List of film franchises with LGBT characters

Last updated

The following is a list of film franchises with fictional and factual lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender characters. The films were released theatrically, direct-to-video, or on a streaming platform (non-television network).

Contents

(For fictional queer characters (the "Q" in LGBT-Q), see lists for asexual, intersex, non-binary, and pansexual characters.)

Film franchises

Film franchises, as well as sequels and prequels, share common universes. The following film series collectively feature LGBT characters in a leading or supporting role (guest characters are also included).

FranchiseYearTitleCharacter(s)IdentityActorNotesCountryRef(s)
Austin Powers 1997 Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery Frau Farbissina Bisexual Mindy Sterling Frau has a girlfriend named Una Brau in the second film who she met on the LPGA tour and fell in love. Later, when Dr. Evil and Past Frau have sex, she comments that she'll never love another man. Dr. Evil remembers her, responding "Yes, that's true". The sex between Dr. Evil and Frau results in their "love child", Scott.United States [1]
1999 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember
Bridget Jones 2001 Bridget Jones's Diary TomGay James Callis Tom is Bridget's flamboyant 'gay best friend'.United Kingdom, United States, France [2]
2004 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason
Rebecca GilliesLesbian Jacinda Barrett Rebecca is Mark Darcy's colleague who Bridget thinks is enamoured with him; it turns out her affections lie with Bridget.Germany, Ireland
2016 Bridget Jones's Baby TomGayJames CallisThe same character from the 2001 and 2004 films.United Kingdom, United States, France
Bullyparade 2001 Der Schuh des Manitu WinnetouchGay Michael Herbig Older twin brother of the Apache chief Abahachi.Germany [5]
2004 Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1 Captain Jürgen T. KorkGay Christian Tramitz Parodies of Star Trek characters Captain James T. Kirk, Scotty, and Mr. Spock.
Spoof and characters originate from the television show Bullyparade .
Germany [6]
SchrottyGay Rick Kavanian
Mr. Brigitte "Spucki" SpuckGay Michael Herbig
2017 Bullyparade: The Movie Captain Jürgen T. KorkGay Christian Tramitz Germany [7]
SchrottyGay Rick Kavanian
Mr. Brigitte "Spucki" SpuckGay Michael Herbig
Child's Play 1998 Bride of Chucky DavidGay Gordon Michael Woolvett He has an unnamed ex-boyfriend.United States [8] [9]
2013 Curse of Chucky JillLesbianMaitland McConnellThe live-in nanny of Alice, she has an affair with Barb, who is Alice's mother, making out with her in the kitchen.
DC Extended Universe
2020 Birds of Prey Harley QuinnBisexualMargot RobbieIn the opening 10 minutes, Harley says she is unlucky in love, which is represented by an animated sequence showing two of her previous partners as men and one as a woman.United States [12] [13]
Renee Montoya Lesbian Rosie Perez Renée and Ellen are exes.
Ellen Yee Ali Wong
2021 The Suicide Squad Harley QuinnBisexualMargot RobbieSame character from the 2020 film.
2023 Shazam! Fury of the Gods Pedro Peña GayJovan ArmandIn one scene, Pedro comes out to his foster family as gay.
D. J. Cotrona
Deadpool 2018 Deadpool 2 Negasonic Teenage Warhead Lesbian Brianna Hildebrand Negasonic Teenage Warhead and Yukio are in a relationship.United States [18]
Yukio Shioli Kutsuna
The Hangover 2009 The Hangover Leslie ChowBisexual Ken Jeong The main antagonist in two films. In The Hangover he mentions his bisexuality. (GLAAD criticized the character as stereotypical.)United States [19] [20]
2011 The Hangover Part II
Kimberly "Kimmy"Trans woman Yasmin Lee A beautiful stripper and sex worker who Stu falls for.
2013 The Hangover Part III Leslie ChowBisexualKen JeongChow escapes from a prison in Thailand and is a major presence with a parade of hookers, as he remains sex-obsessed.
It2017 It Richie Tozier Gay Finn Wolfhard (young)
Bill Hader (adult)
It is revealed that when Richie was younger, he struggled with his sexuality and feelings for his best friend Eddie Kaspbrak, and was bullied for it. When he returns to Derry 27 years later, we find out Richie had been in love with Eddie, who dies, which devastates Richie, but leads him to accept who he is and re-carve his and Eddie's initials on the kissing bridge that he had carved when he was 13. He loved James Ransone as an adult.United States [26]
2019 It Chapter Two
Jurassic Park 2022 Jurassic World Dominion Kayla WattsBisexual DeWanda Wise Watts is a former US Air Force pilot who aids Owen and Claire on their mission. Wise confirmed the character's bisexuality in an interview.United States [27] [28]
Knives Out2019 Knives Out Benoit BlancGay Daniel Craig Blanc is a master detective who has a domestic partner named Philip.United States [29]
2022 Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery
Philip Hugh Grant
Mannequin1987 Mannequin Hollywood MontroseGay Meshach Taylor A flamboyant black man.United States [32]
1991 Mannequin Two: On the Move
Marvel Cinematic Universe 2017 Thor: Ragnarok Valkyrie Bisexual Tessa Thompson The scene confirming the character's bisexuality was deleted from the film and her sexual orientation is instead only alluded to. (Valkyrie is canonically bisexual in the comics the movie was based on.)United States [34] [35]
2018 Black Panther Ayo Lesbian Florence Kasumba Based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name who has a lesbian lover in the Dora Milaje.
2019 Avengers: Endgame Grieving manGay Joe Russo The first openly gay character portrayed in a Marvel Cinematic Universe film, he was at a support group brought together by Steve Rogers.
Valkyrie Bisexual Tessa Thompson In the film, she is crowned King of Asgard.
2021 Eternals Phastos Gay Brian Tyree Henry Phastos is the first superhero to be depicted as gay in an MCU film, living with his husband and their child.
Ben is Phastos' husband.
Ben Haaz Sleiman
2022 Black Panther: Wakanda Forever AnekaLesbian Michaela Coel Aneka and Ayo are a couple.
Ayo Florence Kasumba
2022 Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Amalia ChavezLesbianChess LopezAmalia and Elena are America Chavez's mothers.
Elena Chavez Ruth Livier
2022 Thor: Love and Thunder Korg Gay Taika Waititi At the end of the film, Korg has entered a relationship with a fellow Kronan man named Dwayne.
Millennium 2009 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Lisbeth Salander Bisexual Noomi Rapace Sweden [47] [48]
The Girl Who Played with Fire
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest
2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Rooney Mara Sweden, Germany, United Kingdom, United States
Miriam "Mimi" Wu Elodie Yung
2018 The Girl in the Spider's Web Lisbeth Salander Claire Foy Canada, Germany, United States, Sweden, United Kingdom
Pitch Perfect 2012 Pitch Perfect Cynthia Rose AdamsLesbian Esther Dean She reveals to the Barden Bellas that her gambling addiction has been causing problems with her girlfriend (stated in dialog near the end of the first film).United States [51]
2015 Pitch Perfect 2
2017 Pitch Perfect 3
The Producers1967 The Producers Carmen Ghia Gay Andreas Voutsinas Carmen is the companion of Roger De Bris, a flamboyant director who is directing "Springtime for Hitler".United States [52] [53]
Roger De Bris Christopher Hewett
2005 The Producers Carmen Ghia Roger Bart Just as in the 1967 film, Carmen is the confidente of Roger De Bris.
Roger De Bris Gary Beach
Star Trek 2009 Star Trek Hikaru Sulu Gay John Cho The film franchise is based on the television series of the same name, and the changing of the character's original sexual orientation from heterosexual to gay led George Takei to express his disappointment with the decision.United States [56]
2013 Star Trek Into Darkness
2016 Star Trek Beyond
Wizarding World 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Albus Dumbledore Gay Richard Harris Albus Dumbledore is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts.
In the Harry Potter series, although Dumbledore's sexual orientation is not portrayed or explicitly mentioned in the films and books they are based on, J. K. Rowling (author of the Harry Potter series of fantasy novels) revealed in 2007 that he is gay. [lower-alpha 1]
United Kingdom, United States [58] [59]
2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
2004 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Michael Gambon
2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
2009 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
2016 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Gellert Grindelwald Johnny Depp In the prequel series, Fantastic Beasts , the relationship in their youth between Dumbledore and the dark wizard Grindelwald is referenced.
2018 Fantastic Beasts and the Crimes of Grindlewald Albus Dumbledore Jude Law
Toby Regbo
Gellert GrindlewaldJohnny Depp
2022 Fantastic Beasts and the Secrets of Dumbledore Albus DumbledoreJude Law
Gellert Grindlewald Mads Mikkelson

Notes

  1. In Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022), Dumbledore is confirmed to have been in a past romantic relationship with Gellert Grindelwald. [57]

See also

Related Research Articles

Over the course of its history, the LGBT community has adopted certain symbols for self-identification to demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another. These symbols communicate ideas, concepts, and identity both within their communities and to mainstream culture. The two symbols most recognized internationally are the pink triangle and the rainbow flag.

Historically, the portrayal of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in media has been largely negative if not altogether absent, reflecting a general cultural intolerance of LGBT individuals; however, from the 1990s to present day, there has been an increase in the positive depictions of LGBT people, issues, and concerns within mainstream media in North America. The LGBT communities have taken an increasingly proactive stand in defining their own culture, with a primary goal of achieving an affirmative visibility in mainstream media. The positive portrayal or increased presence of the LGBT communities in media has served to increase acceptance and support for LGBT communities, establish LGBT communities as a norm, and provide information on the topic.

Since the transition into the modern-day gay rights movement, homosexuality has appeared more frequently in American film and cinema.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queerbaiting</span> In media, hinting at but not depicting queer relationships

Queerbaiting is a marketing technique for fiction and entertainment in which creators hint at, but do not depict, same-sex romance or other LGBTQ+ representation. The purpose of this method is to attract ("bait") a queer or straight ally audience with the suggestion or possibility of relationships or characters that appeal to them, while not alienating homophobic members of the audience or censors by actually portraying queer relationships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Media portrayals of bisexuality</span>

The portrayals of bisexuality in the media reflect societal attitudes towards bisexuality in the existing media portrayals. Throughout history, numerous bisexual characters have appeared in television series, including cartoons, anime, video games and web series, along with literature, comics, radio, and other mediums.

For many years, LGBT representation increased on animated series and animated films. In the 1990s, LGBT characters were depicted in animated series like South Park, The Ambiguously Gay Duo, and The Simpsons. In the early 2000s, LGBT representation increased in Western animation, culminating in GLAAD's "Where We Are in TV" report in 2005, even as representation in such animation was scattered and disparate. In the 2000s, series like Queer Duck, The Oblongs, The Venture Bros., Drawn Together, and Archer would air. It would not be until the advent of shows like Steven Universe, The Legend of Korra, and Adventure Time in the 2010s, that LGBT characters in animation would gain more of a prominent role, leading to shows such as She-Ra and the Princesses of Power in 2018 and Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts in 2020, along with other series in the 2020s. This page will show this progress by building off the lists of animated series which contain these characters and explain the History of LGBT characters in animation. It does not focus on LGBT characters in anime series or films, which is examined on the LGBT themes in anime and manga page.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gay characters in fiction</span>

Gay is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. The term's use as a reference to male homosexuality may date as early as the late 19th century, but its use gradually increased in the mid-20th century. In modern English, gay has come to be used as an adjective, and as a noun, referring to the community, practices and cultures associated with homosexuality. In the 1960s, gay became the word favored by homosexual men to describe their sexual orientation. By the end of the 20th century, the word gay was recommended by major LGBT groups and style guides to describe people attracted to members of the same sex, although it is more commonly used to refer specifically to men. At about the same time, a new, pejorative use became prevalent in some parts of the world. Among younger speakers, the word has a meaning ranging from derision to a light-hearted mockery or ridicule. The extent to which these usages still retain connotations of homosexuality has been debated and harshly criticized. This page examines gay characters in fictional works as a whole, focusing on characters and tropes in cinema and fantasy.

This article features the history of the representation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) characters in animated productions under The Walt Disney Company, including films from the studios Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar, and programming from the Disney Branded Television channels as well as the streaming service Disney+. From 1983 onward, Disney struggled with LGBTQ representation in their animated series, and their content often included LGBT stereotypes or the content was censored in series such as Blazing Dragons. Some creators have also criticized Disney studio executives of cutting LGBTQ scenes from their shows in the past, or criticized that their shows were not seen as part of the "Disney brand", like The Owl House.

References

  1. Bihlmeyer, Jaime (2019). Hollywood's (m)Other Aperture: Pre-Oedipal Mothers, Femininity, and the Movies. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 229. ISBN   978-1-5275-3587-9.
  2. O'Malley, Katie (29 September 2015). "The cast of Bridget Jones' Diary: where are they now?". Stylist. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  3. Pasley, Virginia (29 October 2015). "The Dueling Universes of Bridget Jones". Medium. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  4. 1 2 Voss, Brandon (8 September 2016). "The A-List Interview: Renée Zellweger". The Advocate . Archived from the original on 10 October 2021.
  5. Kraussler, Sabrina (1 April 2021). ""Bully" Herbig sieht kein Homophobie-Problem bei Darstellung von Winnetouch" ["Bully" Herbig sees no homophobia problem in the portrayal of Winnetouch]. Film.at (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  6. Possel, Heiko. "(T)Raumschiff Surprise". Filmspiegel (in German).
  7. "Die Tucken im Weltall sind zurück" [The buggers in space are back]. Queer.de (in German). Queer Communications GmbH. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  8. ""Bride of Chucky"". Screen It!. 17 October 1998. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2022. getting help from their gay friend, David.
  9. Scott, Jason (12 January 2022). "'Halloween Kills': The Importance of the Franchise's First Gay Characters". Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. David pretends to be straight to take Jade ... to the prom.
  10. "Curse of Chucky (2013)". Culture Crypt. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  11. Ferber, Lawrence (12 October 2021). "How Syfy's "Chucky" Series Ups the Queerness in the Iconic Horror Franchise". NewNowNext . Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022. And the hot lesbians making out in 2013's Curse of Chucky was pretty gay
  12. Olsen, Carly (10 February 2020). "10 Things Birds Of Prey Did Better Than Suicide Squad". Screen Rant .
  13. Lewsi, Shannon (22 February 2020). "The DCEU's Harley Quinn Is Bisexual - Is She In The Comics?". Screen Rant .
  14. Geisinger, Gabriella (7 February 2020). "How Birds of Prey gets right what Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker got wrong". Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  15. Cloete, Kervyn (5 February 2020). "Birds of Prey 101: Renee Montoya – Asking all the tough questions". Critical Hit. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020.
  16. Ermac, Raffy (26 March 2021). "Bisexual Queen Harley Quinn Is Back in 'The Suicide Squad' Trailer". Pride.com . Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  17. Henderson, Taylor (6 March 2023). "Shazam! Fury of the Gods Confirms This Character Is Gay". Pride.com . Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  18. Duffy, Nick (15 May 2018). "Deadpool 2 finally brings queer superheroes to the big screen with same-sex romance". PinkNews . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  19. "Here are 10 shows that slipped past the censor's sexual orientation sensors". Malay Mail. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  20. Rothman, Lily (22 July 2014). "GLAAD Report: Only 17 Major Studio Movies in 2013 Had LGBT Characters". Time . Archived from the original on 11 November 2020.
  21. Musto, Michael (2 June 2011). "Is The Hangover Part II Too Gross?". Village Voice . Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  22. Busis, Hillary (27 May 2011). "The Hangover Part II Movie Math". EW . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  23. Poltecha, Saranphon (31 July 2018). "Data Presentation & Discussion" (PDF). Stereotypical Depiction of Thai Women in Hollywood Films (M.A. Thesis). Thammasat University. pp. 53–55, 57–58. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  24. "The Hangover Part III". Legendary Entertainment . 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  25. "'The Hangover Part III': Sleep this one off". USA Today . 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  26. Malkin, Marc (12 September 2019). "'It: Chapter Two': Bill Hader on Richie's Sexuality, His On-Set Injury and Cast B12 Shots". Variety . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  27. Ermac, Raffy (16 May 2022). "A 'Jurassic World Dominion' Star Just Confirmed Their Character Is Bi". Out .
  28. Ali, Mishti (19 May 2022). "Jurassic World's first bisexual character has queerness 'in her DNA': 'It's about more than a kiss'". PinkNews .
  29. Hornbuckle, Jon (17 October 2022). "'Knives Out' director confirms Daniel Craig's character is gay". TImeOut.
  30. Casey, John (1 December 2022). "Daniel Craig 'All Good' With His Gay Character in Knives Out Sequel Experience". The Advocate . Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  31. Lenker, Maureen Lee (25 November 2022). "Angela Lansbury filmed her Glass Onion role on a laptop: Inside all the Knives Out 2 cameos". Entertainment Weekly .
  32. Baume, Matt (9 September 2021). "A Salute to the Greatest Action Hero of the 1980s, Hollywood Montrose". The Stranger . Archived from the original on 10 September 2021.
  33. Marinelli, Emily (8 September 2021). "Stuart Pankin on Mannequin 2: On The Move, 30 Years Later". 25YearsLater. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  34. Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia (1 September 2017). "Marvel cut a 'Thor: Ragnarok' scene confirming Valkyrie's bisexuality". The Daily Dot . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  35. "Thor: Ragnarok's Valkyrie Is Bisexual, Tessa Thompson Confirms". CBR . 23 October 2017. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  36. Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia (24 May 2021). "Did Marvel erase a lesbian character's sexuality for the 'Black Panther' movie?". The Daily Dot . Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  37. Hinzmann, Dennis (12 February 2018). "The Black Panther Lesbian Romance That Almost Was". Out . Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  38. Nissen, Dano (22 April 2019). "'Avengers: Endgame's' Tessa Thompson Says Valkyrie Would Spoon Captain Marvel, Thor". Variety . Archived from the original on 16 February 2022.
  39. "Bisexual Superhero Valkyrie Could Be Appearing in Another MCU Film". Out . 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  40. Fleming, Mike Jr. (25 April 2019). "'Avengers: Endgame' Directors Joe & Anthony Russo Address Inclusion of First Openly Gay Character in Marvel Superhero Film". Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  41. Vary, Adam B. (26 October 2021). "How 'Eternals' Establishes the MCU's First Gay Superhero and Same-Sex Couple in a Movie: 'It's Life-Saving'". Variety . Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  42. Factora, James (11 November 2022). "Black Panther 2 Will Likely Be Banned in China Due to Lesbian Relationship". Them .
  43. Brzeski, Patrick (10 November 2022). "'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever,' 'Black Adam' Unlikely to Be Released in China (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter .
  44. Adekaiyero, Ayomikun (13 November 2022). "'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever' teases the smallest slither of a lesbian relationship between 2 characters". Business Insider India .
  45. Romean, Rachel (7 May 2022). "Disney Holds Its Ground, Refuses To Cut LGBTQ+ Scene From Doctor Strange In The Multiverse Of Madness For Censors". CinemaBlend .
  46. Hodge, John (18 July 2022). "Love and Thunder's Taika Waititi Confirms Korg's Boyfriend Is a Tribute to 'The Rock'". Comic Book Resources .
  47. French, Philip (28 November 2010). "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest – review". The Guardian .
  48. Powers, John (9 July 2010). "The Girl Who Played with Fire". Vogue .
  49. Azzopardi, Chris (22 December 2011). "The (Bi) Girl with the Dragon Tattoo". Between the Lines .
  50. Gilchrist, Tracy E. (5 November 2018). "Claire Foy's Lisbeth Salander Has a Woman in Her Spider's Web". The Advocate .
  51. Obropta, Clement Tyler (25 June 2019). "Pitch Perfect & The Predatory Lesbian". Film Inquiry. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Cynthia Rose (Ester Dean), the only explicitly lesbian character in the series.
  52. Russo, Vito (1987). The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies (Revised ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN   978-0-06-096132-9.
  53. Harrity, Christopher (11 September 2014). "#TBT: 12 Flaming Film Performances". The Advocate . Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  54. Schorn, Peter (18 May 2012). "The Producers (2005)". IGN . Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  55. "'The Producers'" . Orange County Register . 23 December 2005. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  56. Abramovitch, Seth (7 July 2016). "George Takei Reacts to Gay Sulu News: "I Think It's Really Unfortunate"". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  57. Tyler, Adrienne (6 April 2022). "Is Dumbledore Gay? Albus' Relationship With Grindelwald Explained". Screen Rant . Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  58. Smith, David (21 October 2007). "Dumbledore was gay, JK tells amazed fans". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  59. Siegel, Hanna (12 February 2009). "Rowling Lets Dumbledore Out of the Closet". ABC News . Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  60. Taylor, Drew (15 April 2022). "So, How Gay Is 'Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore,' Exactly?". TheWrap . Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  61. Zamfirescu, Marta (18 April 2022). "Fantastic Beasts 3 Makes Dumbledore Gay: Why Did It Take So Long?". Screen Rant .