List of inorganic pigments

The following list includes commercially or artistically important inorganic pigments of natural and synthetic origin. ^[1]

Purple pigments

Aluminosilicate pigments

• Ultramarine violet (PV15): a synthetic or naturally occurring sulfur containing silicate mineral.

Copper pigments

• Han purple: BaCuSi₂O₆.

Cobalt pigments

• Cobalt violet (PV14): Co₃(PO₄)₂.

Manganese pigments

• Manganese violet: NH₄MnP₂O₇ (PV16) manganic ammonium pyrophosphate. ^[2]

Blue pigments

Aluminosilicate pigments

• Ultramarine (PB29): a synthetic or naturally occurring sulfur containing silicate mineral - Na
  _^8–10Al
  _⁶Si
  _⁶O
  _²⁴S
  _^2–4 (generalized formula).
• Persian blue: made by grinding up the mineral Lapis lazuli. The most important mineral component of lapis lazuli is lazurite (25% to 40%), a feldspathoid silicate mineral with the formula (Na,Ca)
  _⁸(AlSiO
  _⁴)
  _⁶(S,SO
  _⁴,Cl)
  _^1–2.

Cobalt pigments

• Cobalt blue (PB28): cobalt(II) aluminate.
• Cerulean blue (PB35): cobalt(II) stannate.
• Cerium uranium blue

Iron pigments

• Prussian blue (PB27): a synthetic inert pigment made of iron and cyanide: C₁₈Fe₇N₁₈.

Manganese pigments

• YInMn Blue: a synthetic pigment (YIn_1−xMn_xO₃). ^[3]
• Manganese blue: barium manganate(VI) sulfate.

Green pigments

Arsenic Pigments

• Scheele's Green: yellowish-green pigment commonly used during the early to mid-19th century (AsCuHO₃).

• Paris Green: It was manufactured in 1814 to be a pigment to make a vibrant green paint.

Cadmium pigments

• Cadmium green: a light green pigment consisting of a mixture of cadmium yellow (CdS) and chrome green (Cr₂O₃).

Chromium pigments

• Chrome green (PG17): anhydrous chromium(III) oxide (Cr₂O₃).
• Viridian (PG18): hydrated chromium(III) oxide Cr₂O₃ • xH₂O.

Cobalt pigments

• Cobalt green: also known as Rinman's green or zinc green (CoZnO₂).

Copper pigments

• Malachite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂).
• Scheele's Green (also called Schloss green): cupric arsenite (CuHAsO₃).
• Brunswick green: various pigments, some with copper.

Other pigments

• Green earth: also known as terre verte and Verona green (K[(Al,Fe³⁺),(Fe²⁺,Mg](AlSi₃,Si₄)O₁₀(OH)₂).

Yellow pigments

Arsenic pigments

• Orpiment: natural monoclinic arsenic sulfide (As₂S₃).

Bismuth pigments

• Primrose yellow (PY184): bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄).

Cadmium pigments

• Cadmium yellow (PY37): cadmium sulfide (CdS), which also occurs as the mineral greenockite.

Chromium pigments

• Chrome yellow or crocoite (PY34): lead chromate (PbCrO₄).
• Strontium yellow (PY32): SrCrO₄.

Cobalt pigments

• Aureolin or cobalt yellow (PY40): potassium cobaltinitrite (K₃Co(NO₂)₆).

Iron pigments

• Yellow ochre (PY43): a naturally occurring clay of monohydrated ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃·H₂O).

Lead pigments

• Naples yellow (PY41).
• Lead-tin-yellow: PbSnO₄ or Pb(Sn,Si)O₃.

Titanium pigments

• Titanium yellow (PY53): NiO · Sb₂O₃ ·20TiO₂ .

Tin pigments

• Mosaic gold: stannic sulfide (SnS₂).

Zinc pigments

• Zinc yellow (PY36): zinc chromate (ZnCrO₄), a highly toxic substance with anti-corrosive properties which was historically most often used to paint over metals.

Orange pigments

Cadmium pigments

• Cadmium orange (PO20): an intermediate between cadmium red and cadmium yellow: cadmium sulfoselenide.

Vanadium pigments

• Bismuth vanadate orange (PO86): similar to vermilion.

Red pigments

Arsenic pigments

• Realgar: As₄S₄ - a highly toxic natural pigment.

Cadmium pigments

• Cadmium red (PR108): cadmium sulfo-selenide (Cd2SSe).

Cerium pigments

• Cerium sulfide red (PR265).

Iron oxide pigments

• Sanguine, Caput mortuum, Indian red, Venetian red, oxide red (PR102).
• Red ochre (PR102): anhydrous Fe₂O₃.
• Burnt sienna (PBr7): a pigment produced by heating raw sienna.

Lead pigments

• Minium (pigment): also known as red lead, lead tetroxide, Pb₃O₄.

Mercury pigments

• Vermilion or cinnabar (PR106): HgS.

Brown pigments

Clay earth pigments (naturally formed iron oxides)

• Raw umber (PBr7): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe₂O₃ + MnO₂ + nH₂O + SiO₂ + Al₂O₃. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as burnt umber and has more intense colors.
• Raw sienna (PBr7): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment from limonite clay. Used in art since prehistoric times.

Black pigments

Carbonaceous pigments

• Aniline black (PBk1).
• Lamp black (PBk6).
• Carbon black (PBk7).
• Vine black (PBk8).
• Ivory black (PBk9).
• Graphite (PBk10).
• Mineral Black (PBk18).

Iron pigments

• Mars black or Iron black (PBk11) (C.I. No.77499) Synthetic magnetite Fe₃O₄.

Manganese pigments

• Manganese dioxide (PBk14): blackish or brown in color, used since prehistoric times (MnO₂).
• Iron manganese oxide (PBk33, (Fe,Mn)₂O₃).

Molybdenum pigments

• Molybdenum Disulfide (PBk34).

Titanium pigments

• Titanium black: Titanium(III) oxide (Ti₂O₃).
• Titanium Dioxide Black: (PBk35) (CAS 51745-87-0) Reduced titanium oxide.

Others

• Iron Titanium Brown Spinel (PBk12).
• Cobalt Black (PBk13).
• Zinc Sulfide (PBk17).
• Slate Black (PBk19).
• Copper Chromite Black (PBk22, PBk28).
• Tin Antimony Gray (PBk23).
• Titanium Vanadium Antimony Gray (PBk24).
• Cobalt Nickel Gray (PBk25).
• Manganese Ferrite Black (PBk26) (Fe,Mn)₂O_4.
• Iron Cobalt Chromite Black (PBk27).
• Iron Cobalt Black (PBk29).
• Chrome Iron Nickel Black (PBk30).
• Perylene Green (PBk31).
• Perylene Black (PBk32).

White pigments

Antimony pigment

• Antimony white: antimony(III) oxide (Sb₂O₃).

Barium pigments

• Barium sulfate (PW5 or baryte): barium sulfate (BaSO₄).
• Lithopone: BaSO₄•ZnS.

Lead pigment

• Cremnitz white (PW1): basic lead(II) carbonate ((PbCO₃)₂·Pb(OH)₂).

Titanium pigment

• Titanium white (PW6): titanium(IV) oxide (TiO₂).

Zinc pigments

• Zinc white (PW4): zinc oxide (ZnO).
• Sachtolith: zinc sulfide (ZnS).

Fluorescent pigments

Main article: uranium glass

• Uranium salts.

Safety

A number of pigments, especially traditional ones, contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium that are highly toxic. The use of these pigments is now highly restricted in many countries. ^[1]

See also

• List of dyes
• Blue pigments
• Green pigments
• Red pigments

References

1. Völz, Hans G.; et al. "Pigments, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2. ISBN   978-3-527-30673-2..
2. Müller, Hugo; Müller, Wolfgang; Wehner, Manfred; Liewald, Heike. "Artists' Colors". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_143.pub2. ISBN   978-3-527-30673-2.
3. Smith, Andrew E.; Mizoguchi, Hiroshi; Delaney, Kris; Spaldin, Nicola A.; Sleight, Arthur W.; Subramanian, M. A. (2009). "Mn³⁺ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (47): 17084–17086. doi:10.1021/ja9080666. PMID   19899792.

External links

• "Mineral Paints"  . New International Encyclopedia . 1905.