes it from other Victorian spider orchids. After 1933 it was presumed extinct until two plants were discovered in 2009.
Prasophyllum morganii, commonly known as the Cobungra leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to a small area in Victoria. It has a single tubular leaf and up to eighty greenish flowers with purplish markings. Before being rediscovered in 2020, the plant had last been seen in 1933 and was presumed extinct.
Prasophyllum suttonii, commonly known as the mauve leek orchid, Mount Buffalo leek orchid or Buffalo leek-orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the Australian Alps. Some authorities list the species as being a Victorian endemic now extinct whilst others list is as occurring in New South Wales and extant. Descriptions of the species also differ. It has a single tube-shaped leaf and up to thirty five white flowers with purple or mauve marks.
Diuris bracteata is a species of orchid which is endemic to New South Wales. It has two folded leaves and up to eight yellow flowers with blackish marks. After its collection in a Sydney suburb in 1888, no further collections were made and the species was presumed extinct until 2004 when it was rediscovered near Gosford.